Add passthrough_authorization_parameters support to OIDC configuration (#18232)

# Add passthrough_authorization_parameters support to OIDC configuration

This PR adds `the passthrough_authorization_parameters` option to OIDC
configuration, allowing specific query parameters (like `login_hint`) to
be passed from the redirect endpoint to the authorization grant URL.

This enables clients to provide additional context to identity providers
during authentication flows.

# Pull Request Checklist

<!-- Please read
https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/development/contributing_guide.html
before submitting your pull request -->

* [x] Pull request is based on the develop branch
* [x] Pull request includes a [changelog
file](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/development/contributing_guide.html#changelog).
The entry should:
- Be a short description of your change which makes sense to users.
"Fixed a bug that prevented receiving messages from other servers."
instead of "Moved X method from `EventStore` to `EventWorkerStore`.".
  - Use markdown where necessary, mostly for `code blocks`.
  - End with either a period (.) or an exclamation mark (!).
  - Start with a capital letter.
- Feel free to credit yourself, by adding a sentence "Contributed by
@github_username." or "Contributed by [Your Name]." to the end of the
entry.
* [x] [Code
style](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/code_style.html) is
correct
(run the
[linters](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/development/contributing_guide.html#run-the-linters))

---------

Co-authored-by: Quentin Gliech <quenting@element.io>

docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md

@@ -3672,6 +3672,9 @@ Options for each entry include:
 * `additional_authorization_parameters`: String to string dictionary that will be passed as
    additional parameters to the authorization grant URL.
 
+* `passthrough_authorization_parameters`: List of parameters that will be passed through from the redirect endpoint 
+   to the authorization grant URL.
+
 * `allow_existing_users`: set to true to allow a user logging in via OIDC to
    match a pre-existing account instead of failing. This could be used if
    switching from password logins to OIDC. Defaults to false.
@@ -3798,6 +3801,7 @@ oidc_providers:
     jwks_uri: "https://accounts.example.com/.well-known/jwks.json"
     additional_authorization_parameters:
       acr_values: 2fa
+    passthrough_authorization_parameters: ["login_hint"]
     skip_verification: true
     enable_registration: true
     user_mapping_provider: