diff --git a/.ci/scripts/auditwheel_wrapper.py b/.ci/scripts/auditwheel_wrapper.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..a33b39314f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.ci/scripts/auditwheel_wrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Wraps `auditwheel repair` to first check if we're repairing a potentially abi3
+# compatible wheel, if so rename the wheel before repairing it.
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import subprocess
+from typing import Optional
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+from packaging.tags import Tag
+from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+
+def check_is_abi3_compatible(wheel_file: str) -> None:
+    """Check the contents of the built wheel for any `.so` files that are *not*
+    abi3 compatible.
+    """
+
+    with ZipFile(wheel_file, "r") as wheel:
+        for file in wheel.namelist():
+            if not file.endswith(".so"):
+                continue
+
+            if not file.endswith(".abi3.so"):
+                raise Exception(f"Found non-abi3 lib: {file}")
+
+
+def cpython(wheel_file: str, name: str, version: Version, tag: Tag) -> str:
+    """Replaces the cpython wheel file with a ABI3 compatible wheel"""
+
+    if tag.abi == "abi3":
+        # Nothing to do.
+        return wheel_file
+
+    check_is_abi3_compatible(wheel_file)
+
+    abi3_tag = Tag(tag.interpreter, "abi3", tag.platform)
+
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(wheel_file)
+    new_wheel_file = os.path.join(
+        dirname,
+        f"{name}-{version}-{abi3_tag}.whl",
+    )
+
+    os.rename(wheel_file, new_wheel_file)
+
+    print("Renamed wheel to", new_wheel_file)
+
+    return new_wheel_file
+
+
+def main(wheel_file: str, dest_dir: str, archs: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    """Entry point"""
+
+    # Parse the wheel file name into its parts. Note that `parse_wheel_filename`
+    # normalizes the package name (i.e. it converts matrix_synapse ->
+    # matrix-synapse), which is not what we want.
+    _, version, build, tags = parse_wheel_filename(os.path.basename(wheel_file))
+    name = os.path.basename(wheel_file).split("-")[0]
+
+    if len(tags) != 1:
+        # We expect only a wheel file with only a single tag
+        raise Exception(f"Unexpectedly found multiple tags: {tags}")
+
+    tag = next(iter(tags))
+
+    if build:
+        # We don't use build tags in Synapse
+        raise Exception(f"Unexpected build tag: {build}")
+
+    # If the wheel is for cpython then convert it into an abi3 wheel.
+    if tag.interpreter.startswith("cp"):
+        wheel_file = cpython(wheel_file, name, version, tag)
+
+    # Finally, repair the wheel.
+    if archs is not None:
+        # If we are given archs then we are on macos and need to use
+        # `delocate-listdeps`.
+        subprocess.run(["delocate-listdeps", wheel_file], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["delocate-wheel", "--require-archs", archs, "-w", dest_dir, wheel_file],
+            check=True,
+        )
+    else:
+        subprocess.run(["auditwheel", "repair", "-w", dest_dir, wheel_file], check=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Tag wheel as abi3 and repair it.")
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--wheel-dir",
+        "-w",
+        metavar="WHEEL_DIR",
+        help="Directory to store delocated wheels",
+        required=True,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--require-archs",
+        metavar="archs",
+        default=None,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "wheel_file",
+        metavar="WHEEL_FILE",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    wheel_file = args.wheel_file
+    wheel_dir = args.wheel_dir
+    archs = args.require_archs
+
+    main(wheel_file, wheel_dir, archs)
diff --git a/.ci/scripts/calculate_jobs.py b/.ci/scripts/calculate_jobs.py
index b1f604eeb0..0cdc20e19c 100755
--- a/.ci/scripts/calculate_jobs.py
+++ b/.ci/scripts/calculate_jobs.py
@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@
 import json
 import os
 
+
+def set_output(key: str, value: str):
+    # See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#setting-an-output-parameter
+    with open(os.environ["GITHUB_OUTPUT"], "at") as f:
+        print(f"{key}={value}", file=f)
+
+
 IS_PR = os.environ["GITHUB_REF"].startswith("refs/pull/")
 
 # First calculate the various trial jobs.
@@ -39,7 +46,7 @@ if not IS_PR:
             "database": "sqlite",
             "extras": "all",
         }
-        for version in ("3.8", "3.9", "3.10")
+        for version in ("3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11")
     )
 
 
@@ -47,7 +54,7 @@ trial_postgres_tests = [
     {
         "python-version": "3.7",
         "database": "postgres",
-        "postgres-version": "10",
+        "postgres-version": "11",
         "extras": "all",
     }
 ]
@@ -55,9 +62,9 @@ trial_postgres_tests = [
 if not IS_PR:
     trial_postgres_tests.append(
         {
-            "python-version": "3.10",
+            "python-version": "3.11",
             "database": "postgres",
-            "postgres-version": "14",
+            "postgres-version": "15",
             "extras": "all",
         }
     )
@@ -81,7 +88,7 @@ print("::endgroup::")
 test_matrix = json.dumps(
     trial_sqlite_tests + trial_postgres_tests + trial_no_extra_tests
 )
-print(f"::set-output name=trial_test_matrix::{test_matrix}")
+set_output("trial_test_matrix", test_matrix)
 
 
 # First calculate the various sytest jobs.
@@ -125,4 +132,4 @@ print(json.dumps(sytest_tests, indent=4))
 print("::endgroup::")
 
 test_matrix = json.dumps(sytest_tests)
-print(f"::set-output name=sytest_test_matrix::{test_matrix}")
+set_output("sytest_test_matrix", test_matrix)
diff --git a/.ci/scripts/setup_complement_prerequisites.sh b/.ci/scripts/setup_complement_prerequisites.sh
index 4848901cbf..42ef654167 100755
--- a/.ci/scripts/setup_complement_prerequisites.sh
+++ b/.ci/scripts/setup_complement_prerequisites.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ endblock
 
 block Install Complement Dependencies
   sudo apt-get -qq update && sudo apt-get install -qqy libolm3 libolm-dev
-  go get -v github.com/haveyoudebuggedit/gotestfmt/v2/cmd/gotestfmt@latest
+  go get -v github.com/gotesttools/gotestfmt/v2/cmd/gotestfmt@latest
 endblock
 
 block Install custom gotestfmt template
diff --git a/.dockerignore b/.dockerignore
index 1c6905b1bb..0b51345cbd 100644
--- a/.dockerignore
+++ b/.dockerignore
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 !pyproject.toml
 !poetry.lock
 !Cargo.lock
+!Cargo.toml
 !build_rust.py
 
 rust/target
diff --git a/.flake8 b/.flake8
index acb118c86e..4c6a4d5843 100644
--- a/.flake8
+++ b/.flake8
@@ -8,4 +8,11 @@
 #  E203: whitespace before ':' (which is contrary to pep8?)
 #  E731: do not assign a lambda expression, use a def
 #  E501: Line too long (black enforces this for us)
-ignore=W503,W504,E203,E731,E501
+#
+# flake8-bugbear runs extra checks. Its error codes are described at
+# https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-bugbear#list-of-warnings
+#  B019: Use of functools.lru_cache or functools.cache on methods can lead to memory leaks
+#  B023: Functions defined inside a loop must not use variables redefined in the loop
+#  B024: Abstract base class with no abstract method.
+
+ignore=W503,W504,E203,E731,E501,B019,B023,B024
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ce353ed64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - # "pip" is the correct setting for poetry, per https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file#package-ecosystem
+    package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "docker"
+    directory: "/docker"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
+    directory: "/"
+    versioning-strategy: "lockfile-only"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/dependabot_changelog.yml b/.github/workflows/dependabot_changelog.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6a29a5722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependabot_changelog.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+name: Write changelog for dependabot PR
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - reopened  # For debugging!
+
+permissions:
+  # Needed to be able to push the commit. See 
+  #     https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/working-with-dependabot/automating-dependabot-with-github-actions#enable-auto-merge-on-a-pull-request
+  # for a similar example
+  contents: write
+
+jobs:
+  add-changelog:
+    runs-on: 'ubuntu-latest'
+    if: ${{ github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.ref }}
+      - name: Write, commit and push changelog
+        run: |
+          echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}." > "changelog.d/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}".misc
+          git add changelog.d
+          git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+          git config user.name "GitHub Actions"
+          git commit -m "Changelog"
+          git push
+        shell: bash
+      # The `git push` above does not trigger CI on the dependabot PR.
+      #
+      # By default, workflows can't trigger other workflows when they're just using the
+      # default `GITHUB_TOKEN` access token. (This is intended to stop you from writing
+      # recursive workflow loops by accident, because that'll get very expensive very
+      # quickly.) Instead, you have to manually call out to another workflow, or else
+      # make your changes (i.e. the `git push` above) using a personal access token.
+      # See
+      # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/triggering-a-workflow#triggering-a-workflow-from-a-workflow
+      #
+      # I have tried and failed to find a way to trigger CI on the "merge ref" of the PR.
+      # See git commit history for previous attempts. If anyone desperately wants to try
+      # again in the future, make a matrix-bot account and use its access token to git push.
+
+  # THIS WORKFLOW HAS WRITE PERMISSIONS---do not add other jobs here unless they
+  # are sufficiently locked down to dependabot only as above.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker.yml b/.github/workflows/docker.yml
index d20d30c035..49427ab50d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker.yml
@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Set up QEMU
         id: qemu
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
         with:
           platforms: arm64
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         id: buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
 
       - name: Inspect builder
         run: docker buildx inspect
-          
+
       - name: Log in to DockerHub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v1
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -48,10 +48,15 @@ jobs:
             type=pep440,pattern={{raw}}
 
       - name: Build and push all platforms
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v3
         with:
           push: true
           labels: "gitsha1=${{ github.sha }}"
           tags: "${{ steps.set-tag.outputs.tags }}"
           file: "docker/Dockerfile"
           platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+
+          # arm64 builds OOM without the git fetch setting. c.f.
+          # https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/10583
+          build-args: |
+            CARGO_NET_GIT_FETCH_WITH_CLI=true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docs-pr-netlify.yaml b/.github/workflows/docs-pr-netlify.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..231982f681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-pr-netlify.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: Deploy documentation PR preview
+
+on:
+  workflow_run:
+    workflows: [ "Prepare documentation PR preview" ]
+    types:
+      - completed
+
+jobs:
+  netlify:
+    if: github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' && github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      # There's a 'download artifact' action, but it hasn't been updated for the workflow_run action
+      # (https://github.com/actions/download-artifact/issues/60) so instead we get this mess:
+      - name: 📥 Download artifact
+        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@e6e25ac3a2b93187502a8be1ef9e9603afc34925 # v2.24.2
+        with:
+          workflow: docs-pr.yaml
+          run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+          name: book
+          path: book
+
+      - name: 📤 Deploy to Netlify
+        uses: matrix-org/netlify-pr-preview@v1
+        with:
+          path: book
+          owner: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_repository.owner.login }}
+          branch: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_branch }}
+          revision: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN }}
+          site_id: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_SITE_ID }}
+          desc: Documentation preview
+          deployment_env: PR Documentation Preview
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docs-pr.yaml b/.github/workflows/docs-pr.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cde6cf511e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-pr.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: Prepare documentation PR preview
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - docs/**
+
+jobs:
+  pages:
+    name: GitHub Pages
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - name: Setup mdbook
+        uses: peaceiris/actions-mdbook@adeb05db28a0c0004681db83893d56c0388ea9ea # v1.2.0
+        with:
+          mdbook-version: '0.4.17'
+
+      - name: Build the documentation
+        # mdbook will only create an index.html if we're including docs/README.md in SUMMARY.md.
+        # However, we're using docs/README.md for other purposes and need to pick a new page
+        # as the default. Let's opt for the welcome page instead.
+        run: |
+          mdbook build
+          cp book/welcome_and_overview.html book/index.html
+
+      - name: Upload Artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: book
+          path: book
+          # We'll only use this in a workflow_run, then we're done with it
+          retention-days: 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docs.yaml b/.github/workflows/docs.yaml
index b366eb8667..575412d965 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docs.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs.yaml
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ jobs:
     name: GitHub Pages
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Setup mdbook
-        uses: peaceiris/actions-mdbook@4b5ef36b314c2599664ca107bb8c02412548d79d # v1.1.14
+        uses: peaceiris/actions-mdbook@adeb05db28a0c0004681db83893d56c0388ea9ea # v1.2.0
         with:
           mdbook-version: '0.4.17'
 
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ jobs:
           esac
 
           # finally, set the 'branch-version' var.
-          echo "::set-output name=branch-version::$branch"
+          echo "branch-version=$branch" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           
       # Deploy to the target directory.
       - name: Deploy to gh pages
-        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@068dc23d9710f1ba62e86896f84735d869951305 # v3.8.0
+        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@de7ea6f8efb354206b205ef54722213d99067935 # v3.9.0
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           publish_dir: ./book
diff --git a/.github/workflows/latest_deps.yml b/.github/workflows/latest_deps.yml
index 9a708286a4..c6f481cdaa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/latest_deps.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/latest_deps.yml
@@ -25,12 +25,11 @@ jobs:
   mypy:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
-            toolchain: stable
-            override: true
+          toolchain: stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       # The dev dependencies aren't exposed in the wheel metadata (at least with current
@@ -59,13 +58,12 @@ jobs:
             postgres-version: "14"
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
-            toolchain: stable
-            override: true
+          toolchain: stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - run: sudo apt-get -qq install xmlsec1
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
             -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
             -e POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS="--lc-collate C --lc-ctype C --encoding UTF8" \
             postgres:${{ matrix.postgres-version }}
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
       - run: pip install .[all,test]
@@ -133,13 +131,12 @@ jobs:
       BLACKLIST: ${{ matrix.workers && 'synapse-blacklist-with-workers' }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
-            toolchain: stable
-            override: true
+          toolchain: stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - name: Ensure sytest runs `pip install`
@@ -155,7 +152,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ always() }}
         run: /sytest/scripts/tap_to_gha.pl /logs/results.tap
       - name: Upload SyTest logs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         if: ${{ always() }}
         with:
           name: Sytest Logs - ${{ job.status }} - (${{ join(matrix.*, ', ') }})
@@ -182,8 +179,8 @@ jobs:
             database: Postgres
 
     steps:
-      - name: Run actions/checkout@v2 for synapse
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Run actions/checkout@v3 for synapse
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           path: synapse
 
@@ -210,7 +207,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - uses: JasonEtco/create-an-issue@5d9504915f79f9cc6d791934b8ef34f2353dd74d # v2.5.0, 2020-12-06
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml b/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml
index 0708d631cd..0601a7dbaf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ on:
 
     # we do the full build on tags.
     tags: ["v*"]
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
@@ -24,8 +25,10 @@ jobs:
     name: "Calculate list of debian distros"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.x'
       - id: set-distros
         run: |
           # if we're running from a tag, get the full list of distros; otherwise just use debian:sid
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
           if [[ $GITHUB_REF == refs/tags/* ]]; then
               dists=$(scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py --show-dists-json)
           fi
-          echo "::set-output name=distros::$dists"
+          echo "distros=$dists" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
     # map the step outputs to job outputs
     outputs:
       distros: ${{ steps.set-distros.outputs.distros }}
@@ -49,18 +52,18 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           path: src
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         id: buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
         with:
           install: true
 
       - name: Set up docker layer caching
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
         with:
           path: /tmp/.buildx-cache
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ github.sha }}
@@ -68,7 +71,9 @@ jobs:
             ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-
 
       - name: Set up python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.x'
 
       - name: Build the packages
         # see https://github.com/docker/build-push-action/issues/252
@@ -84,38 +89,59 @@ jobs:
           mv /tmp/.buildx-cache-new /tmp/.buildx-cache
 
       - name: Upload debs as artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           name: debs
           path: debs/*
 
   build-wheels:
-    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }} for ${{ matrix.arch }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-10.15]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-11]
+        arch: [x86_64, aarch64]
+        # is_pr is a flag used to exclude certain jobs from the matrix on PRs.
+        # It is not read by the rest of the workflow.
         is_pr:
           - ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/') }}
 
         exclude:
           # Don't build macos wheels on PR CI.
           - is_pr: true
-            os: "macos-10.15"
+            os: "macos-11"
+          # Don't build aarch64 wheels on mac.
+          - os: "macos-11"
+            arch: aarch64
+          # Don't build aarch64 wheels on PR CI.
+          - is_pr: true
+            arch: aarch64
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          # setup-python@v4 doesn't impose a default python version. Need to use 3.x
+          # here, because `python` on osx points to Python 2.7.
+          python-version: "3.x"
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
         run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.9.0 poetry==1.2.0
 
-      # Only build a single wheel in CI.
-      - name: Set env vars.
-        run: |
-          echo "CIBW_BUILD="cp37-manylinux_x86_64"" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Set up QEMU to emulate aarch64
+        if: matrix.arch == 'aarch64'
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        with:
+          platforms: arm64
+
+      - name: Build aarch64 wheels
+        if: matrix.arch == 'aarch64'
+        run: echo 'CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX=aarch64' >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Only build a single wheel on PR
         if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/')
+        run: echo "CIBW_BUILD="cp37-manylinux_${{ matrix.arch }}"" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -123,6 +149,9 @@ jobs:
           # Skip testing for platforms which various libraries don't have wheels
           # for, and so need extra build deps.
           CIBW_TEST_SKIP: pp39-* *i686* *musl* pp37-macosx*
+          # Fix Rust OOM errors on emulated aarch64: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/10583
+          CARGO_NET_GIT_FETCH_WITH_CLI: true
+          CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX: CARGO_NET_GIT_FETCH_WITH_CLI
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
@@ -145,7 +174,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build sdist
         run: python -m build --sdist
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           name: Sdist
           path: dist/*.tar.gz
@@ -162,7 +191,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Download all workflow run artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
       - name: Build a tarball for the debs
         run: tar -cvJf debs.tar.xz debs
       - name: Attach to release
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 9fe61930a5..ec5ab79f9c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: ["develop", "release-*"]
   pull_request:
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
@@ -30,8 +31,10 @@ jobs:
   check-sampleconfig:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
         with:
           extras: "all"
@@ -41,8 +44,10 @@ jobs:
   check-schema-delta:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
       - run: "pip install 'click==8.1.1' 'GitPython>=3.1.20'"
       - run: scripts-dev/check_schema_delta.py --force-colors
 
@@ -54,19 +59,21 @@ jobs:
   lint-crlf:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: Check line endings
         run: scripts-dev/check_line_terminators.sh
 
   lint-newsfile:
-    if: ${{ github.base_ref == 'develop'  || contains(github.base_ref, 'release-') }}
+    if: ${{ (github.base_ref == 'develop'  || contains(github.base_ref, 'release-')) && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]' }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
       - run: "pip install 'towncrier>=18.6.0rc1'"
       - run: scripts-dev/check-newsfragment.sh
         env:
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
   lint-pydantic:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
@@ -89,13 +96,15 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ needs.changes.outputs.rust == 'true' }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        # There don't seem to be versioned releases of this action per se: for each rust
+        # version there is a branch which gets constantly rebased on top of master.
+        # We pin to a specific commit for paranoia's sake.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
             toolchain: 1.58.1
-            override: true
             components: clippy
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
@@ -107,14 +116,16 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ needs.changes.outputs.rust == 'true' }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        # There don't seem to be versioned releases of this action per se: for each rust
+        # version there is a branch which gets constantly rebased on top of master.
+        # We pin to a specific commit for paranoia's sake.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
-            toolchain: 1.58.1
-            override: true
-            components: rustfmt
+          toolchain: 1.58.1
+          components: rustfmt
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - run: cargo fmt --check
@@ -140,8 +151,10 @@ jobs:
     needs: linting-done
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
       - id: get-matrix
         run: .ci/scripts/calculate_jobs.py
     outputs:
@@ -157,7 +170,7 @@ jobs:
         job:  ${{ fromJson(needs.calculate-test-jobs.outputs.trial_test_matrix) }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - run: sudo apt-get -qq install xmlsec1
       - name: Set up PostgreSQL ${{ matrix.job.postgres-version }}
         if: ${{ matrix.job.postgres-version }}
@@ -166,6 +179,16 @@ jobs:
             -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
             -e POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS="--lc-collate C --lc-ctype C --encoding UTF8" \
             postgres:${{ matrix.job.postgres-version }}
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        # There don't seem to be versioned releases of this action per se: for each rust
+        # version there is a branch which gets constantly rebased on top of master.
+        # We pin to a specific commit for paranoia's sake.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
+        with:
+            toolchain: 1.58.1
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.job.python-version }}
@@ -199,13 +222,15 @@ jobs:
     needs: linting-done
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        # There don't seem to be versioned releases of this action per se: for each rust
+        # version there is a branch which gets constantly rebased on top of master.
+        # We pin to a specific commit for paranoia's sake.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
             toolchain: 1.58.1
-            override: true
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       # There aren't wheels for some of the older deps, so we need to install
@@ -270,7 +295,7 @@ jobs:
         extras: ["all"]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       # Install libs necessary for PyPy to build binary wheels for dependencies
       - run: sudo apt-get -qq install xmlsec1 libxml2-dev libxslt-dev
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
@@ -313,15 +338,17 @@ jobs:
         job: ${{ fromJson(needs.calculate-test-jobs.outputs.sytest_test_matrix) }}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: Prepare test blacklist
         run: cat sytest-blacklist .ci/worker-blacklist > synapse-blacklist-with-workers
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        # There don't seem to be versioned releases of this action per se: for each rust
+        # version there is a branch which gets constantly rebased on top of master.
+        # We pin to a specific commit for paranoia's sake.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
             toolchain: 1.58.1
-            override: true
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - name: Run SyTest
@@ -331,7 +358,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ always() }}
         run: /sytest/scripts/tap_to_gha.pl /logs/results.tap
       - name: Upload SyTest logs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         if: ${{ always() }}
         with:
           name: Sytest Logs - ${{ job.status }} - (${{ join(matrix.job.*, ', ') }})
@@ -361,7 +388,7 @@ jobs:
           --health-retries 5
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - run: sudo apt-get -qq install xmlsec1 postgresql-client
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
         with:
@@ -382,10 +409,10 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - python-version: "3.7"
-            postgres-version: "10"
+            postgres-version: "11"
 
-          - python-version: "3.10"
-            postgres-version: "14"
+          - python-version: "3.11"
+            postgres-version: "15"
 
     services:
       postgres:
@@ -402,7 +429,16 @@ jobs:
           --health-retries 5
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Add PostgreSQL apt repository
+        # We need a version of pg_dump that can handle the version of
+        # PostgreSQL being tested against. The Ubuntu package repository lags
+        # behind new releases, so we have to use the PostreSQL apt repository.
+        # Steps taken from https://www.postgresql.org/download/linux/ubuntu/
+        run: |
+          sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list'
+          wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add -
+          sudo apt-get update
       - run: sudo apt-get -qq install xmlsec1 postgresql-client
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
         with:
@@ -444,16 +480,18 @@ jobs:
             database: Postgres
 
     steps:
-      - name: Run actions/checkout@v2 for synapse
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Run actions/checkout@v3 for synapse
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           path: synapse
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        # There don't seem to be versioned releases of this action per se: for each rust
+        # version there is a branch which gets constantly rebased on top of master.
+        # We pin to a specific commit for paranoia's sake.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
             toolchain: 1.58.1
-            override: true
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - name: Prepare Complement's Prerequisites
@@ -473,13 +511,15 @@ jobs:
       - changes
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        # There don't seem to be versioned releases of this action per se: for each rust
+        # version there is a branch which gets constantly rebased on top of master.
+        # We pin to a specific commit for paranoia's sake.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
             toolchain: 1.58.1
-            override: true
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - run: cargo test
diff --git a/.github/workflows/triage-incoming.yml b/.github/workflows/triage-incoming.yml
index f926bcb759..0f0397cf5b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/triage-incoming.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/triage-incoming.yml
@@ -5,24 +5,11 @@ on:
     types: [ opened ]
 
 jobs:
-  add_new_issues:
-    name: Add new issues to the triage board
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: octokit/graphql-action@v2.x
-        id: add_to_project
-        with:
-          headers: '{"GraphQL-Features": "projects_next_graphql"}'
-          query: |
-              mutation add_to_project($projectid:ID!,$contentid:ID!) {
-                addProjectV2ItemById(input: {projectId: $projectid contentId: $contentid}) {
-                item {
-                  id
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-          projectid: ${{ env.PROJECT_ID }}
-          contentid: ${{ github.event.issue.node_id }}
-        env:
-          PROJECT_ID: "PVT_kwDOAIB0Bs4AFDdZ"
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
+  triage:
+    uses: matrix-org/backend-meta/.github/workflows/triage-incoming.yml@v1
+    with: 
+      project_id: 'PVT_kwDOAIB0Bs4AFDdZ'
+      content_id: ${{ github.event.issue.node_id }}
+    secrets: 
+      github_access_token: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
+          
diff --git a/.github/workflows/triage_labelled.yml b/.github/workflows/triage_labelled.yml
index fbd55de17f..d1ac4357b1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/triage_labelled.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/triage_labelled.yml
@@ -11,34 +11,34 @@ jobs:
     if: >
       contains(github.event.issue.labels.*.name, 'X-Needs-Info')
     steps:
-      - uses: octokit/graphql-action@v2.x
-        id: add_to_project
+      - uses: actions/add-to-project@main
+        id: add_project
         with:
-          headers: '{"GraphQL-Features": "projects_next_graphql"}'
-          query: |
-            mutation {
-              updateProjectV2ItemFieldValue(
-                input: {
-                  projectId: $projectid
-                  itemId: $contentid
-                  fieldId: $fieldid
-                  value: {
-                    singleSelectOptionId: "Todo"
+          project-url: "https://github.com/orgs/matrix-org/projects/67"
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Set status
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          gh api graphql -f query='
+          mutation(
+              $project: ID!
+              $item: ID!
+              $fieldid: ID!
+              $columnid: String!
+            )  {
+            updateProjectV2ItemFieldValue(
+              input: {
+               projectId: $project
+                itemId: $item
+                fieldId: $fieldid
+                value: { 
+                  singleSelectOptionId: $columnid
                   }
-                }
-              ) {
-                projectV2Item {
-                  id
-                }
+              }
+            ) {
+              projectV2Item {
+                id
               }
             }
-
-          projectid: ${{ env.PROJECT_ID }}
-          contentid: ${{ github.event.issue.node_id }}
-          fieldid: ${{ env.FIELD_ID }}
-          optionid: ${{ env.OPTION_ID }}
-        env:
-          PROJECT_ID: "PVT_kwDOAIB0Bs4AFDdZ"
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
-          FIELD_ID: "PVTSSF_lADOAIB0Bs4AFDdZzgC6ZA4"
-          OPTION_ID: "ba22e43c"
+          }' -f project="PVT_kwDOAIB0Bs4AFDdZ" -f item=${{ steps.add_project.outputs.itemId }} -f fieldid="PVTSSF_lADOAIB0Bs4AFDdZzgC6ZA4" -f columnid=ba22e43c --silent
diff --git a/.github/workflows/twisted_trunk.yml b/.github/workflows/twisted_trunk.yml
index 8fa2fbdea0..6a047193f6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/twisted_trunk.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/twisted_trunk.yml
@@ -15,13 +15,12 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
-            toolchain: stable
-            override: true
+          toolchain: stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
@@ -40,14 +39,13 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - run: sudo apt-get -qq install xmlsec1
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
-            toolchain: stable
-            override: true
+          toolchain: stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@v1
@@ -81,13 +79,12 @@ jobs:
         - ${{ github.workspace }}:/src
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install Rust
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@55c7845fad90d0ae8b2e83715cb900e5e861e8cb
         with:
-            toolchain: stable
-            override: true
+          toolchain: stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
 
       - name: Patch dependencies
@@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ always() }}
         run: /sytest/scripts/tap_to_gha.pl /logs/results.tap
       - name: Upload SyTest logs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         if: ${{ always() }}
         with:
           name: Sytest Logs - ${{ job.status }} - (${{ join(matrix.*, ', ') }})
@@ -138,8 +135,8 @@ jobs:
             database: Postgres
 
     steps:
-      - name: Run actions/checkout@v2 for synapse
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Run actions/checkout@v3 for synapse
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           path: synapse
 
@@ -151,12 +148,11 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           set -x
           DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive sudo apt-get install -yqq python3 pipx
-          pipx install poetry==1.1.14
+          pipx install poetry==1.2.0
 
           poetry remove -n twisted
           poetry add -n --extras tls git+https://github.com/twisted/twisted.git#trunk
           poetry lock --no-update
-          # NOT IN 1.1.14 poetry lock --check
         working-directory: synapse
 
       - run: |
@@ -177,7 +173,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - uses: JasonEtco/create-an-issue@5d9504915f79f9cc6d791934b8ef34f2353dd74d # v2.5.0, 2020-12-06
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index 82b5526f94..0fa6f7fab7 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,17 +1,510 @@
-Synapse 1.68.0rc2 (2022-09-23)
+Synapse 1.72.0rc1 (2022-11-16)
 ==============================
 
-Please note that Synapse will now refuse to start if configured to use a version of SQLite earlier than 3.27.
+Please note that we now only support PostgreSQL 11+, because PostgreSQL 10 has reached end-of-life, c.f. our [Deprecation Policy](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/develop/docs/deprecation_policy.md).
 
-In addition, please note that installing Synapse from a source checkout now requires a recent Rust compiler.
-Those using packages will not be affected. On most platforms, installing with `pip install matrix-synapse` will not be affected.
-See the [upgrade notes](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.68/upgrade.html#upgrading-to-v1670).
+Features
+--------
+
+- Add experimental support for [MSC3912](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3912): Relation-based redactions. ([\#14260](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14260))
+- Build Debian packages for Ubuntu 22.10 (Kinetic Kudu). ([\#14396](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14396))
+- Add an [Admin API](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/administration/admin_api/index.html) endpoint for user lookup based on third-party ID (3PID). Contributed by @ashfame. ([\#14405](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14405))
+- Faster joins: include heroes' membership events in the partial join response, for rooms without a name or canonical alias. ([\#14442](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14442))
 
 
 Bugfixes
 --------
 
-- Fix building from packaged sdist. Broke in v1.68.0rc1. ([\#13866](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13866))
+- Faster joins: do not block creation of or queries for room aliases during the resync. ([\#14292](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14292))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.64.0rc1 which could cause log spam when fetching events from other homeservers. ([\#14347](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14347))
+- Fix a bug introduced in 1.66 which would not send certain pushrules to clients. Contributed by Nico. ([\#14356](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14356))
+- Fix a bug introduced in v1.71.0rc1 where the power level event was incorrectly created during initial room creation. ([\#14361](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14361))
+- Fix the refresh token endpoint to be under /r0 and /v3 instead of /v1. Contributed by Tulir @ Beeper. ([\#14364](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14364))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where Synapse would raise an error when encountering an unrecognised field in a `/sync` filter, instead of ignoring it for forward compatibility. ([\#14369](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14369))
+- Fix a background database update, introduced in Synapse 1.64.0, which could cause poor database performance. ([\#14374](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14374))
+- Fix PostgreSQL sometimes using table scans for queries against the `event_search` table, taking a long time and a large amount of IO. ([\#14409](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14409))
+- Fix rendering of some HTML templates (including emails). Introduced in v1.71.0. ([\#14448](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14448))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.70.0 where the background updates to add non-thread unique indexes on receipts could fail when upgrading from 1.67.0 or earlier. ([\#14453](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14453))
+
+
+Updates to the Docker image
+---------------------------
+
+- Add all Stream Writer worker types to `configure_workers_and_start.py`. ([\#14197](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14197))
+- Remove references to legacy worker types in the multi-worker Dockerfile. ([\#14294](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14294))
+
+
+Improved Documentation
+----------------------
+
+- Upload documentation PRs to Netlify. ([\#12947](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12947), [\#14370](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14370))
+- Add addtional TURN server configuration example based on [eturnal](https://github.com/processone/eturnal) and adjust general TURN server doc structure. ([\#14293](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14293))
+- Add example on how to load balance /sync requests. Contributed by [aceArt](https://aceart.de). ([\#14297](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14297))
+- Edit sample Nginx reverse proxy configuration to use HTTP/1.1. Contributed by Brad Jones. ([\#14414](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14414))
+
+
+Deprecations and Removals
+-------------------------
+
+- Remove support for PostgreSQL 10. ([\#14392](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14392), [\#14397](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14397))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Run unit tests against Python 3.11. ([\#13812](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13812))
+- Add TLS support for generic worker endpoints. ([\#14128](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14128), [\#14455](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14455))
+- Switch to a maintained action for installing Rust in CI. ([\#14313](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14313))
+- Add override ability to `complement.sh` command line script to request certain types of workers. ([\#14324](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14324))
+- Enabling testing of [MSC3874](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3874) (filtering of `/messages` by relation type) in complement. ([\#14339](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14339))
+- Concisely log a failure to resolve state due to missing `prev_events`. ([\#14346](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14346))
+- Use a maintained Github action to install Rust. ([\#14351](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14351))
+- Cleanup old worker datastore classes. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#14375](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14375))
+- Test against PostgreSQL 15 in CI. ([\#14394](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14394))
+- Remove unreachable code. ([\#14410](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14410))
+- Clean-up event persistence code. ([\#14411](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14411))
+- Update docstring to clarify that `get_partial_state_events_batch` does not just give you completely arbitrary partial-state events. ([\#14417](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14417))
+- Fix mypy errors introduced by bumping the locked version of `attrs` and `gitpython`. ([\#14433](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14433))
+- Make Dependabot only bump Rust deps in the lock file. ([\#14434](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14434))
+- Fix an incorrect stub return type for `PushRuleEvaluator.run`. ([\#14451](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14451))
+- Improve performance of `/context` in large rooms. ([\#14461](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14461))
+
+
+Synapse 1.71.0 (2022-11-08)
+===========================
+
+Please note that, as announced in the release notes for Synapse 1.69.0, legacy Prometheus metric names are now disabled by default.
+They will be removed altogether in Synapse 1.73.0.
+If not already done, server administrators should update their dashboards and alerting rules to avoid using the deprecated metric names.
+See the [upgrade notes](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.71/upgrade.html#upgrading-to-v1710) for more details.
+
+**Note:** in line with our [deprecation policy](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/deprecation_policy.html) for platform dependencies, this will be the last release to support PostgreSQL 10, which reaches upstream end-of-life on November 10th, 2022. Future releases of Synapse will require PostgreSQL 11+.
+
+No significant changes since 1.71.0rc2.
+
+
+Synapse 1.71.0rc2 (2022-11-04)
+==============================
+
+Improved Documentation
+----------------------
+
+- Document the changes to monthly active user metrics due to deprecation of legacy Prometheus metric names. ([\#14358](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14358), [\#14360](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14360))
+
+
+Deprecations and Removals
+-------------------------
+
+- Disable legacy Prometheus metric names by default. They can still be re-enabled for now, but they will be removed altogether in Synapse 1.73.0. ([\#14353](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14353))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Run unit tests against Python 3.11. ([\#13812](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13812))
+
+
+Synapse 1.71.0rc1 (2022-11-01)
+==============================
+
+Features
+--------
+
+- Support back-channel logouts from OpenID Connect providers. ([\#11414](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11414))
+- Allow use of Postgres and SQLlite full-text search operators in search queries. ([\#11635](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11635), [\#14310](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14310), [\#14311](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14311))
+- Implement [MSC3664](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/3664), Pushrules for relations. Contributed by Nico. ([\#11804](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11804))
+- Improve aesthetics of HTML templates. Note that these changes do not retroactively apply to templates which have been [customised](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/templates.html#templates) by server admins. ([\#13652](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13652))
+- Enable write-ahead logging for SQLite installations. Contributed by [@asymmetric](https://github.com/asymmetric). ([\#13897](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13897))
+- Show erasure status when [listing users](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/admin_api/user_admin_api.html#query-user-account) in the Admin API. ([\#14205](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14205))
+- Provide a specific error code when a `/sync` request provides a filter which doesn't represent a JSON object. ([\#14262](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14262))
+
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix a long-standing bug where the `update_synapse_database` script could not be run with multiple databases. Contributed by @thefinn93 @ Beeper. ([\#13422](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13422))
+- Fix a bug which prevented setting an avatar on homeservers which have an explicit port in their `server_name` and have `max_avatar_size` and/or `allowed_avatar_mimetypes` configuration. Contributed by @ashfame. ([\#13927](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13927))
+- Check appservice user interest against the local users instead of all users in the room to align with [MSC3905](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3905). ([\#13958](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13958))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where Synapse would accidentally include extra information in the response to [`PUT /_matrix/federation/v2/invite/{roomId}/{eventId}`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/server-server-api/#put_matrixfederationv2inviteroomideventid). ([\#14064](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14064))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.64.0 where presence updates could be missing from `/sync` responses. ([\#14243](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14243))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.60.0 which caused an error to be logged when Synapse received a SIGHUP signal if debug logging was enabled. ([\#14258](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14258))
+- Prevent history insertion ([MSC2716](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2716)) during an partial join ([MSC3706](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3706)). ([\#14291](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14291))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.34.0 where device names would be returned via a federation user key query request when `allow_device_name_lookup_over_federation` was set to `false`. ([\#14304](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14304))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 0.34.0 where logs could include error spam when background processes are measured as taking a negative amount of time. ([\#14323](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14323))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.70.0 where clients were unable to PUT new [dehydrated devices](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2697). ([\#14336](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14336))
+
+
+Improved Documentation
+----------------------
+
+- Explain how to disable the use of [`trusted_key_servers`](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#trusted_key_servers). ([\#13999](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13999))
+- Add workers settings to [configuration manual](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#individual-worker-configuration). ([\#14086](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14086))
+- Correct the name of the config option [`encryption_enabled_by_default_for_room_type`](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#encryption_enabled_by_default_for_room_type). ([\#14110](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14110))
+- Update docstrings of `SynapseError` and `FederationError` to bettter describe what they are used for and the effects of using them are. ([\#14191](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14191))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Remove unused `@lru_cache` decorator. ([\#13595](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13595))
+- Save login tokens in database and prevent login token reuse. ([\#13844](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13844))
+- Refactor OIDC tests to better mimic an actual OIDC provider. ([\#13910](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13910))
+- Fix type annotation causing import time error in the Complement forking launcher. ([\#14084](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14084))
+- Refactor [MSC3030](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3030) `/timestamp_to_event` endpoint to loop over federation destinations with standard pattern and error handling. ([\#14096](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14096))
+- Add initial power level event to batch of bulk persisted events when creating a new room. ([\#14228](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14228))
+- Refactor `/key/` endpoints to use `RestServlet` classes. ([\#14229](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14229))
+- Switch to using the `matrix-org/backend-meta` version of `triage-incoming` for new issues in CI. ([\#14230](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14230))
+- Build wheels on macos 11, not 10.15. ([\#14249](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14249))
+- Add debugging to help diagnose lost device list updates. ([\#14268](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14268))
+- Add Rust cache to CI for `trial` runs. ([\#14287](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14287))
+- Improve type hinting of `RawHeaders`. ([\#14303](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14303))
+- Use Poetry 1.2.0 in the Twisted Trunk CI job. ([\#14305](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14305))
+
+<details>
+<summary>Dependency updates</summary>
+
+Runtime:
+
+- Bump anyhow from 1.0.65 to 1.0.66. ([\#14278](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14278))
+- Bump jinja2 from 3.0.3 to 3.1.2. ([\#14271](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14271))
+- Bump prometheus-client from 0.14.0 to 0.15.0. ([\#14274](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14274))
+- Bump psycopg2 from 2.9.4 to 2.9.5. ([\#14331](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14331))
+- Bump pysaml2 from 7.1.2 to 7.2.1. ([\#14270](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14270))
+- Bump sentry-sdk from 1.5.11 to 1.10.1. ([\#14330](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14330))
+- Bump serde from 1.0.145 to 1.0.147. ([\#14277](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14277))
+- Bump serde_json from 1.0.86 to 1.0.87. ([\#14279](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14279))
+
+Tooling and CI:
+
+- Bump black from 22.3.0 to 22.10.0. ([\#14328](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14328))
+- Bump flake8-bugbear from 21.3.2 to 22.9.23. ([\#14042](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14042))
+- Bump peaceiris/actions-gh-pages from 3.8.0 to 3.9.0. ([\#14276](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14276))
+- Bump peaceiris/actions-mdbook from 1.1.14 to 1.2.0. ([\#14275](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14275))
+- Bump setuptools-rust from 1.5.1 to 1.5.2. ([\#14273](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14273))
+- Bump twine from 3.8.0 to 4.0.1. ([\#14332](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14332))
+- Bump types-opentracing from 2.4.7 to 2.4.10. ([\#14133](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14133))
+- Bump types-requests from 2.28.11 to 2.28.11.2. ([\#14272](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14272))
+</details>
+
+Synapse 1.70.1 (2022-10-28)
+===========================
+
+This release fixes some regressions that were discovered in 1.70.0.
+
+[#14300](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14300)
+was previously reported to be a regression in 1.70.0 as well. However, we have
+since concluded that it was limited to the reporter and thus have not needed
+to include any fix for it in 1.70.1.
+
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.70.0rc1 where the access tokens sent to application services as headers were malformed. Application services which were obtaining access tokens from query parameters were not affected. ([\#14301](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14301))
+- Fix room creation being rate limited too aggressively since Synapse v1.69.0. ([\#14314](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14314))
+
+
+Synapse 1.70.0 (2022-10-26)
+===========================
+
+No significant changes since 1.70.0rc2.
+
+
+Synapse 1.70.0rc2 (2022-10-25)
+==============================
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.70.0rc1 where the information returned from the `/threads` API could be stale when threaded events are redacted. ([\#14248](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14248))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.70.0rc1 leading to broken outbound federation when using Python 3.7. ([\#14280](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14280))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.70.0rc1 where edits to non-message events were aggregated by the homeserver. ([\#14283](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14283))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Build ABI3 wheels for CPython. ([\#14253](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14253))
+- For the aarch64 architecture, only build wheels for CPython manylinux. ([\#14259](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14259))
+
+
+Synapse 1.70.0rc1 (2022-10-19)
+==============================
+
+Features
+--------
+
+- Support for [MSC3856](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3856): threads list API. ([\#13394](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13394), [\#14171](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14171), [\#14175](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14175))
+- Support for thread-specific notifications & receipts ([MSC3771](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3771) and [MSC3773](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3773)). ([\#13776](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13776), [\#13824](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13824), [\#13877](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13877), [\#13878](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13878), [\#14050](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14050), [\#14140](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14140), [\#14159](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14159), [\#14163](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14163), [\#14174](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14174), [\#14222](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14222))
+- Stop fetching missing `prev_events` after we already know their signature is invalid. ([\#13816](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13816))
+- Send application service access tokens as a header (and query parameter). Implements [MSC2832](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2832). ([\#13996](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13996))
+- Ignore server ACL changes when generating pushes. Implements [MSC3786](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3786). ([\#13997](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13997))
+- Experimental support for redirecting to an implementation of a [MSC3886](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3886) HTTP rendezvous service. ([\#14018](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14018))
+- The `/relations` endpoint can now be used on workers. ([\#14028](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14028))
+- Advertise support for Matrix 1.3 and 1.4 on `/_matrix/client/versions`. ([\#14032](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14032), [\#14184](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14184))
+- Improve validation of request bodies for the [Device Management](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/client-server-api/#device-management) and [MSC2697 Device Dehyrdation](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2697) client-server API endpoints. ([\#14054](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14054))
+- Experimental support for [MSC3874](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3874): Filtering threads from the `/messages` endpoint. ([\#14148](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14148))
+- Improve the validation of the following PUT endpoints: [`/directory/room/{roomAlias}`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/client-server-api/#put_matrixclientv3directoryroomroomalias), [`/directory/list/room/{roomId}`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/client-server-api/#put_matrixclientv3directorylistroomroomid) and [`/directory/list/appservice/{networkId}/{roomId}`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/application-service-api/#put_matrixclientv3directorylistappservicenetworkidroomid). ([\#14179](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14179))
+- Build and publish binary wheels for `aarch64` platforms. ([\#14212](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14212))
+
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Prevent device names from appearing in device list updates in some situations when `allow_device_name_lookup_over_federation` is `false`. (This is not comprehensive: see [\#13114](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13114).) ([\#10015](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/10015))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where redactions were not being sent over federation if we did not have the original event. ([\#13813](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13813))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where edits of non-`m.room.message` events would not be correctly bundled or have their new content applied. ([\#14034](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14034))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.53.0 when querying `/publicRooms` with both a `room_type` filter and a `third_party_instance_id`. ([\#14053](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14053))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.35.0 where errors parsing a `/send_join` or `/state` response would produce excessive, low-quality Sentry events. ([\#14065](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14065))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where Synapse would error on the optional 'invite_room_state' field not being provided to [`PUT /_matrix/federation/v2/invite/{roomId}/{eventId}`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/server-server-api/#put_matrixfederationv2inviteroomideventid). ([\#14083](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14083))
+- Fix a bug where invalid oEmbed fields would cause the entire response to be discarded. Introduced in Synapse 1.18.0. ([\#14089](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14089))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.37.0 in which an incorrect key name was used for sending and receiving room metadata when knocking on a room. ([\#14102](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14102))
+- Fix a bug introduced in v1.69.0rc1 where the joined hosts for a given event were not being properly cached. ([\#14125](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14125))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.30.0 where purging and rejoining a room without restarting in-between would result in a broken room. ([\#14161](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14161), [\#14164](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14164))
+- Fix [MSC3030](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3030) `/timestamp_to_event` endpoint returning potentially inaccurate closest events with `outliers` present. ([\#14215](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14215))
+
+
+Updates to the Docker image
+---------------------------
+
+- Update the version of frozendict in Docker images and Debian packages from 2.3.3 to 2.3.4, which may fix memory leak problems. ([\#13955](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13955))
+- Use the `minimal` Rust profile when building Synapse. ([\#14141](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14141))
+- Prevent a class of database sharding errors when using `Dockerfile-workers` to spawn multiple instances of the same worker. Contributed by Jason Little. ([\#14165](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14165))
+- Set `LD_PRELOAD` to use jemalloc memory allocator in Dockerfile-workers. ([\#14182](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14182))
+- Fix pre-startup logging being lost when using the `Dockerfile-workers` image. ([\#14195](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14195))
+
+
+Improved Documentation
+----------------------
+
+- Add sample worker files for `pusher` and `federation_sender`. ([\#14077](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14077))
+- Improve the listener example on the metrics documentation. ([\#14078](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14078))
+- Expand Google OpenID Connect example config to map email attribute. Contributed by @ptman. ([\#14081](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14081))
+- The changelog entry ending in a full stop or exclamation mark is not optional. ([\#14087](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14087))
+- Fix links to jemalloc documentation, which were broken in [#13491](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/14124). ([\#14093](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14093))
+- Remove not needed `replication` listener in docker compose example. ([\#14107](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14107))
+- Fix name of `alias_creation_rules` option in the config manual documentation. ([\#14124](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14124))
+- Clarify comment on event contexts. ([\#14145](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14145))
+- Fix dead link to the [Admin Registration API](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/admin_api/register_api.html). ([\#14189](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14189))
+
+
+Deprecations and Removals
+-------------------------
+
+- Remove the experimental implementation of [MSC3772](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3772). ([\#14094](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14094))
+- Remove the unstable identifier for [MSC3715](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/3715). ([\#14106](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14106), [\#14146](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14146))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Optimise queries used to get a users rooms during sync. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#13991](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13991))
+- Update authlib from 0.15.5 to 1.1.0. ([\#14006](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14006))
+- Make `parse_server_name` consistent in handling invalid server names. ([\#14007](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14007))
+- Don't repeatedly wake up the same users for batched events. ([\#14033](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14033))
+- Complement test image: capture logs from nginx. ([\#14063](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14063))
+- Don't create noisy Sentry events when a requester drops connection to the metrics server mid-request. ([\#14072](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14072))
+- Run the integration test suites with the asyncio reactor enabled in CI. ([\#14092](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14092))
+- Add debug logs to figure out why an event was filtered out of the client response. ([\#14095](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14095))
+- Indicate what endpoint came back with a JSON response we were unable to parse. ([\#14097](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14097))
+- Break up calls to fetch rooms for many users. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#14109](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14109))
+- Faster joins: prioritise the server we joined by when restarting a partial join resync. ([\#14126](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14126))
+- Cache Rust build cache when building docker images. ([\#14130](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14130))
+- Enable dependabot for Rust dependencies. ([\#14132](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14132))
+- Bump typing-extensions from 4.1.1 to 4.4.0. ([\#14134](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14134))
+- Use the `minimal` Rust profile when building Synapse. ([\#14141](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14141))
+- Remove unused configuration code. ([\#14142](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14142))
+- Prepare for the [`gotestfmt` repository move](https://github.com/GoTestTools/gotestfmt/discussions/46). ([\#14144](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14144))
+- Invalidate rooms for user caches on replicated event, fix sync cache race in synapse workers. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#14155](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14155))
+- Enable url previews when testing with complement. ([\#14198](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14198))
+- When authenticating batched events, check for auth events in batch as well as DB. ([\#14214](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14214))
+- Update CI config to avoid GitHub Actions deprecation warnings. ([\#14216](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14216), [\#14224](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14224))
+- Update dependency requirements to allow building with poetry-core 1.3.2. ([\#14217](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14217))
+- Rename the `cache_memory` extra to `cache-memory`, for compatability with poetry-core 1.3.0 and [PEP 685](https://peps.python.org/pep-0685/). From-source installations using this extra will need to install using the new name. ([\#14221](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14221))
+- Specify dev-dependencies using lower bounds, to reduce the likelihood of a dependabot merge conflict. The lockfile continues to pin to specific versions. ([\#14227](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14227))
+
+
+Synapse 1.69.0 (2022-10-17)
+===========================
+
+Please note that legacy Prometheus metric names are now deprecated and will be removed in Synapse 1.73.0.
+Server administrators should update their dashboards and alerting rules to avoid using the deprecated metric names.
+See the [upgrade notes](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.69/upgrade.html#upgrading-to-v1690) for more details.
+
+
+No significant changes since 1.69.0rc4.
+
+
+Synapse 1.69.0rc4 (2022-10-14)
+==============================
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix poor performance of the `event_push_backfill_thread_id` background update, which was introduced in Synapse 1.68.0rc1. ([\#14172](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14172), [\#14181](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14181))
+
+
+Updates to the Docker image
+---------------------------
+
+- Fix docker build OOMing in CI for arm64 builds. ([\#14173](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14173))
+
+
+Synapse 1.69.0rc3 (2022-10-12)
+==============================
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix an issue with Docker images causing the Rust dependencies to not be pinned correctly. Introduced in v1.68.0 ([\#14129](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14129))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.69.0rc1 which would cause registration replication requests to fail if the worker sending the request is not running Synapse 1.69. ([\#14135](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14135))
+- Fix error in background update when rotating existing notifications. Introduced in v1.69.0rc2. ([\#14138](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14138))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Rename the `url_preview` extra to `url-preview`, for compatability with poetry-core 1.3.0 and [PEP 685](https://peps.python.org/pep-0685/). From-source installations using this extra will need to install using the new name. ([\#14085](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14085))
+
+
+Synapse 1.69.0rc2 (2022-10-06)
+==============================
+
+Deprecations and Removals
+-------------------------
+
+- Deprecate the `generate_short_term_login_token` method in favor of an async `create_login_token` method in the Module API. ([\#13842](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13842))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Ensure Synapse v1.69 works with upcoming database changes in v1.70. ([\#14045](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14045))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.68.0 where messages could not be sent in rooms with non-integer `notifications` power level. ([\#14073](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14073))
+- Temporarily pin build-system requirements to workaround an incompatibility with poetry-core 1.3.0. This will be reverted before the v1.69.0 release proper, see [\#14079](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14079). ([\#14080](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14080))
+
+
+Synapse 1.69.0rc1 (2022-10-04)
+==============================
+
+Features
+--------
+
+- Allow application services to set the `origin_server_ts` of a state event by providing the query parameter `ts` in [`PUT /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/state/{eventType}/{stateKey}`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/client-server-api/#put_matrixclientv3roomsroomidstateeventtypestatekey), per [MSC3316](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/3316). Contributed by @lukasdenk. ([\#11866](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11866))
+- Allow server admins to require a manual approval process before new accounts can be used (using [MSC3866](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3866)). ([\#13556](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13556))
+- Exponentially backoff from backfilling the same event over and over. ([\#13635](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13635), [\#13936](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13936))
+- Add cache invalidation across workers to module API. ([\#13667](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13667), [\#13947](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13947))
+- Experimental implementation of [MSC3882](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3882) to allow an existing device/session to generate a login token for use on a new device/session. ([\#13722](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13722), [\#13868](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13868))
+- Experimental support for thread-specific receipts ([MSC3771](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3771)). ([\#13782](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13782), [\#13893](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13893), [\#13932](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13932), [\#13937](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13937), [\#13939](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13939))
+- Add experimental support for [MSC3881: Remotely toggle push notifications for another client](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3881). ([\#13799](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13799), [\#13831](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13831), [\#13860](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13860))
+- Keep track when an event pulled over federation fails its signature check so we can intelligently back-off in the future. ([\#13815](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13815))
+- Improve validation for the unspecced, internal-only `_matrix/client/unstable/add_threepid/msisdn/submit_token` endpoint. ([\#13832](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13832))
+- Faster remote room joins: record _when_ we first partial-join to a room. ([\#13892](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13892))
+- Support a `dir` parameter on the `/relations` endpoint per [MSC3715](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/3715). ([\#13920](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13920))
+- Ask mail servers receiving emails from Synapse to not send automatic replies (e.g. out-of-office responses). ([\#13957](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13957))
+
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Send push notifications for invites received over federation. ([\#13719](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13719), [\#14014](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14014))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where typing events would be accepted from remote servers not present in a room. Also fix a bug where incoming typing events would cause other incoming events to get stuck during a fast join. ([\#13830](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13830))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.53.0 where the experimental implementation of [MSC3715](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3715) would give incorrect results when paginating forward. ([\#13840](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13840))
+- Fix access token leak to logs from proxy agent. ([\#13855](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13855))
+- Fix `have_seen_event` cache not being invalidated after we persist an event which causes inefficiency effects like extra `/state` federation calls. ([\#13863](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13863))
+- Faster room joins: Fix a bug introduced in 1.66.0 where an error would be logged when syncing after joining a room. ([\#13872](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13872))
+- Fix a bug introduced in 1.66.0 where some required fields in the pushrules sent to clients were not present anymore. Contributed by Nico. ([\#13904](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13904))
+- Fix packaging to include `Cargo.lock` in `sdist`. ([\#13909](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13909))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where device updates could cause delays sending out to-device messages over federation. ([\#13922](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13922))
+- Fix a bug introduced in v1.68.0 where Synapse would require `setuptools_rust` at runtime, even though the package is only required at build time. ([\#13952](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13952))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where `POST /_matrix/client/v3/keys/query` requests could result in excessively large SQL queries. ([\#13956](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13956))
+- Fix a performance regression in the `get_users_in_room` database query. Introduced in v1.67.0. ([\#13972](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13972))
+- Fix a bug introduced in v1.68.0 bug where Rust extension wasn't built in `release` mode when using `poetry install`. ([\#14009](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14009))
+- Do not return an unspecified `original_event` field when using the stable `/relations` endpoint. Introduced in Synapse v1.57.0. ([\#14025](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14025))
+- Correctly handle a race with device lists when a remote user leaves during a partial join. ([\#13885](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13885))
+- Correctly handle sending local device list updates to remote servers during a partial join. ([\#13934](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13934))
+
+
+Improved Documentation
+----------------------
+
+- Add `worker_main_http_uri` for the worker generator bash script. ([\#13772](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13772))
+- Update URL for the NixOS module for Synapse. ([\#13818](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13818))
+- Fix a mistake in sso_mapping_providers.md: `map_user_attributes` is expected to return `display_name`, not `displayname`. ([\#13836](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13836))
+- Fix a cross-link from the registration admin API to the `registration_shared_secret` configuration documentation. ([\#13870](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13870))
+- Update the man page for the `hash_password` script to correct the default number of bcrypt rounds performed. ([\#13911](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13911), [\#13930](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13930))
+- Emphasize the right reasons when to use `(room_id, event_id)` in a database schema. ([\#13915](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13915))
+- Add instruction to contributing guide for running unit tests in parallel. Contributed by @ashfame. ([\#13928](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13928))
+- Clarify that the `auto_join_rooms` config option can also be used with Space aliases. ([\#13931](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13931))
+- Add some cross references to worker documentation. ([\#13974](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13974))
+- Linkify urls in config documentation. ([\#14003](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14003))
+
+
+Deprecations and Removals
+-------------------------
+
+- Remove the `complete_sso_login` method from the Module API which was deprecated in Synapse 1.13.0. ([\#13843](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13843))
+- Announce that legacy metric names are deprecated, will be turned off by default in Synapse v1.71.0 and removed altogether in Synapse v1.73.0. See the upgrade notes for more information. ([\#14024](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14024))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Speed up creation of DM rooms. ([\#13487](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13487), [\#13800](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13800))
+- Port push rules to using Rust. ([\#13768](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13768), [\#13838](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13838), [\#13889](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13889))
+- Optimise get rooms for user calls. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#13787](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13787))
+- Update the script which makes full schema dumps. ([\#13792](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13792))
+- Use shared methods for cache invalidation when persisting events, remove duplicate codepaths. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#13796](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13796))
+- Improve the `synapse.api.auth.Auth` mock used in unit tests. ([\#13809](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13809))
+- Faster Remote Room Joins: tell remote homeservers that we are unable to authorise them if they query a room which has partial state on our server. ([\#13823](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13823))
+- Carry IdP Session IDs through user-mapping sessions. ([\#13839](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13839))
+- Fix the release script not publishing binary wheels. ([\#13850](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13850))
+- Raise issue if complement fails with latest deps. ([\#13859](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13859))
+- Correct the comments in the complement dockerfile. ([\#13867](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13867))
+- Create a new snapshot of the database schema. ([\#13873](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13873))
+- Faster room joins: Send device list updates to most servers in rooms with partial state. ([\#13874](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13874), [\#14013](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14013))
+- Add comments to the Prometheus recording rules to make it clear which set of rules you need for Grafana or Prometheus Console. ([\#13876](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13876))
+- Only pull relevant backfill points from the database based on the current depth and limit (instead of all) every time we want to `/backfill`. ([\#13879](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13879))
+- Faster room joins: Avoid waiting for full state when processing `/keys/changes` requests. ([\#13888](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13888))
+- Improve backfill robustness by trying more servers when we get a `4xx` error back. ([\#13890](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13890))
+- Fix mypy errors with canonicaljson 1.6.3. ([\#13905](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13905))
+- Faster remote room joins: correctly handle remote device list updates during a partial join. ([\#13913](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13913))
+- Complement image: propagate SIGTERM to all workers. ([\#13914](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13914))
+- Update an innaccurate comment in Synapse's upsert database helper. ([\#13924](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13924))
+- Update mypy (0.950 -> 0.981) and mypy-zope (0.3.7 -> 0.3.11). ([\#13925](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13925), [\#13993](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13993))
+- Use dedicated `get_local_users_in_room(room_id)` function to find local users when calculating users to copy over during a room upgrade. ([\#13960](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13960))
+- Refactor language in user directory `_track_user_joined_room` code to make it more clear that we use both local and remote users. ([\#13966](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13966))
+- Revert catch-all exceptions being recorded as event pull attempt failures (only handle what we know about). ([\#13969](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13969))
+- Speed up calculating push actions in large rooms. ([\#13973](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13973), [\#13992](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13992))
+- Enable update notifications from Github's dependabot. ([\#13976](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13976))
+- Prototype a workflow to automatically add changelogs to dependabot PRs. ([\#13998](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13998), [\#14011](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14011), [\#14017](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14017), [\#14021](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14021), [\#14027](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14027))
+- Fix type annotations to be compatible with new annotations in development versions of twisted. ([\#14012](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14012))
+- Clear out stale entries in `event_push_actions_staging` table. ([\#14020](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14020))
+- Bump versions of GitHub actions. ([\#13978](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13978), [\#13979](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13979), [\#13980](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13980), [\#13982](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13982), [\#14015](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14015), [\#14019](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14019), [\#14022](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14022), [\#14023](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14023))
+
+
+Synapse 1.68.0 (2022-09-27)
+===========================
+
+Please note that Synapse will now refuse to start if configured to use a version of SQLite older than 3.27.
+
+In addition, please note that installing Synapse from a source checkout now requires a recent Rust compiler.
+Those using packages will not be affected. On most platforms, installing with `pip install matrix-synapse` will not be affected.
+See the [upgrade notes](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.68/upgrade.html#upgrading-to-v1680).
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix packaging to include `Cargo.lock` in `sdist`. ([\#13909](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13909))
+
+
+Synapse 1.68.0rc2 (2022-09-23)
+==============================
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix building from packaged sdist. Broken in v1.68.0rc1. ([\#13866](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13866))
 
 
 Internal Changes
@@ -19,7 +512,7 @@ Internal Changes
 
 - Fix the release script not publishing binary wheels. ([\#13850](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13850))
 - Lower minimum supported rustc version to 1.58.1. ([\#13857](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13857))
-- Lock Rust dependencies versions. ([\#13858](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13858))
+- Lock Rust dependencies' versions. ([\#13858](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13858))
 
 
 Synapse 1.68.0rc1 (2022-09-20)
@@ -40,7 +533,7 @@ Features
 Bugfixes
 --------
 
-- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.41.0 where the `/hierarchy` API returned non-standard information (a `room_id` field under each entry in `children_state`). ([\#13506](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13506))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.41.0 where the `/hierarchy` API returned non-standard information (a `room_id` field under each entry in `children_state`). ([\#13506](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13506))
 - Fix a long-standing bug where previously rejected events could end up in room state because they pass auth checks given the current state of the room. ([\#13723](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13723))
 - Fix a long-standing bug where Synapse fails to start if a signing key file contains an empty line. ([\#13738](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13738))
 - Fix a long-standing bug where Synapse would fail to handle malformed user IDs or room aliases gracefully in certain cases. ([\#13746](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13746))
@@ -54,10 +547,10 @@ Improved Documentation
 ----------------------
 
 - Note that `libpq` is required on ARM-based Macs. ([\#13480](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13480))
-- Fix a mistake in the config manual: the `event_cache_size` _is_ scaled by `caches.global_factor`. The documentation was incorrect since Synapse v1.22.0. ([\#13726](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13726))
+- Fix a mistake in the config manual introduced in Synapse 1.22.0: the `event_cache_size` _is_ scaled by `caches.global_factor`. ([\#13726](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13726))
 - Fix a typo in the documentation for the login ratelimiting configuration. ([\#13727](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13727))
 - Define Synapse's compatability policy for SQLite versions. ([\#13728](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13728))
-- Add docs for common fix of deleting the `matrix_synapse.egg-info/` directory for fixing Python dependency problems. ([\#13785](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13785))
+- Add docs for the common fix of deleting the `matrix_synapse.egg-info/` directory for fixing Python dependency problems. ([\#13785](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13785))
 - Update request log format documentation to mention the format used when the authenticated user is controlling another user. ([\#13794](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13794))
 
 
@@ -98,7 +591,7 @@ Internal Changes
 - Fix a memory leak when running the unit tests. ([\#13798](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13798))
 - Use partial indices on SQLite. ([\#13802](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13802))
 - Check that portdb generates the same postgres schema as that in the source tree. ([\#13808](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13808))
-- Fix Docker build when Rust .so has been build locally first. ([\#13811](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13811))
+- Fix Docker build when Rust .so has been built locally first. ([\#13811](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13811))
 - Complement: Initialise the Postgres database directly inside the target image instead of the base Postgres image to fix building using Buildah. ([\#13819](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13819))
 - Support providing an index predicate clause when doing upserts. ([\#13822](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13822))
 - Minor speedups to linting in CI. ([\#13827](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13827))
@@ -152,7 +645,7 @@ Bugfixes
 - Fix [MSC3030](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3030) `/timestamp_to_event` endpoint to return the correct next event when the events have the same timestamp. ([\#13658](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13658))
 - Fix bug where we wedge media plugins if clients disconnect early. Introduced in v1.22.0. ([\#13660](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13660))
 - Fix a long-standing bug which meant that keys for unwhitelisted servers were not returned by `/_matrix/key/v2/query`. ([\#13683](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13683))
-- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.20.0 that would cause the unstable unread counts from [MSC2654](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2654) to be calculated even if the feature is disabled. ([\#13694](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13694))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.20.0 that would cause the unstable unread counts from [MSC2654](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2654) to be calculated even if the feature is disabled. ([\#13694](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13694))
 
 
 Updates to the Docker image
@@ -179,7 +672,7 @@ Deprecations and Removals
 
 - Drop support for calling `/_matrix/client/v3/rooms/{roomId}/invite` without an `id_access_token`, which was not permitted by the spec. Contributed by @Vetchu. ([\#13241](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13241))
 - Remove redundant `_get_joined_users_from_context` cache. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#13569](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13569))
-- Remove the ability to use direct TCP replication with workers. Direct TCP replication was deprecated in Synapse v1.18.0. Workers now require using Redis. ([\#13647](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13647))
+- Remove the ability to use direct TCP replication with workers. Direct TCP replication was deprecated in Synapse 1.18.0. Workers now require using Redis. ([\#13647](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13647))
 - Remove support for unstable [private read receipts](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2285). ([\#13653](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13653), [\#13692](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13692))
 
 
@@ -223,7 +716,7 @@ was originally planned for Synapse 1.64, but was later deferred until now. See
 the [upgrade notes](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.66/upgrade.html#upgrading-to-v1660) for more details.
 
 Deployments with multiple workers should note that the direct TCP replication
-configuration was deprecated in Synapse v1.18.0 and will be removed in Synapse
+configuration was deprecated in Synapse 1.18.0 and will be removed in Synapse
 v1.67.0. In particular, the TCP `replication` [listener](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.66/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#listeners)
 type (not to be confused with the `replication` resource on the `http` listener
 type) and the `worker_replication_port` config option will be removed .
@@ -353,7 +846,7 @@ Bugfixes
 --------
 
 - Update the version of the LDAP3 auth provider module included in the `matrixdotorg/synapse` DockerHub images and the Debian packages hosted on packages.matrix.org to 0.2.2. This version fixes a regression in the module. ([\#13470](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13470))
-- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.41.0 where the `/hierarchy` API returned non-standard information (a `room_id` field under each entry in `children_state`) (this was reverted in v1.65.0rc2, see changelog notes above). ([\#13365](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13365))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.41.0 where the `/hierarchy` API returned non-standard information (a `room_id` field under each entry in `children_state`) (this was reverted in v1.65.0rc2, see changelog notes above). ([\#13365](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13365))
 - Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 0.24.0 that would respond with the wrong error status code to `/joined_members` requests when the requester is not a current member of the room. Contributed by @andrewdoh. ([\#13374](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13374))
 - Fix bug in handling of typing events for appservices. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar). ([\#13392](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13392))
 - Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.57.0 where rooms listed in `exclude_rooms_from_sync` in the configuration file would not be properly excluded from incremental syncs. ([\#13408](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13408))
@@ -418,7 +911,7 @@ No significant changes since 1.64.0rc2.
 Deprecation Warning
 -------------------
 
-Synapse v1.66.0 will remove the ability to delegate the tasks of verifying email address ownership, and password reset confirmation, to an identity server.
+Synapse 1.66.0 will remove the ability to delegate the tasks of verifying email address ownership, and password reset confirmation, to an identity server.
 
 If you require your homeserver to verify e-mail addresses or to support password resets via e-mail, please configure your homeserver with SMTP access so that it can send e-mails on its own behalf.
 [Consult the configuration documentation for more information.](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#email)
@@ -427,7 +920,7 @@ If you require your homeserver to verify e-mail addresses or to support password
 Synapse 1.64.0rc2 (2022-07-29)
 ==============================
 
-This RC reintroduces support for `account_threepid_delegates.email`, which was removed in 1.64.0rc1. It remains deprecated and will be removed altogether in Synapse v1.66.0. ([\#13406](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13406))
+This RC reintroduces support for `account_threepid_delegates.email`, which was removed in 1.64.0rc1. It remains deprecated and will be removed altogether in Synapse 1.66.0. ([\#13406](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13406))
 
 
 Synapse 1.64.0rc1 (2022-07-26)
@@ -676,7 +1169,7 @@ Bugfixes
 - Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.58 where Synapse would not report full version information when installed from a git checkout. This is a best-effort affair and not guaranteed to be stable. ([\#12973](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12973))
 - Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.60 where Synapse would fail to start if the `sqlite3` module was not available. ([\#12979](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12979))
 - Fix a bug where non-standard information was required when requesting the `/hierarchy` API over federation. Introduced
-  in Synapse v1.41.0. ([\#12991](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12991))
+  in Synapse 1.41.0. ([\#12991](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12991))
 - Fix a long-standing bug which meant that rate limiting was not restrictive enough in some cases. ([\#13018](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13018))
 - Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.58 where profile requests for a malformed user ID would ccause an internal error. Synapse now returns 400 Bad Request in this situation. ([\#13041](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13041))
 - Fix some inconsistencies in the event authentication code. ([\#13087](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13087), [\#13088](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13088))
@@ -1269,7 +1762,7 @@ If you have already upgraded to Synapse 1.57.0 without problem, then you have no
 Updates to the Docker image
 ---------------------------
 
-- Include version 0.2.0 of the Synapse LDAP Auth Provider module in the Docker image. This matches the version that was present in the Docker image for Synapse v1.56.0. ([\#12512](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12512))
+- Include version 0.2.0 of the Synapse LDAP Auth Provider module in the Docker image. This matches the version that was present in the Docker image for Synapse 1.56.0. ([\#12512](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12512))
 
 
 Synapse 1.57.0 (2022-04-19)
@@ -1521,10 +2014,10 @@ Features
 Bugfixes
 --------
 
-- Use the proper serialization format for bundled thread aggregations. The bug has existed since Synapse v1.48.0. ([\#12090](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12090))
+- Use the proper serialization format for bundled thread aggregations. The bug has existed since Synapse 1.48.0. ([\#12090](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12090))
 - Fix a long-standing bug when redacting events with relations. ([\#12113](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12113), [\#12121](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12121), [\#12130](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12130), [\#12189](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12189))
 - Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.7.2 whereby background updates are never run with the default background batch size. ([\#12157](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12157))
-- Fix a bug where non-standard information was returned from the `/hierarchy` API. Introduced in Synapse v1.41.0. ([\#12175](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12175))
+- Fix a bug where non-standard information was returned from the `/hierarchy` API. Introduced in Synapse 1.41.0. ([\#12175](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12175))
 - Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.54.0 that broke background updates on sqlite homeservers while search was disabled. ([\#12215](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12215))
 - Fix a long-standing bug when a `filter` argument with `event_fields` which did not include the `unsigned` field could result in a 500 error on `/sync`. ([\#12234](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12234))
 
@@ -1909,15 +2402,15 @@ Bugfixes
 - Fix a long-standing issue which could cause Synapse to incorrectly accept data in the unsigned field of events
   received over federation. ([\#11530](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11530))
 - Fix a long-standing bug where Synapse wouldn't cache a response indicating that a remote user has no devices. ([\#11587](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11587))
-- Fix an error that occurs whilst trying to get the federation status of a destination server that was working normally. This admin API was newly introduced in Synapse v1.49.0. ([\#11593](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11593))
+- Fix an error that occurs whilst trying to get the federation status of a destination server that was working normally. This admin API was newly introduced in Synapse 1.49.0. ([\#11593](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11593))
 - Fix bundled aggregations not being included in the `/sync` response, per [MSC2675](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/2675). ([\#11612](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11612), [\#11659](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11659), [\#11791](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11791))
 - Fix the `/_matrix/client/v1/room/{roomId}/hierarchy` endpoint returning incorrect fields which have been present since Synapse 1.49.0. ([\#11667](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11667))
 - Fix preview of some GIF URLs (like tenor.com). Contributed by Philippe Daouadi. ([\#11669](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11669))
-- Fix a bug where only the first 50 rooms from a space were returned from the `/hierarchy` API. This has existed since the introduction of the API in Synapse v1.41.0. ([\#11695](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11695))
-- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.18.0 where password reset and address validation emails would not be sent if their subject was configured to use the 'app' template variable. Contributed by @br4nnigan. ([\#11710](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11710), [\#11745](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11745))
+- Fix a bug where only the first 50 rooms from a space were returned from the `/hierarchy` API. This has existed since the introduction of the API in Synapse 1.41.0. ([\#11695](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11695))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.18.0 where password reset and address validation emails would not be sent if their subject was configured to use the 'app' template variable. Contributed by @br4nnigan. ([\#11710](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11710), [\#11745](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11745))
 - Make the 'List Rooms' Admin API sort stable. Contributed by Daniël Sonck. ([\#11737](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11737))
 - Fix a long-standing bug where space hierarchy over federation would only work correctly some of the time. ([\#11775](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11775))
-- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.46.0 that prevented `on_logged_out` module callbacks from being correctly awaited by Synapse. ([\#11786](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11786))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.46.0 that prevented `on_logged_out` module callbacks from being correctly awaited by Synapse. ([\#11786](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11786))
 
 
 Improved Documentation
@@ -1997,8 +2490,8 @@ This release candidate fixes a federation-breaking regression introduced in Syna
 Bugfixes
 --------
 
-- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.0.0 whereby some device list updates would not be sent to remote homeservers if there were too many to send at once. ([\#11729](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11729))
-- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.50.0rc1 whereby outbound federation could fail because too many EDUs were produced for device updates. ([\#11730](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11730))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.0.0 whereby some device list updates would not be sent to remote homeservers if there were too many to send at once. ([\#11729](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11729))
+- Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 1.50.0rc1 whereby outbound federation could fail because too many EDUs were produced for device updates. ([\#11730](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11730))
 
 
 Improved Documentation
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b952b6b4c0..8a8099bc6d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.65"
+version = "1.0.66"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "98161a4e3e2184da77bb14f02184cdd111e83bbbcc9979dfee3c44b9a85f5602"
+checksum = "216261ddc8289130e551ddcd5ce8a064710c0d064a4d2895c67151c92b5443f6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arc-swap"
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake2"
-version = "0.10.4"
+version = "0.10.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b9cf849ee05b2ee5fba5e36f97ff8ec2533916700fc0758d40d92136a42f3388"
+checksum = "b12e5fd123190ce1c2e559308a94c9bacad77907d4c6005d9e58fe1a0689e55e"
 dependencies = [
  "digest",
 ]
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ checksum = "adab1eaa3408fb7f0c777a73e7465fd5656136fc93b670eb6df3c88c2c1344e3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c8af84674fe1f223a982c933a0ee1086ac4d4052aa0fb8060c12c6ad838e754"
+checksum = "4217ad341ebadf8d8e724e264f13e593e0648f5b3e94b3896a5df283be015ecc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
@@ -116,15 +116,15 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.132"
+version = "0.2.135"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8371e4e5341c3a96db127eb2465ac681ced4c433e01dd0e938adbef26ba93ba5"
+checksum = "68783febc7782c6c5cb401fbda4de5a9898be1762314da0bb2c10ced61f18b0c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.7"
+version = "0.4.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "327fa5b6a6940e4699ec49a9beae1ea4845c6bab9314e4f84ac68742139d8c53"
+checksum = "435011366fe56583b16cf956f9df0095b405b82d76425bc8981c0e22e60ec4df"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "scopeguard",
@@ -156,9 +156,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.13.1"
+version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "074864da206b4973b84eb91683020dbefd6a8c3f0f38e054d93954e891935e4e"
+checksum = "e82dad04139b71a90c080c8463fe0dc7902db5192d939bd0950f074d014339e1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
@@ -185,18 +185,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.43"
+version = "1.0.46"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a2ca2c61bc9f3d74d2886294ab7b9853abd9c1ad903a3ac7815c58989bb7bab"
+checksum = "94e2ef8dbfc347b10c094890f778ee2e36ca9bb4262e86dc99cd217e35f3470b"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.17.1"
+version = "0.17.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "12f72538a0230791398a0986a6518ebd88abc3fded89007b506ed072acc831e1"
+checksum = "268be0c73583c183f2b14052337465768c07726936a260f480f0857cb95ba543"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.17.1"
+version = "0.17.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fc4cf18c20f4f09995f3554e6bcf9b09bd5e4d6b67c562fdfaafa644526ba479"
+checksum = "28fcd1e73f06ec85bf3280c48c67e731d8290ad3d730f8be9dc07946923005c8"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.17.1"
+version = "0.17.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a41877f28d8ebd600b6aa21a17b40c3b0fc4dfe73a27b6e81ab3d895e401b0e9"
+checksum = "0f6cb136e222e49115b3c51c32792886defbfb0adead26a688142b346a0b9ffc"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.17.1"
+version = "0.17.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e81c8d4bcc2f216dc1b665412df35e46d12ee8d3d046b381aad05f1fcf30547"
+checksum = "94144a1266e236b1c932682136dc35a9dee8d3589728f68130c7c3861ef96b28"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
@@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.17.1"
+version = "0.17.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85752a767ee19399a78272cc2ab625cd7d373b2e112b4b13db28de71fa892784"
+checksum = "c8df9be978a2d2f0cdebabb03206ed73b11314701a5bfe71b0d753b81997777f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -294,9 +294,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.6.0"
+version = "1.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c4eb3267174b8c6c2f654116623910a0fef09c4753f8dd83db29c48a0df988b"
+checksum = "e076559ef8e241f2ae3479e36f97bd5741c0330689e217ad51ce2c76808b868a"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -323,18 +323,18 @@ checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.145"
+version = "1.0.147"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "728eb6351430bccb993660dfffc5a72f91ccc1295abaa8ce19b27ebe4f75568b"
+checksum = "d193d69bae983fc11a79df82342761dfbf28a99fc8d203dca4c3c1b590948965"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.145"
+version = "1.0.147"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "81fa1584d3d1bcacd84c277a0dfe21f5b0f6accf4a23d04d4c6d61f1af522b4c"
+checksum = "4f1d362ca8fc9c3e3a7484440752472d68a6caa98f1ab81d99b5dfe517cec852"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -343,9 +343,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.85"
+version = "1.0.87"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e55a28e3aaef9d5ce0506d0a14dbba8054ddc7e499ef522dd8b26859ec9d4a44"
+checksum = "6ce777b7b150d76b9cf60d28b55f5847135a003f7d7350c6be7a773508ce7d45"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "ryu",
@@ -354,9 +354,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.9.0"
+version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2fd0db749597d91ff862fd1d55ea87f7855a744a8425a64695b6fca237d1dad1"
+checksum = "a507befe795404456341dfab10cef66ead4c041f62b8b11bbb92bffe5d0953e0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "subtle"
@@ -366,9 +366,9 @@ checksum = "6bdef32e8150c2a081110b42772ffe7d7c9032b606bc226c8260fd97e0976601"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.99"
+version = "1.0.102"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58dbef6ec655055e20b86b15a8cc6d439cca19b667537ac6a1369572d151ab13"
+checksum = "3fcd952facd492f9be3ef0d0b7032a6e442ee9b361d4acc2b1d0c4aaa5f613a1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -406,9 +406,9 @@ checksum = "dcf81ac59edc17cc8697ff311e8f5ef2d99fcbd9817b34cec66f90b6c3dfd987"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4f5b37a154999a8f3f98cc23a628d850e154479cd94decf3414696e12e31aaf"
+checksum = "6ceab39d59e4c9499d4e5a8ee0e2735b891bb7308ac83dfb4e80cad195c9f6f3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unindent"
diff --git a/build_rust.py b/build_rust.py
index 5c5e557ee8..662474dcb4 100644
--- a/build_rust.py
+++ b/build_rust.py
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ def build(setup_kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         path=cargo_toml_path,
         binding=Binding.PyO3,
         py_limited_api=True,
+        # We force always building in release mode, as we can't tell the
+        # difference between using `poetry` in development vs production.
+        debug=False,
     )
     setup_kwargs.setdefault("rust_extensions", []).append(extension)
     setup_kwargs["zip_safe"] = False
diff --git a/changelog.d/13635.feature b/changelog.d/13635.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index d86bf7ed80..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13635.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Exponentially backoff from backfilling the same event over and over.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13667.feature b/changelog.d/13667.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index a0b3cfe18c..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13667.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Add cache invalidation across workers to module API.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13722.feature b/changelog.d/13722.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index 588d143c0f..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13722.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Experimental implementation of MSC3882 to allow an existing device/session to generate a login token for use on a new device/session.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13768.misc b/changelog.d/13768.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 28bddb7059..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13768.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Port push rules to using Rust.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13772.doc b/changelog.d/13772.doc
deleted file mode 100644
index 3398ff3765..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13772.doc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Add `worker_main_http_uri` for the worker generator bash script.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13782.feature b/changelog.d/13782.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index d0cb902dff..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13782.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Experimental support for thread-specific receipts ([MSC3771](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3771)).
diff --git a/changelog.d/13792.misc b/changelog.d/13792.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 36ac91400a..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13792.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Update the script which makes full schema dumps.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13796.misc b/changelog.d/13796.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ed1662394..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13796.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Use shared methods for cache invalidation when persisting events, remove duplicate codepaths. Contributed by Nick @ Beeper (@fizzadar).
diff --git a/changelog.d/13799.feature b/changelog.d/13799.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c8e5cffe2..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13799.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Add experimental support for [MSC3881: Remotely toggle push notifications for another client](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3881).
diff --git a/changelog.d/13809.misc b/changelog.d/13809.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index c2dacca2f2..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13809.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Improve the `synapse.api.auth.Auth` mock used in unit tests.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13818.doc b/changelog.d/13818.doc
deleted file mode 100644
index 16b31f5071..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13818.doc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Update URL for the NixOS module for Synapse.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13823.misc b/changelog.d/13823.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 527d79f4b2..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13823.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Faster Remote Room Joins: tell remote homeservers that we are unable to authorise them if they query a room which has partial state on our server.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/13830.bugfix b/changelog.d/13830.bugfix
deleted file mode 100644
index e6215806cd..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13830.bugfix
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix a long-standing bug where typing events would be accepted from remote servers not present in a room. Also fix a bug where incoming typing events would cause other incoming events to get stuck during a fast join.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13831.feature b/changelog.d/13831.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c8e5cffe2..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13831.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Add experimental support for [MSC3881: Remotely toggle push notifications for another client](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3881).
diff --git a/changelog.d/13832.feature b/changelog.d/13832.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index 1dc1d66efe..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13832.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Improve validation for the unspecced, internal-only `_matrix/client/unstable/add_threepid/msisdn/submit_token` endpoint.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13836.doc b/changelog.d/13836.doc
deleted file mode 100644
index f2edab00f4..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13836.doc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix a mistake in sso_mapping_providers.md: `map_user_attributes` is expected to return `display_name` not `displayname`.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13840.bugfix b/changelog.d/13840.bugfix
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f014439a8..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13840.bugfix
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix a bug introduced in Synapse v1.53.0 where the experimental implementation of [MSC3715](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3715) would give incorrect results when paginating forward.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13843.removal b/changelog.d/13843.removal
deleted file mode 100644
index f6caaa8895..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13843.removal
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Remove the `complete_sso_login` method from the Module API which was deprecated in Synapse 1.13.0.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13850.misc b/changelog.d/13850.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index a973118aaf..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13850.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix the release script not publishing binary wheels.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/13855.bugfix b/changelog.d/13855.bugfix
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ea8539bd8..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13855.bugfix
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix access token leak to logs from proxy agent.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13859.misc b/changelog.d/13859.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 2780a4af3c..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13859.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Raise issue if complement fails with latest deps.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13860.feature b/changelog.d/13860.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c8e5cffe2..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13860.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Add experimental support for [MSC3881: Remotely toggle push notifications for another client](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3881).
diff --git a/changelog.d/13870.doc b/changelog.d/13870.doc
deleted file mode 100644
index 2598bc270c..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13870.doc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix a cross-link from the register admin API to the `registration_shared_secret` configuration documentation.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13873.misc b/changelog.d/13873.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index f4342482f0..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13873.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Create a new snapshot of the database schema.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13874.misc b/changelog.d/13874.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 499e488c35..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13874.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Faster room joins: Send device list updates to most servers in rooms with partial state.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13876.misc b/changelog.d/13876.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index ef37100115..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13876.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Add comments to the Prometheus recording rules to make it clear which set of rules you need for Grafana or Prometheus Console.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/13888.misc b/changelog.d/13888.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ffd9bcede..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13888.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Faster room joins: Avoid waiting for full state when processing `/keys/changes` requests.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13889.misc b/changelog.d/13889.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 28bddb7059..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13889.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Port push rules to using Rust.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13893.feature b/changelog.d/13893.feature
deleted file mode 100644
index d0cb902dff..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13893.feature
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Experimental support for thread-specific receipts ([MSC3771](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3771)).
diff --git a/changelog.d/13905.misc b/changelog.d/13905.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index efe3bed5f1..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13905.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix mypy errors with canonicaljson 1.6.3.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13909.bugfix b/changelog.d/13909.bugfix
deleted file mode 100644
index 883dd72919..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13909.bugfix
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix packaging to include `Cargo.lock` in `sdist`.
diff --git a/changelog.d/13911.doc b/changelog.d/13911.doc
deleted file mode 100644
index 7cc3206501..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/13911.doc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Update the man page for the `hash_password` script to correct the default number of bcrypt rounds performed.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/14376.misc b/changelog.d/14376.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ca326fea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14376.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Remove old stream ID tracking code. Contributed by Nick @Beeper (@fizzadar).
diff --git a/changelog.d/14393.bugfix b/changelog.d/14393.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97177bc62f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14393.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix a bug introduced in 1.58.0 where a user with presence state 'org.matrix.msc3026.busy' would mistakenly be set to 'online' when calling `/sync` or `/events` on a worker process.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/14400.misc b/changelog.d/14400.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e025329c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14400.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Remove the `worker_main_http_uri` configuration setting. This is now handled via internal replication.
diff --git a/changelog.d/14403.misc b/changelog.d/14403.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff28a2712a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14403.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Faster joins: do not wait for full state when creating events to send.
diff --git a/changelog.d/14412.misc b/changelog.d/14412.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4da061d461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14412.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Remove duplicated type information from type hints.
diff --git a/changelog.d/14449.misc b/changelog.d/14449.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..320c0b6fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14449.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix type logic in TCP replication code that prevented correctly ignoring blank commands.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/14452.misc b/changelog.d/14452.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb190c0823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14452.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Enable mypy's [`strict_equality` check](https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/command_line.html#cmdoption-mypy-strict-equality) by default.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/14468.misc b/changelog.d/14468.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ca326fea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14468.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Remove old stream ID tracking code. Contributed by Nick @Beeper (@fizzadar).
diff --git a/changelog.d/14476.misc b/changelog.d/14476.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e025329c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14476.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Remove the `worker_main_http_uri` configuration setting. This is now handled via internal replication.
diff --git a/changelog.d/14487.misc b/changelog.d/14487.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6b47a1d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14487.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Reduce default third party invite rate limit to 216 invites per day.
diff --git a/changelog.d/14490.misc b/changelog.d/14490.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0a4daa885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/14490.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix a bug introduced in Synapse 0.9 where it would fail to fetch server keys whose IDs contain a forward slash.
diff --git a/contrib/docker_compose_workers/README.md b/contrib/docker_compose_workers/README.md
index 4dbfee2853..bdd3dd32e0 100644
--- a/contrib/docker_compose_workers/README.md
+++ b/contrib/docker_compose_workers/README.md
@@ -94,20 +94,6 @@ worker_replication_host: synapse
 worker_replication_http_port: 9093
 ```
 
-### Add Workers to `instance_map`
-
-Locate the `instance_map` section of your `homeserver.yaml` and populate it with your workers:
-
-```yaml
-instance_map:
-  synapse-generic-worker-1:        # The worker_name setting in your worker configuration file
-    host: synapse-generic-worker-1 # The name of the worker service in your Docker Compose file
-    port: 8034                     # The port assigned to the replication listener in your worker config file
-  synapse-federation-sender-1:
-    host: synapse-federation-sender-1
-    port: 8034
-```
-
 ### Configure Federation Senders
 
 This section is applicable if you are using Federation senders (synapse.app.federation_sender). Locate the `send_federation` and `federation_sender_instances` settings in your `homeserver.yaml` and configure them:
@@ -122,4 +108,4 @@ federation_sender_instances:
 
 ## Other Worker types
 
-Using the concepts shown here it is possible to create other worker types in Docker Compose. See the [Workers](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/workers.html#available-worker-applications) documentation for a list of available workers.
\ No newline at end of file
+Using the concepts shown here it is possible to create other worker types in Docker Compose. See the [Workers](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/workers.html#available-worker-applications) documentation for a list of available workers.
diff --git a/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-federation-sender-1.yaml b/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-federation-sender-1.yaml
index 5ba42a92d2..5b40664d67 100644
--- a/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-federation-sender-1.yaml
+++ b/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-federation-sender-1.yaml
@@ -5,10 +5,4 @@ worker_name: synapse-federation-sender-1
 worker_replication_host: synapse
 worker_replication_http_port: 9093
 
-worker_listeners:
-  - type: http
-    port: 8034
-    resources:
-      - names: [replication]
-
 worker_log_config: /data/federation_sender.log.config
diff --git a/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-generic-worker-1.yaml b/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-generic-worker-1.yaml
index 694584105a..09e55df9f3 100644
--- a/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-generic-worker-1.yaml
+++ b/contrib/docker_compose_workers/workers/synapse-generic-worker-1.yaml
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ worker_replication_host: synapse
 worker_replication_http_port: 9093
 
 worker_listeners:
-  - type: http
-    port: 8034
-    resources:
-      - names: [replication]
   - type: http
     port: 8081
     x_forwarded: true
diff --git a/debian/changelog b/debian/changelog
index d6c7639775..57d7b18078 100644
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -1,9 +1,88 @@
-matrix-synapse-py3 (1.69.0~rc1+nmu1) UNRELEASED; urgency=medium
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.72.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.72.0rc1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Wed, 16 Nov 2022 15:10:59 +0000
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.71.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.71.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 08 Nov 2022 10:38:10 +0000
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.71.0~rc2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.71.0rc2.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Fri, 04 Nov 2022 12:00:33 +0000
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.71.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.71.0rc1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 01 Nov 2022 12:10:17 +0000
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.70.1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.70.1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Fri, 28 Oct 2022 12:10:21 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.70.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.70.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Wed, 26 Oct 2022 11:11:50 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.70.0~rc2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.70.0rc2.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 25 Oct 2022 10:59:47 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.70.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.70.0rc1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Wed, 19 Oct 2022 14:11:57 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.69.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.69.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Mon, 17 Oct 2022 11:31:03 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.69.0~rc4) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.69.0rc4.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Fri, 14 Oct 2022 15:04:47 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.69.0~rc3) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.69.0rc3.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Wed, 12 Oct 2022 13:24:04 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.69.0~rc2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.69.0rc2.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Thu, 06 Oct 2022 14:45:00 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.69.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
 
   * The man page for the hash_password script has been updated to reflect
     the correct default value of 'bcrypt_rounds'.
+  * New Synapse release 1.69.0rc1.
 
- -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Mon, 26 Sep 2022 18:05:09 +0100
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 04 Oct 2022 11:17:16 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.68.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.68.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 27 Sep 2022 12:02:09 +0100
 
 matrix-synapse-py3 (1.68.0~rc2) stable; urgency=medium
 
diff --git a/debian/hash_password.1 b/debian/hash_password.1
index d64b91e7c8..39fa3ffcbf 100644
--- a/debian/hash_password.1
+++ b/debian/hash_password.1
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 .P
 \fBhash_password\fR takes a password as an parameter either on the command line or the \fBSTDIN\fR if not supplied\.
 .P
-It accepts an YAML file which can be used to specify parameters like the number of rounds for bcrypt and password_config section having the pepper value used for the hashing\. By default \fBbcrypt_rounds\fR is set to \fB10\fR\.
+It accepts an YAML file which can be used to specify parameters like the number of rounds for bcrypt and password_config section having the pepper value used for the hashing\. By default \fBbcrypt_rounds\fR is set to \fB12\fR\.
 .P
 The hashed password is written on the \fBSTDOUT\fR\.
 .SH "FILES"
diff --git a/docker/Dockerfile b/docker/Dockerfile
index b20951d4cf..7f8756e8a4 100644
--- a/docker/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile
@@ -106,7 +106,13 @@ ENV CARGO_HOME=/cargo
 ENV PATH=/cargo/bin:/rust/bin:$PATH
 RUN mkdir /rust /cargo
 
-RUN curl -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --no-modify-path --default-toolchain stable
+RUN curl -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --no-modify-path --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal
+
+
+# arm64 builds consume a lot of memory if `CARGO_NET_GIT_FETCH_WITH_CLI` is not
+# set to true, so we expose it as a build-arg.
+ARG CARGO_NET_GIT_FETCH_WITH_CLI=false
+ENV CARGO_NET_GIT_FETCH_WITH_CLI=$CARGO_NET_GIT_FETCH_WITH_CLI
 
 # To speed up rebuilds, install all of the dependencies before we copy over
 # the whole synapse project, so that this layer in the Docker cache can be
@@ -121,7 +127,7 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/pip \
 COPY synapse /synapse/synapse/
 COPY rust /synapse/rust/
 # ... and what we need to `pip install`.
-COPY pyproject.toml README.rst build_rust.py /synapse/
+COPY pyproject.toml README.rst build_rust.py Cargo.toml Cargo.lock /synapse/
 
 # Repeat of earlier build argument declaration, as this is a new build stage.
 ARG TEST_ONLY_IGNORE_POETRY_LOCKFILE
@@ -129,7 +135,9 @@ ARG TEST_ONLY_IGNORE_POETRY_LOCKFILE
 # Install the synapse package itself.
 # If we have populated requirements.txt, we don't install any dependencies
 # as we should already have those from the previous `pip install` step.
-RUN if [ -z "$TEST_ONLY_IGNORE_POETRY_LOCKFILE" ]; then \
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/synapse/target,sharing=locked \
+  --mount=type=cache,target=${CARGO_HOME}/registry,sharing=locked \
+  if [ -z "$TEST_ONLY_IGNORE_POETRY_LOCKFILE" ]; then \
     pip install --prefix="/install" --no-deps --no-warn-script-location /synapse[all]; \
   else \
     pip install --prefix="/install" --no-warn-script-location /synapse[all]; \
diff --git a/docker/Dockerfile-dhvirtualenv b/docker/Dockerfile-dhvirtualenv
index ca3a259081..73165f6f85 100644
--- a/docker/Dockerfile-dhvirtualenv
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile-dhvirtualenv
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ ENV CARGO_HOME=/cargo
 ENV PATH=/cargo/bin:/rust/bin:$PATH
 RUN mkdir /rust /cargo
 
-RUN curl -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --no-modify-path --default-toolchain stable
+RUN curl -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --no-modify-path --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal
 
 
 COPY --from=builder /dh-virtualenv_1.2.2-1_all.deb /
diff --git a/docker/Dockerfile-workers b/docker/Dockerfile-workers
index 003a1cc3bf..0c2d4f3047 100644
--- a/docker/Dockerfile-workers
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile-workers
@@ -40,7 +40,11 @@ FROM matrixdotorg/synapse:$SYNAPSE_VERSION
     COPY --from=deps_base /etc/nginx /etc/nginx
     RUN rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
     RUN mkdir /var/log/nginx /var/lib/nginx
-    RUN chown www-data /var/log/nginx /var/lib/nginx
+    RUN chown www-data /var/lib/nginx
+
+    # have nginx log to stderr/out
+    RUN ln -sf /dev/stdout /var/log/nginx/access.log
+    RUN ln -sf /dev/stderr /var/log/nginx/error.log
 
     # Copy Synapse worker, nginx and supervisord configuration template files
     COPY ./docker/conf-workers/* /conf/
diff --git a/docker/README.md b/docker/README.md
index 017f046c58..eda3221c23 100644
--- a/docker/README.md
+++ b/docker/README.md
@@ -241,4 +241,4 @@ healthcheck:
 
 Jemalloc is embedded in the image and will be used instead of the default allocator.
 You can read about jemalloc by reading the Synapse
-[README](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/HEAD/README.rst#help-synapse-is-slow-and-eats-all-my-ram-cpu).
+[Admin FAQ](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/administration/admin_faq.html#help-synapse-is-slow-and-eats-all-my-ramcpu).
diff --git a/docker/complement/Dockerfile b/docker/complement/Dockerfile
index 0e13722d1c..c0935c99a8 100644
--- a/docker/complement/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/complement/Dockerfile
@@ -8,19 +8,15 @@
 
 ARG SYNAPSE_VERSION=latest
 
-# first of all, we create a base image with a postgres server and database,
-# which we can copy into the target image. For repeated rebuilds, this is
-# much faster than apt installing postgres each time.
-#
-# This trick only works because (a) the Synapse image happens to have all the
-# shared libraries that postgres wants, (b) we use a postgres image based on
-# the same debian version as Synapse's docker image (so the versions of the
-# shared libraries match).
-
-# now build the final image, based on the Synapse image.
-
 FROM matrixdotorg/synapse-workers:$SYNAPSE_VERSION
-    # copy the postgres installation over from the image we built above
+    # First of all, we copy postgres server from the official postgres image,
+    # since for repeated rebuilds, this is much faster than apt installing
+    # postgres each time.
+
+    # This trick only works because (a) the Synapse image happens to have all the
+    # shared libraries that postgres wants, (b) we use a postgres image based on
+    # the same debian version as Synapse's docker image (so the versions of the
+    # shared libraries match).
     RUN adduser --system --uid 999 postgres --home /var/lib/postgresql
     COPY --from=postgres:13-bullseye /usr/lib/postgresql /usr/lib/postgresql
     COPY --from=postgres:13-bullseye /usr/share/postgresql /usr/share/postgresql
@@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ FROM matrixdotorg/synapse-workers:$SYNAPSE_VERSION
     ENV PATH="${PATH}:/usr/lib/postgresql/13/bin"
     ENV PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data
 
-    # initialise the database cluster in /var/lib/postgresql
+    # We also initialize the database at build time, rather than runtime, so that it's faster to spin up the image.
     RUN gosu postgres initdb --locale=C --encoding=UTF-8 --auth-host password
 
     # Configure a password and create a database for Synapse
diff --git a/docker/complement/conf/start_for_complement.sh b/docker/complement/conf/start_for_complement.sh
index cc6482f763..49d79745b0 100755
--- a/docker/complement/conf/start_for_complement.sh
+++ b/docker/complement/conf/start_for_complement.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,12 @@ esac
 
 if [[ -n "$SYNAPSE_COMPLEMENT_USE_WORKERS" ]]; then
   # Specify the workers to test with
-  export SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES="\
+  # Allow overriding by explicitly setting SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES outside, while still
+  # utilizing WORKERS=1 for backwards compatibility.
+  # -n True if the length of string is non-zero.
+  # -z True if the length of string is zero.
+  if [[ -z "$SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES" ]]; then
+    export SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES="\
       event_persister, \
       event_persister, \
       background_worker, \
@@ -57,9 +62,12 @@ if [[ -n "$SYNAPSE_COMPLEMENT_USE_WORKERS" ]]; then
       federation_reader, \
       federation_sender, \
       synchrotron, \
+      client_reader, \
       appservice, \
       pusher"
 
+  fi
+  log "Workers requested: $SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES"
   # Improve startup times by using a launcher based on fork()
   export SYNAPSE_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_FORKING_LAUNCHER=1
 else
diff --git a/docker/complement/conf/workers-shared-extra.yaml.j2 b/docker/complement/conf/workers-shared-extra.yaml.j2
index 9e554a865e..883a87159c 100644
--- a/docker/complement/conf/workers-shared-extra.yaml.j2
+++ b/docker/complement/conf/workers-shared-extra.yaml.j2
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ trusted_key_servers: []
 enable_registration: true
 enable_registration_without_verification: true
 bcrypt_rounds: 4
+url_preview_enabled: true
+url_preview_ip_range_blacklist: []
 
 ## Registration ##
 
@@ -90,8 +92,6 @@ allow_device_name_lookup_over_federation: true
 ## Experimental Features ##
 
 experimental_features:
-  # Enable spaces support
-  spaces_enabled: true
   # Enable history backfilling support
   msc2716_enabled: true
   # server-side support for partial state in /send_join responses
@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ experimental_features:
   {% endif %}
   # Enable jump to date endpoint
   msc3030_enabled: true
+  # Filtering /messages by relation type.
+  msc3874_enabled: true
 
 server_notices:
   system_mxid_localpart: _server
diff --git a/docker/configure_workers_and_start.py b/docker/configure_workers_and_start.py
index 51583dc13d..c1e1544536 100755
--- a/docker/configure_workers_and_start.py
+++ b/docker/configure_workers_and_start.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #   * SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME: The desired server_name of the homeserver.
 #   * SYNAPSE_REPORT_STATS: Whether to report stats.
 #   * SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES: A comma separated list of worker names as specified in WORKER_CONFIG
-#         below. Leave empty for no workers, or set to '*' for all possible workers.
+#         below. Leave empty for no workers.
 #   * SYNAPSE_AS_REGISTRATION_DIR: If specified, a directory in which .yaml and .yml files
 #         will be treated as Application Service registration files.
 #   * SYNAPSE_TLS_CERT: Path to a TLS certificate in PEM format.
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 # continue to work if so.
 
 import os
+import platform
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -49,13 +50,18 @@ from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
 
 MAIN_PROCESS_HTTP_LISTENER_PORT = 8080
 
-
+# Workers with exposed endpoints needs either "client", "federation", or "media" listener_resources
+# Watching /_matrix/client needs a "client" listener
+# Watching /_matrix/federation needs a "federation" listener
+# Watching /_matrix/media and related needs a "media" listener
+# Stream Writers require "client" and "replication" listeners because they
+#   have to attach by instance_map to the master process and have client endpoints.
 WORKERS_CONFIG: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
     "pusher": {
-        "app": "synapse.app.pusher",
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
         "listener_resources": [],
         "endpoint_patterns": [],
-        "shared_extra_conf": {"start_pushers": False},
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
         "worker_extra_conf": "",
     },
     "user_dir": {
@@ -78,7 +84,11 @@ WORKERS_CONFIG: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
             "^/_synapse/admin/v1/media/.*$",
             "^/_synapse/admin/v1/quarantine_media/.*$",
         ],
-        "shared_extra_conf": {"enable_media_repo": False},
+        # The first configured media worker will run the media background jobs
+        "shared_extra_conf": {
+            "enable_media_repo": False,
+            "media_instance_running_background_jobs": "media_repository1",
+        },
         "worker_extra_conf": "enable_media_repo: true",
     },
     "appservice": {
@@ -89,10 +99,10 @@ WORKERS_CONFIG: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
         "worker_extra_conf": "",
     },
     "federation_sender": {
-        "app": "synapse.app.federation_sender",
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
         "listener_resources": [],
         "endpoint_patterns": [],
-        "shared_extra_conf": {"send_federation": False},
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
         "worker_extra_conf": "",
     },
     "synchrotron": {
@@ -107,6 +117,34 @@ WORKERS_CONFIG: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
         "shared_extra_conf": {},
         "worker_extra_conf": "",
     },
+    "client_reader": {
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
+        "listener_resources": ["client"],
+        "endpoint_patterns": [
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/publicRooms$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/joined_members$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/context/.*$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/members$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/state$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/.*/hierarchy$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(v1|unstable)/rooms/.*/relations/",
+            "^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/.*/threads$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/login$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/account/3pid$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/account/whoami$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/versions$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/voip/turnServer$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/register$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/auth/.*/fallback/web$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/messages$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/event",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/joined_rooms",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable/.*)/rooms/.*/aliases",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/search",
+        ],
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
+        "worker_extra_conf": "",
+    },
     "federation_reader": {
         "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
         "listener_resources": ["federation"],
@@ -171,14 +209,54 @@ WORKERS_CONFIG: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
         "worker_extra_conf": "",
     },
     "frontend_proxy": {
-        "app": "synapse.app.frontend_proxy",
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
         "listener_resources": ["client", "replication"],
         "endpoint_patterns": ["^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/keys/upload"],
         "shared_extra_conf": {},
-        "worker_extra_conf": (
-            "worker_main_http_uri: http://127.0.0.1:%d"
-            % (MAIN_PROCESS_HTTP_LISTENER_PORT,)
-        ),
+        "worker_extra_conf": "",
+    },
+    "account_data": {
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
+        "listener_resources": ["client", "replication"],
+        "endpoint_patterns": [
+            "^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/.*/tags",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/.*/account_data",
+        ],
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
+        "worker_extra_conf": "",
+    },
+    "presence": {
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
+        "listener_resources": ["client", "replication"],
+        "endpoint_patterns": ["^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/presence/"],
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
+        "worker_extra_conf": "",
+    },
+    "receipts": {
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
+        "listener_resources": ["client", "replication"],
+        "endpoint_patterns": [
+            "^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/receipt",
+            "^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/read_markers",
+        ],
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
+        "worker_extra_conf": "",
+    },
+    "to_device": {
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
+        "listener_resources": ["client", "replication"],
+        "endpoint_patterns": ["^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/sendToDevice/"],
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
+        "worker_extra_conf": "",
+    },
+    "typing": {
+        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
+        "listener_resources": ["client", "replication"],
+        "endpoint_patterns": [
+            "^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/typing"
+        ],
+        "shared_extra_conf": {},
+        "worker_extra_conf": "",
     },
 }
 
@@ -201,24 +279,19 @@ upstream {upstream_worker_type} {{
 
 # Utility functions
 def log(txt: str) -> None:
-    """Log something to the stdout.
-
-    Args:
-        txt: The text to log.
-    """
     print(txt)
 
 
 def error(txt: str) -> NoReturn:
-    """Log something and exit with an error code.
-
-    Args:
-        txt: The text to log in error.
-    """
-    log(txt)
+    print(txt, file=sys.stderr)
     sys.exit(2)
 
 
+def flush_buffers() -> None:
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+    sys.stderr.flush()
+
+
 def convert(src: str, dst: str, **template_vars: object) -> None:
     """Generate a file from a template
 
@@ -247,14 +320,14 @@ def convert(src: str, dst: str, **template_vars: object) -> None:
         outfile.write(rendered)
 
 
-def add_sharding_to_shared_config(
+def add_worker_roles_to_shared_config(
     shared_config: dict,
     worker_type: str,
     worker_name: str,
     worker_port: int,
 ) -> None:
     """Given a dictionary representing a config file shared across all workers,
-    append sharded worker information to it for the current worker_type instance.
+    append appropriate worker information to it for the current worker_type instance.
 
     Args:
         shared_config: The config dict that all worker instances share (after being converted to YAML)
@@ -285,9 +358,19 @@ def add_sharding_to_shared_config(
             "port": worker_port,
         }
 
-    elif worker_type == "media_repository":
-        # The first configured media worker will run the media background jobs
-        shared_config.setdefault("media_instance_running_background_jobs", worker_name)
+    elif worker_type in ["account_data", "presence", "receipts", "to_device", "typing"]:
+        # Update the list of stream writers
+        # It's convenient that the name of the worker type is the same as the stream to write
+        shared_config.setdefault("stream_writers", {}).setdefault(
+            worker_type, []
+        ).append(worker_name)
+
+        # Map of stream writer instance names to host/ports combos
+        # For now, all stream writers need http replication ports
+        instance_map[worker_name] = {
+            "host": "localhost",
+            "port": worker_port,
+        }
 
 
 def generate_base_homeserver_config() -> None:
@@ -299,7 +382,7 @@ def generate_base_homeserver_config() -> None:
     # start.py already does this for us, so just call that.
     # note that this script is copied in in the official, monolith dockerfile
     os.environ["SYNAPSE_HTTP_PORT"] = str(MAIN_PROCESS_HTTP_LISTENER_PORT)
-    subprocess.check_output(["/usr/local/bin/python", "/start.py", "migrate_config"])
+    subprocess.run(["/usr/local/bin/python", "/start.py", "migrate_config"], check=True)
 
 
 def generate_worker_files(
@@ -373,8 +456,8 @@ def generate_worker_files(
         # No workers, just the main process
         worker_types = []
     else:
-        # Split type names by comma
-        worker_types = worker_types_env.split(",")
+        # Split type names by comma, ignoring whitespace.
+        worker_types = [x.strip() for x in worker_types_env.split(",")]
 
     # Create the worker configuration directory if it doesn't already exist
     os.makedirs("/conf/workers", exist_ok=True)
@@ -393,14 +476,11 @@ def generate_worker_files(
 
     # For each worker type specified by the user, create config values
     for worker_type in worker_types:
-        worker_type = worker_type.strip()
-
         worker_config = WORKERS_CONFIG.get(worker_type)
         if worker_config:
             worker_config = worker_config.copy()
         else:
-            log(worker_type + " is an unknown worker type! It will be ignored")
-            continue
+            error(worker_type + " is an unknown worker type! Please fix!")
 
         new_worker_count = worker_type_counter.setdefault(worker_type, 0) + 1
         worker_type_counter[worker_type] = new_worker_count
@@ -419,11 +499,11 @@ def generate_worker_files(
 
         # Check if more than one instance of this worker type has been specified
         worker_type_total_count = worker_types.count(worker_type)
-        if worker_type_total_count > 1:
-            # Update the shared config with sharding-related options if necessary
-            add_sharding_to_shared_config(
-                shared_config, worker_type, worker_name, worker_port
-            )
+
+        # Update the shared config with sharding-related options if necessary
+        add_worker_roles_to_shared_config(
+            shared_config, worker_type, worker_name, worker_port
+        )
 
         # Enable the worker in supervisord
         worker_descriptors.append(worker_config)
@@ -604,14 +684,24 @@ def main(args: List[str], environ: MutableMapping[str, str]) -> None:
         with open(mark_filepath, "w") as f:
             f.write("")
 
+    # Lifted right out of start.py
+    jemallocpath = "/usr/lib/%s-linux-gnu/libjemalloc.so.2" % (platform.machine(),)
+
+    if os.path.isfile(jemallocpath):
+        environ["LD_PRELOAD"] = jemallocpath
+    else:
+        log("Could not find %s, will not use" % (jemallocpath,))
+
     # Start supervisord, which will start Synapse, all of the configured worker
     # processes, redis, nginx etc. according to the config we created above.
     log("Starting supervisord")
-    os.execl(
+    flush_buffers()
+    os.execle(
         "/usr/local/bin/supervisord",
         "supervisord",
         "-c",
         "/etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf",
+        environ,
     )
 
 
diff --git a/docker/start.py b/docker/start.py
index 5a98dce551..ebcc599f04 100755
--- a/docker/start.py
+++ b/docker/start.py
@@ -13,14 +13,19 @@ import jinja2
 
 # Utility functions
 def log(txt: str) -> None:
-    print(txt, file=sys.stderr)
+    print(txt)
 
 
 def error(txt: str) -> NoReturn:
-    log(txt)
+    print(txt, file=sys.stderr)
     sys.exit(2)
 
 
+def flush_buffers() -> None:
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+    sys.stderr.flush()
+
+
 def convert(src: str, dst: str, environ: Mapping[str, object]) -> None:
     """Generate a file from a template
 
@@ -131,10 +136,10 @@ def generate_config_from_template(
 
     if ownership is not None:
         log(f"Setting ownership on /data to {ownership}")
-        subprocess.check_output(["chown", "-R", ownership, "/data"])
+        subprocess.run(["chown", "-R", ownership, "/data"], check=True)
         args = ["gosu", ownership] + args
 
-    subprocess.check_output(args)
+    subprocess.run(args, check=True)
 
 
 def run_generate_config(environ: Mapping[str, str], ownership: Optional[str]) -> None:
@@ -158,7 +163,7 @@ def run_generate_config(environ: Mapping[str, str], ownership: Optional[str]) ->
     if ownership is not None:
         # make sure that synapse has perms to write to the data dir.
         log(f"Setting ownership on {data_dir} to {ownership}")
-        subprocess.check_output(["chown", ownership, data_dir])
+        subprocess.run(["chown", ownership, data_dir], check=True)
 
     # create a suitable log config from our template
     log_config_file = "%s/%s.log.config" % (config_dir, server_name)
@@ -185,6 +190,7 @@ def run_generate_config(environ: Mapping[str, str], ownership: Optional[str]) ->
         "--open-private-ports",
     ]
     # log("running %s" % (args, ))
+    flush_buffers()
     os.execv(sys.executable, args)
 
 
@@ -267,8 +273,10 @@ running with 'migrate_config'. See the README for more details.
     args = [sys.executable] + args
     if ownership is not None:
         args = ["gosu", ownership] + args
+        flush_buffers()
         os.execve("/usr/sbin/gosu", args, environ)
     else:
+        flush_buffers()
         os.execve(sys.executable, args, environ)
 
 
diff --git a/docs/SUMMARY.md b/docs/SUMMARY.md
index 38849593c6..e398895b36 100644
--- a/docs/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/docs/SUMMARY.md
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
   - [Configuring a Reverse Proxy](reverse_proxy.md)
   - [Configuring a Forward/Outbound Proxy](setup/forward_proxy.md)
   - [Configuring a Turn Server](turn-howto.md)
+    - [coturn TURN server](setup/turn/coturn.md)
+    - [eturnal TURN server](setup/turn/eturnal.md)
   - [Delegation](delegate.md)
 
 # Upgrading
diff --git a/docs/admin_api/user_admin_api.md b/docs/admin_api/user_admin_api.md
index 3625c7b6c5..880bef4194 100644
--- a/docs/admin_api/user_admin_api.md
+++ b/docs/admin_api/user_admin_api.md
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ It returns a JSON body like the following:
     "is_guest": 0,
     "admin": 0,
     "deactivated": 0,
+    "erased": false,
     "shadow_banned": 0,
     "creation_ts": 1560432506,
     "appservice_id": null,
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ A response body like the following is returned:
             "admin": 0,
             "user_type": null,
             "deactivated": 0,
+            "erased": false,
             "shadow_banned": 0,
             "displayname": "<User One>",
             "avatar_url": null,
@@ -177,6 +179,7 @@ A response body like the following is returned:
             "admin": 1,
             "user_type": null,
             "deactivated": 0,
+            "erased": false,
             "shadow_banned": 0,
             "displayname": "<User Two>",
             "avatar_url": "<avatar_url>",
@@ -247,6 +250,7 @@ The following fields are returned in the JSON response body:
   - `user_type` - string - Type of the user. Normal users are type `None`.
     This allows user type specific behaviour. There are also types `support` and `bot`. 
   - `deactivated` - bool - Status if that user has been marked as deactivated.
+  - `erased` - bool - Status if that user has been marked as erased.
   - `shadow_banned` - bool - Status if that user has been marked as shadow banned.
   - `displayname` - string - The user's display name if they have set one.
   - `avatar_url` - string -  The user's avatar URL if they have set one.
@@ -1193,3 +1197,42 @@ Returns a `404` HTTP status code if no user was found, with a response body like
 ```
 
 _Added in Synapse 1.68.0._
+
+
+### Find a user based on their Third Party ID (ThreePID or 3PID)
+
+The API is:
+
+```
+GET /_synapse/admin/v1/threepid/$medium/users/$address
+```
+
+When a user matched the given address for the given medium, an HTTP code `200` with a response body like the following is returned:
+
+```json
+{
+    "user_id": "@hello:example.org"
+}
+```
+
+**Parameters**
+
+The following parameters should be set in the URL:
+
+- `medium` - Kind of third-party ID, either `email` or `msisdn`.
+- `address` - Value of the third-party ID.
+
+The `address` may have characters that are not URL-safe, so it is advised to URL-encode those parameters.
+
+**Errors**
+
+Returns a `404` HTTP status code if no user was found, with a response body like this:
+
+```json
+{
+    "errcode":"M_NOT_FOUND",
+    "error":"User not found"
+}
+```
+
+_Added in Synapse 1.72.0._
diff --git a/docs/development/contributing_guide.md b/docs/development/contributing_guide.md
index cb0d727efa..342bc1d340 100644
--- a/docs/development/contributing_guide.md
+++ b/docs/development/contributing_guide.md
@@ -167,6 +167,12 @@ was broken. They are slower than the linters but will typically catch more error
 poetry run trial tests
 ```
 
+You can run unit tests in parallel by specifying `-jX` argument to `trial` where `X` is the number of parallel runners you want. To use 4 cpu cores, you would run them like:
+
+```sh
+poetry run trial -j4 tests
+```
+
 If you wish to only run *some* unit tests, you may specify
 another module instead of `tests` - or a test class or a method:
 
@@ -318,6 +324,12 @@ The above will run a monolithic (single-process) Synapse with SQLite as the data
 
 - Passing `POSTGRES=1` as an environment variable to use the Postgres database instead.
 - Passing `WORKERS=1` as an environment variable to use a workerised setup instead. This option implies the use of Postgres.
+  - If setting `WORKERS=1`, optionally set `WORKER_TYPES=` to declare which worker
+    types you wish to test. A simple comma-delimited string containing the worker types
+    defined from the `WORKERS_CONFIG` template in
+    [here](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/develop/docker/configure_workers_and_start.py#L54).
+    A safe example would be `WORKER_TYPES="federation_inbound, federation_sender, synchrotron"`.
+    See the [worker documentation](../workers.md) for additional information on workers.
 
 To increase the log level for the tests, set `SYNAPSE_TEST_LOG_LEVEL`, e.g:
 ```sh
@@ -327,7 +339,7 @@ SYNAPSE_TEST_LOG_LEVEL=DEBUG COMPLEMENT_DIR=../complement ./scripts-dev/compleme
 ### Prettier formatting with `gotestfmt`
 
 If you want to format the output of the tests the same way as it looks in CI,
-install [gotestfmt](https://github.com/haveyoudebuggedit/gotestfmt).
+install [gotestfmt](https://github.com/GoTestTools/gotestfmt).
 
 You can then use this incantation to format the tests appropriately:
 
@@ -384,7 +396,7 @@ This file will become part of our [changelog](
 https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/CHANGES.md) at the next
 release, so the content of the file should be a short description of your
 change in the same style as the rest of the changelog. The file can contain Markdown
-formatting, and should end with a full stop (.) or an exclamation mark (!) for
+formatting, and must end with a full stop (.) or an exclamation mark (!) for
 consistency.
 
 Adding credits to the changelog is encouraged, we value your
diff --git a/docs/development/database_schema.md b/docs/development/database_schema.md
index e9b925ddd8..29945c264e 100644
--- a/docs/development/database_schema.md
+++ b/docs/development/database_schema.md
@@ -195,23 +195,24 @@ There are three separate aspects to this:
 
 ## `event_id` global uniqueness
 
-In room versions `1` and `2` it's possible to end up with two events with the
-same `event_id` (in the same or different rooms). After room version `3`, that
-can only happen with a hash collision, which we basically hope will never
-happen.
-
-There are several places in Synapse and even Matrix APIs like [`GET
+`event_id`'s can be considered globally unique although there has been a lot of
+debate on this topic in places like
+[MSC2779](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/issues/2779) and
+[MSC2848](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2848) which
+has no resolution yet (as of 2022-09-01). There are several places in Synapse
+and even in the Matrix APIs like [`GET
 /_matrix/federation/v1/event/{eventId}`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.1/server-server-api/#get_matrixfederationv1eventeventid)
 where we assume that event IDs are globally unique.
 
-But hash collisions are still possible, and by treating event IDs as room
-scoped, we can reduce the possibility of a hash collision. When scoping
-`event_id` in the database schema, it should be also accompanied by `room_id`
-(`PRIMARY KEY (room_id, event_id)`) and lookups should be done through the pair
-`(room_id, event_id)`.
+When scoping `event_id` in a database schema, it is often nice to accompany it
+with `room_id` (`PRIMARY KEY (room_id, event_id)` and a `FOREIGN KEY(room_id)
+REFERENCES rooms(room_id)`) which makes flexible lookups easy. For example it
+makes it very easy to find and clean up everything in a room when it needs to be
+purged (no need to use sub-`select` query or join from the `events` table).
+
+A note on collisions: In room versions `1` and `2` it's possible to end up with
+two events with the same `event_id` (in the same or different rooms). After room
+version `3`, that can only happen with a hash collision, which we basically hope
+will never happen (SHA256 has a massive big key space).
 
-There has been a lot of debate on this in places like
-https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/issues/2779 and
-[MSC2848](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2848) which
-has no resolution yet (as of 2022-09-01).
 
diff --git a/docs/metrics-howto.md b/docs/metrics-howto.md
index 279303a798..16e4368f35 100644
--- a/docs/metrics-howto.md
+++ b/docs/metrics-howto.md
@@ -16,14 +16,21 @@
     There are two methods of enabling the metrics endpoint in Synapse.
 
     The first serves the metrics as a part of the usual web server and
-    can be enabled by adding the \"metrics\" resource to the existing
-    listener as such:
+    can be enabled by adding the `metrics` resource to the existing
+    listener as such as in this example:
 
     ```yaml
-      resources:
-        - names:
-          - client
-          - metrics
+    listeners:
+      - port: 8008
+        tls: false
+        type: http
+        x_forwarded: true
+        bind_addresses: ['::1', '127.0.0.1']
+
+        resources:
+          # added "metrics" in this line
+          - names: [client, federation, metrics]
+            compress: false
     ```
 
     This provides a simple way of adding metrics to your Synapse
@@ -37,14 +44,24 @@
     to just internal networks easier. The served metrics are available
     over HTTP only, and will be available at `/_synapse/metrics`.
 
-    Add a new listener to homeserver.yaml:
+    Add a new listener to homeserver.yaml as in this example:
 
     ```yaml
-      listeners:
-        - type: metrics
-          port: 9000
-          bind_addresses:
-            - '0.0.0.0'
+    listeners:
+      - port: 8008
+        tls: false
+        type: http
+        x_forwarded: true
+        bind_addresses: ['::1', '127.0.0.1']
+
+        resources:
+          - names: [client, federation]
+            compress: false
+
+      # beginning of the new metrics listener
+      - port: 9000
+        type: metrics
+        bind_addresses: ['::1', '127.0.0.1']
     ```
 
 1.  Restart Synapse.
@@ -135,6 +152,8 @@ Synapse 1.2 updates the Prometheus metrics to match the naming
 convention of the upstream `prometheus_client`. The old names are
 considered deprecated and will be removed in a future version of
 Synapse.
+**The old names will be disabled by default in Synapse v1.71.0 and removed
+altogether in Synapse v1.73.0.**
 
 | New Name                                                                     | Old Name                                                               |
 | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@@ -146,6 +165,13 @@ Synapse.
 | synapse_federation_client_events_processed_total                             | synapse_federation_client_events_processed                             |
 | synapse_event_processing_loop_count_total                                    | synapse_event_processing_loop_count                                    |
 | synapse_event_processing_loop_room_count_total                               | synapse_event_processing_loop_room_count                               |
+| synapse_util_caches_cache_hits                                               | synapse_util_caches_cache:hits                                         |
+| synapse_util_caches_cache_size                                               | synapse_util_caches_cache:size                                         |
+| synapse_util_caches_cache_evicted_size                                       | synapse_util_caches_cache:evicted_size                                 |
+| synapse_util_caches_cache                                                    | synapse_util_caches_cache:total                                        |
+| synapse_util_caches_response_cache_size                                      | synapse_util_caches_response_cache:size                                |
+| synapse_util_caches_response_cache_hits                                      | synapse_util_caches_response_cache:hits                                |
+| synapse_util_caches_response_cache_evicted_size                              | synapse_util_caches_response_cache:evicted_size                        |
 | synapse_util_metrics_block_count_total                                       | synapse_util_metrics_block_count                                       |
 | synapse_util_metrics_block_time_seconds_total                                | synapse_util_metrics_block_time_seconds                                |
 | synapse_util_metrics_block_ru_utime_seconds_total                            | synapse_util_metrics_block_ru_utime_seconds                            |
@@ -183,6 +209,9 @@ Synapse.
 | synapse_http_httppusher_http_pushes_failed_total                             | synapse_http_httppusher_http_pushes_failed                             |
 | synapse_http_httppusher_badge_updates_processed_total                        | synapse_http_httppusher_badge_updates_processed                        |
 | synapse_http_httppusher_badge_updates_failed_total                           | synapse_http_httppusher_badge_updates_failed                           |
+| synapse_admin_mau_current                                                    | synapse_admin_mau:current                                              |
+| synapse_admin_mau_max                                                        | synapse_admin_mau:max                                                  |
+| synapse_admin_mau_registered_reserved_users                                  | synapse_admin_mau:registered_reserved_users                            |
 
 Removal of deprecated metrics & time based counters becoming histograms in 0.31.0
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -261,7 +290,7 @@ Standard Metric Names
 
 As of synapse version 0.18.2, the format of the process-wide metrics has
 been changed to fit prometheus standard naming conventions. Additionally
-the units have been changed to seconds, from miliseconds.
+the units have been changed to seconds, from milliseconds.
 
 | New name                                 | Old name                          |
 | ---------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
diff --git a/docs/openid.md b/docs/openid.md
index ce9b026228..37c5eb244d 100644
--- a/docs/openid.md
+++ b/docs/openid.md
@@ -49,6 +49,13 @@ setting in your configuration file.
 See the [configuration manual](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#oidc_providers) for some sample settings, as well as
 the text below for example configurations for specific providers.
 
+## OIDC Back-Channel Logout
+
+Synapse supports receiving [OpenID Connect Back-Channel Logout](https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-backchannel-1_0.html) notifications.
+
+This lets the OpenID Connect Provider notify Synapse when a user logs out, so that Synapse can end that user session.
+This feature can be enabled by setting the `backchannel_logout_enabled` property to `true` in the provider configuration, and setting the following URL as destination for Back-Channel Logout notifications in your OpenID Connect Provider: `[synapse public baseurl]/_synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout`
+
 ## Sample configs
 
 Here are a few configs for providers that should work with Synapse.
@@ -123,6 +130,9 @@ oidc_providers:
 
 [Keycloak][keycloak-idp] is an opensource IdP maintained by Red Hat.
 
+Keycloak supports OIDC Back-Channel Logout, which sends logout notification to Synapse, so that Synapse users get logged out when they log out from Keycloak.
+This can be optionally enabled by setting `backchannel_logout_enabled` to `true` in the Synapse configuration, and by setting the "Backchannel Logout URL" in Keycloak.
+
 Follow the [Getting Started Guide](https://www.keycloak.org/getting-started) to install Keycloak and set up a realm.
 
 1. Click `Clients` in the sidebar and click `Create`
@@ -144,6 +154,8 @@ Follow the [Getting Started Guide](https://www.keycloak.org/getting-started) to
 | Client Protocol | `openid-connect` |
 | Access Type | `confidential` |
 | Valid Redirect URIs | `[synapse public baseurl]/_synapse/client/oidc/callback` |
+| Backchannel Logout URL (optional) | `[synapse public baseurl]/_synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout` |
+| Backchannel Logout Session Required (optional) | `On` |
 
 5. Click `Save`
 6. On the Credentials tab, update the fields:
@@ -167,7 +179,9 @@ oidc_providers:
       config:
         localpart_template: "{{ user.preferred_username }}"
         display_name_template: "{{ user.name }}"
+    backchannel_logout_enabled: true # Optional
 ```
+
 ### Auth0
 
 [Auth0][auth0] is a hosted SaaS IdP solution.
@@ -336,11 +350,12 @@ oidc_providers:
        issuer: "https://accounts.google.com/"
        client_id: "your-client-id" # TO BE FILLED
        client_secret: "your-client-secret" # TO BE FILLED
-       scopes: ["openid", "profile"]
+       scopes: ["openid", "profile", "email"] # email is optional, read below
        user_mapping_provider:
          config:
            localpart_template: "{{ user.given_name|lower }}"
            display_name_template: "{{ user.name }}"
+           email_template: "{{ user.email }}" # needs "email" in scopes above
    ```
 4. Back in the Google console, add this Authorized redirect URI: `[synapse
    public baseurl]/_synapse/client/oidc/callback`.
@@ -423,7 +438,7 @@ Synapse config:
     user_mapping_provider:
       config:
         display_name_template: "{{ user.name }}"
-        email_template: "{{ '{{ user.email }}' }}"
+        email_template: "{{ user.email }}"
 ```
 
 Relevant documents:
diff --git a/docs/reverse_proxy.md b/docs/reverse_proxy.md
index 4e7a1d4435..48dbc1c58e 100644
--- a/docs/reverse_proxy.md
+++ b/docs/reverse_proxy.md
@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@ server {
         # Nginx by default only allows file uploads up to 1M in size
         # Increase client_max_body_size to match max_upload_size defined in homeserver.yaml
         client_max_body_size 50M;
+	
+	# Synapse responses may be chunked, which is an HTTP/1.1 feature.
+	proxy_http_version 1.1;
     }
 }
 ```
diff --git a/docs/sample_log_config.yaml b/docs/sample_log_config.yaml
index 3065a0e2d9..6339160d00 100644
--- a/docs/sample_log_config.yaml
+++ b/docs/sample_log_config.yaml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # Synapse also supports structured logging for machine readable logs which can
 # be ingested by ELK stacks. See [2] for details.
 #
-# [1]: https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema
+# [1]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema
 # [2]: https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/structured_logging.html
 
 version: 1
diff --git a/docs/setup/turn/coturn.md b/docs/setup/turn/coturn.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1bb1e934c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/setup/turn/coturn.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# coturn TURN server
+
+The following sections describe how to install [coturn](<https://github.com/coturn/coturn>) (which implements the TURN REST API).
+
+## `coturn` setup
+
+### Initial installation
+
+The TURN daemon `coturn` is available from a variety of sources such as native package managers, or installation from source.
+
+#### Debian and Ubuntu based distributions
+
+Just install the debian package:
+
+```sh
+sudo apt install coturn
+```
+
+This will install and start a systemd service called `coturn`.
+
+#### Source installation
+
+1. Download the [latest release](https://github.com/coturn/coturn/releases/latest) from github.  Unpack it and `cd` into the directory.
+
+1.  Configure it:
+
+    ```sh
+    ./configure
+    ```
+
+    You may need to install `libevent2`: if so, you should do so in
+    the way recommended by your operating system. You can ignore
+    warnings about lack of database support: a database is unnecessary
+    for this purpose.
+
+1.  Build and install it:
+
+    ```sh
+    make
+    sudo make install
+    ```
+
+### Configuration
+
+1.  Create or edit the config file in `/etc/turnserver.conf`. The relevant
+    lines, with example values, are:
+
+    ```
+    use-auth-secret
+    static-auth-secret=[your secret key here]
+    realm=turn.myserver.org
+    ```
+
+    See `turnserver.conf` for explanations of the options. One way to generate
+    the `static-auth-secret` is with `pwgen`:
+
+    ```sh
+    pwgen -s 64 1
+    ```
+
+    A `realm` must be specified, but its value is somewhat arbitrary. (It is
+    sent to clients as part of the authentication flow.) It is conventional to
+    set it to be your server name.
+
+1.  You will most likely want to configure `coturn` to write logs somewhere. The
+    easiest way is normally to send them to the syslog:
+
+    ```sh
+    syslog
+    ```
+
+    (in which case, the logs will be available via `journalctl -u coturn` on a
+    systemd system). Alternatively, `coturn` can be configured to write to a
+    logfile - check the example config file supplied with `coturn`.
+
+1.  Consider your security settings. TURN lets users request a relay which will
+    connect to arbitrary IP addresses and ports. The following configuration is
+    suggested as a minimum starting point:
+
+    ```
+    # VoIP traffic is all UDP. There is no reason to let users connect to arbitrary TCP endpoints via the relay.
+    no-tcp-relay
+
+    # don't let the relay ever try to connect to private IP address ranges within your network (if any)
+    # given the turn server is likely behind your firewall, remember to include any privileged public IPs too.
+    denied-peer-ip=10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
+    denied-peer-ip=192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
+    denied-peer-ip=172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
+
+    # recommended additional local peers to block, to mitigate external access to internal services.
+    # https://www.rtcsec.com/article/slack-webrtc-turn-compromise-and-bug-bounty/#how-to-fix-an-open-turn-relay-to-address-this-vulnerability
+    no-multicast-peers
+    denied-peer-ip=0.0.0.0-0.255.255.255
+    denied-peer-ip=100.64.0.0-100.127.255.255
+    denied-peer-ip=127.0.0.0-127.255.255.255
+    denied-peer-ip=169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255
+    denied-peer-ip=192.0.0.0-192.0.0.255
+    denied-peer-ip=192.0.2.0-192.0.2.255
+    denied-peer-ip=192.88.99.0-192.88.99.255
+    denied-peer-ip=198.18.0.0-198.19.255.255
+    denied-peer-ip=198.51.100.0-198.51.100.255
+    denied-peer-ip=203.0.113.0-203.0.113.255
+    denied-peer-ip=240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255
+
+    # special case the turn server itself so that client->TURN->TURN->client flows work
+    # this should be one of the turn server's listening IPs
+    allowed-peer-ip=10.0.0.1
+
+    # consider whether you want to limit the quota of relayed streams per user (or total) to avoid risk of DoS.
+    user-quota=12 # 4 streams per video call, so 12 streams = 3 simultaneous relayed calls per user.
+    total-quota=1200
+    ```
+
+1.  Also consider supporting TLS/DTLS. To do this, add the following settings
+    to `turnserver.conf`:
+
+    ```
+    # TLS certificates, including intermediate certs.
+    # For Let's Encrypt certificates, use `fullchain.pem` here.
+    cert=/path/to/fullchain.pem
+
+    # TLS private key file
+    pkey=/path/to/privkey.pem
+
+    # Ensure the configuration lines that disable TLS/DTLS are commented-out or removed
+    #no-tls
+    #no-dtls
+    ```
+
+    In this case, replace the `turn:` schemes in the `turn_uris` settings below
+    with `turns:`.
+
+    We recommend that you only try to set up TLS/DTLS once you have set up a
+    basic installation and got it working.
+
+    NB: If your TLS certificate was provided by Let's Encrypt, TLS/DTLS will
+    not work with any Matrix client that uses Chromium's WebRTC library. This
+    currently includes Element Android & iOS; for more details, see their
+    [respective](https://github.com/vector-im/element-android/issues/1533)
+    [issues](https://github.com/vector-im/element-ios/issues/2712) as well as the underlying
+    [WebRTC issue](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/webrtc/issues/detail?id=11710).
+    Consider using a ZeroSSL certificate for your TURN server as a working alternative.
+
+1.  Ensure your firewall allows traffic into the TURN server on the ports
+    you've configured it to listen on (By default: 3478 and 5349 for TURN
+    traffic (remember to allow both TCP and UDP traffic), and ports 49152-65535
+    for the UDP relay.)
+
+1.  If your TURN server is behind NAT, the NAT gateway must have an external,
+    publicly-reachable IP address. You must configure `coturn` to advertise that
+    address to connecting clients:
+
+    ```
+    external-ip=EXTERNAL_NAT_IPv4_ADDRESS
+    ```
+
+    You may optionally limit the TURN server to listen only on the local
+    address that is mapped by NAT to the external address:
+
+    ```
+    listening-ip=INTERNAL_TURNSERVER_IPv4_ADDRESS
+    ```
+
+    If your NAT gateway is reachable over both IPv4 and IPv6, you may
+    configure `coturn` to advertise each available address:
+
+    ```
+    external-ip=EXTERNAL_NAT_IPv4_ADDRESS
+    external-ip=EXTERNAL_NAT_IPv6_ADDRESS
+    ```
+
+    When advertising an external IPv6 address, ensure that the firewall and
+    network settings of the system running your TURN server are configured to
+    accept IPv6 traffic, and that the TURN server is listening on the local
+    IPv6 address that is mapped by NAT to the external IPv6 address.
+
+1.  (Re)start the turn server:
+
+    * If you used the Debian package (or have set up a systemd unit yourself):
+      ```sh
+      sudo systemctl restart coturn
+      ```
+
+    * If you built from source:
+
+      ```sh
+      /usr/local/bin/turnserver -o
+      ```
diff --git a/docs/setup/turn/eturnal.md b/docs/setup/turn/eturnal.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e5a45673e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/setup/turn/eturnal.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# eturnal TURN server
+
+The following sections describe how to install [eturnal](<https://github.com/processone/eturnal>) 
+(which implements the TURN REST API).
+
+## `eturnal` setup
+
+### Initial installation
+
+The `eturnal` TURN server implementation is available from a variety of sources 
+such as native package managers, binary packages, installation from source or 
+[container image](https://eturnal.net/documentation/code/docker.html). They are 
+all described [here](https://github.com/processone/eturnal#installation).
+
+Quick-Test instructions in a [Linux Shell](https://github.com/processone/eturnal/blob/master/QUICK-TEST.md) 
+or with [Docker](https://github.com/processone/eturnal/blob/master/docker-k8s/QUICK-TEST.md) 
+are available as well.
+
+### Configuration
+
+After installation, `eturnal` usually ships a [default configuration file](https://github.com/processone/eturnal/blob/master/config/eturnal.yml) 
+here: `/etc/eturnal.yml` (and, if not found there, there is a backup file here: 
+`/opt/eturnal/etc/eturnal.yml`). It uses the (indentation-sensitive!) [YAML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML) 
+format. The file contains further explanations.
+
+Here are some hints how to configure eturnal on your [host machine](https://github.com/processone/eturnal#configuration) 
+or when using e.g. [Docker](https://eturnal.net/documentation/code/docker.html).
+You may also further deep dive into the [reference documentation](https://eturnal.net/documentation/).
+
+`eturnal` runs out of the box with the default configuration. To enable TURN and 
+to integrate it with your homeserver, some aspects in `eturnal`'s default configuration file 
+must be edited:
+
+1.  Homeserver's [`turn_shared_secret`](../../usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#turn_shared_secret) 
+    and eturnal's shared `secret` for authentication
+
+    Both need to have the same value. Uncomment and adjust this line in `eturnal`'s 
+    configuration file:
+
+    ```yaml
+    secret: "long-and-cryptic"     # Shared secret, CHANGE THIS.
+    ```
+
+    One way to generate a `secret` is with `pwgen`:
+
+    ```sh
+    pwgen -s 64 1
+    ```
+
+1.  Public IP address
+
+    If your TURN server is behind NAT, the NAT gateway must have an external,
+    publicly-reachable IP address. `eturnal` tries to autodetect the public IP address, 
+    however, it may also be configured by uncommenting and adjusting this line, so 
+    `eturnal` advertises that address to connecting clients:
+
+    ```yaml
+    relay_ipv4_addr: "203.0.113.4" # The server's public IPv4 address.
+    ```
+
+    If your NAT gateway is reachable over both IPv4 and IPv6, you may
+    configure `eturnal` to advertise each available address:
+
+    ```yaml
+    relay_ipv4_addr: "203.0.113.4" # The server's public IPv4 address.
+    relay_ipv6_addr: "2001:db8::4" # The server's public IPv6 address (optional).
+    ```
+
+    When advertising an external IPv6 address, ensure that the firewall and
+    network settings of the system running your TURN server are configured to
+    accept IPv6 traffic, and that the TURN server is listening on the local
+    IPv6 address that is mapped by NAT to the external IPv6 address.
+
+1.  Logging
+
+    If `eturnal` was started by systemd, log files are written into the
+    `/var/log/eturnal` directory by default. In order to log to the [journal](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-journald.service.html)
+    instead, the `log_dir` option can be set to `stdout` in the configuration file.
+
+1.  Security considerations
+
+    Consider your security settings. TURN lets users request a relay which will
+    connect to arbitrary IP addresses and ports. The following configuration is
+    suggested as a minimum starting point, [see also the official documentation](https://eturnal.net/documentation/#blacklist):
+
+    ```yaml
+    ## Reject TURN relaying from/to the following addresses/networks:
+    blacklist:                 # This is the default blacklist.
+        - "127.0.0.0/8"        # IPv4 loopback.
+        - "::1"                # IPv6 loopback.
+        - recommended          # Expands to a number of networks recommended to be
+                               # blocked, but includes private networks. Those
+                               # would have to be 'whitelist'ed if eturnal serves
+                               # local clients/peers within such networks.
+    ```
+
+    To whitelist IP addresses or specific (private) networks, you need to **add** a 
+    whitelist part into the configuration file, e.g.:
+
+    ```yaml
+    whitelist:
+        - "192.168.0.0/16"
+        - "203.0.113.113"
+        - "2001:db8::/64"
+    ```
+
+    The more specific, the better.
+
+1.  TURNS (TURN via TLS/DTLS)
+
+    Also consider supporting TLS/DTLS. To do this, adjust the following settings
+    in the `eturnal.yml` configuration file (TLS parts should not be commented anymore):
+
+    ```yaml
+    listen:
+        - ip: "::"
+          port: 3478
+          transport: udp
+        - ip: "::"
+          port: 3478
+          transport: tcp
+        - ip: "::"
+          port: 5349
+          transport: tls
+
+    ## TLS certificate/key files (must be readable by 'eturnal' user!):
+    tls_crt_file: /etc/eturnal/tls/crt.pem
+    tls_key_file: /etc/eturnal/tls/key.pem
+    ```
+
+    In this case, replace the `turn:` schemes in homeserver's `turn_uris` settings
+    with `turns:`. More is described [here](../../usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#turn_uris).
+
+    We recommend that you only try to set up TLS/DTLS once you have set up a
+    basic installation and got it working.
+
+    NB: If your TLS certificate was provided by Let's Encrypt, TLS/DTLS will
+    not work with any Matrix client that uses Chromium's WebRTC library. This
+    currently includes Element Android & iOS; for more details, see their
+    [respective](https://github.com/vector-im/element-android/issues/1533)
+    [issues](https://github.com/vector-im/element-ios/issues/2712) as well as the underlying
+    [WebRTC issue](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/webrtc/issues/detail?id=11710).
+    Consider using a ZeroSSL certificate for your TURN server as a working alternative.
+
+1.  Firewall
+
+    Ensure your firewall allows traffic into the TURN server on the ports
+    you've configured it to listen on (By default: 3478 and 5349 for TURN
+    traffic (remember to allow both TCP and UDP traffic), and ports 49152-65535
+    for the UDP relay.)
+
+1.  Reload/ restarting `eturnal`
+
+    Changes in the configuration file require `eturnal` to reload/ restart, this
+    can be achieved by:
+
+    ```sh
+    eturnalctl reload
+    ```
+    
+    `eturnal` performs a configuration check before actually reloading/ restarting
+    and provides hints, if something is not correctly configured.
+
+### eturnalctl opterations script
+
+`eturnal` offers a handy [operations script](https://eturnal.net/documentation/#Operation) 
+which can be called e.g. to check, whether the service is up, to restart the service, 
+to query how many active sessions exist, to change logging behaviour and so on.
+
+Hint: If `eturnalctl` is not part of your `$PATH`, consider either sym-linking it (e.g. ´ln -s /opt/eturnal/bin/eturnalctl /usr/local/bin/eturnalctl´) or call it from the default `eturnal` directory directly: e.g. `/opt/eturnal/bin/eturnalctl info`
diff --git a/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/federation_sender.yaml b/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/federation_sender.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c591aec2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/federation_sender.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+worker_app: synapse.app.federation_sender
+worker_name: federation_sender1
+
+# The replication listener on the main synapse process.
+worker_replication_host: 127.0.0.1
+worker_replication_http_port: 9093
+
+worker_log_config: /etc/matrix-synapse/federation-sender-log.yaml
diff --git a/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/media_worker.yaml b/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/media_worker.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb34d12492
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/media_worker.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+worker_app: synapse.app.media_repository
+worker_name: media_worker
+
+# The replication listener on the main synapse process.
+worker_replication_host: 127.0.0.1
+worker_replication_http_port: 9093
+
+worker_listeners:
+  - type: http
+    port: 8085
+    resources:
+      - names: [media]
+
+worker_log_config: /etc/matrix-synapse/media-worker-log.yaml
diff --git a/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/pusher_worker.yaml b/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/pusher_worker.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46e22c6f06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/systemd-with-workers/workers/pusher_worker.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+worker_app: synapse.app.pusher
+worker_name: pusher_worker1
+
+# The replication listener on the main synapse process.
+worker_replication_host: 127.0.0.1
+worker_replication_http_port: 9093
+
+worker_log_config: /etc/matrix-synapse/pusher-worker-log.yaml
diff --git a/docs/turn-howto.md b/docs/turn-howto.md
index 37a311ad9c..b466cab40c 100644
--- a/docs/turn-howto.md
+++ b/docs/turn-howto.md
@@ -9,222 +9,28 @@ allows the homeserver to generate credentials that are valid for use on the
 TURN server through the use of a secret shared between the homeserver and the
 TURN server.
 
-The following sections describe how to install [coturn](<https://github.com/coturn/coturn>) (which implements the TURN REST API) and integrate it with synapse.
+This documentation provides two TURN server configuration examples:
+
+* [coturn](setup/turn/coturn.md)
+* [eturnal](setup/turn/eturnal.md)
 
 ## Requirements
 
-For TURN relaying with `coturn` to work, it must be hosted on a server/endpoint with a public IP.
+For TURN relaying to work, the TURN service must be hosted on a server/endpoint with a public IP.
 
 Hosting TURN behind NAT requires port forwaring and for the NAT gateway to have a public IP.
 However, even with appropriate configuration, NAT is known to cause issues and to often not work.
 
-## `coturn` setup
-
-### Initial installation
-
-The TURN daemon `coturn` is available from a variety of sources such as native package managers, or installation from source.
-
-#### Debian installation
-
-Just install the debian package:
-
-```sh
-apt install coturn
-```
-
-This will install and start a systemd service called `coturn`.
-
-#### Source installation
-
-1. Download the [latest release](https://github.com/coturn/coturn/releases/latest) from github.  Unpack it and `cd` into the directory.
-
-1.  Configure it:
-
-    ```sh
-    ./configure
-    ```
-
-    You may need to install `libevent2`: if so, you should do so in
-    the way recommended by your operating system. You can ignore
-    warnings about lack of database support: a database is unnecessary
-    for this purpose.
-
-1.  Build and install it:
-
-    ```sh
-    make
-    make install
-    ```
-
-### Configuration
-
-1.  Create or edit the config file in `/etc/turnserver.conf`. The relevant
-    lines, with example values, are:
-
-    ```
-    use-auth-secret
-    static-auth-secret=[your secret key here]
-    realm=turn.myserver.org
-    ```
-
-    See `turnserver.conf` for explanations of the options. One way to generate
-    the `static-auth-secret` is with `pwgen`:
-
-    ```sh
-    pwgen -s 64 1
-    ```
-
-    A `realm` must be specified, but its value is somewhat arbitrary. (It is
-    sent to clients as part of the authentication flow.) It is conventional to
-    set it to be your server name.
-
-1.  You will most likely want to configure coturn to write logs somewhere. The
-    easiest way is normally to send them to the syslog:
-
-    ```sh
-    syslog
-    ```
-
-    (in which case, the logs will be available via `journalctl -u coturn` on a
-    systemd system). Alternatively, coturn can be configured to write to a
-    logfile - check the example config file supplied with coturn.
-
-1.  Consider your security settings. TURN lets users request a relay which will
-    connect to arbitrary IP addresses and ports. The following configuration is
-    suggested as a minimum starting point:
-
-    ```
-    # VoIP traffic is all UDP. There is no reason to let users connect to arbitrary TCP endpoints via the relay.
-    no-tcp-relay
-
-    # don't let the relay ever try to connect to private IP address ranges within your network (if any)
-    # given the turn server is likely behind your firewall, remember to include any privileged public IPs too.
-    denied-peer-ip=10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
-    denied-peer-ip=192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
-    denied-peer-ip=172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
-
-    # recommended additional local peers to block, to mitigate external access to internal services.
-    # https://www.rtcsec.com/article/slack-webrtc-turn-compromise-and-bug-bounty/#how-to-fix-an-open-turn-relay-to-address-this-vulnerability
-    no-multicast-peers
-    denied-peer-ip=0.0.0.0-0.255.255.255
-    denied-peer-ip=100.64.0.0-100.127.255.255
-    denied-peer-ip=127.0.0.0-127.255.255.255
-    denied-peer-ip=169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255
-    denied-peer-ip=192.0.0.0-192.0.0.255
-    denied-peer-ip=192.0.2.0-192.0.2.255
-    denied-peer-ip=192.88.99.0-192.88.99.255
-    denied-peer-ip=198.18.0.0-198.19.255.255
-    denied-peer-ip=198.51.100.0-198.51.100.255
-    denied-peer-ip=203.0.113.0-203.0.113.255
-    denied-peer-ip=240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255
-
-    # special case the turn server itself so that client->TURN->TURN->client flows work
-    # this should be one of the turn server's listening IPs
-    allowed-peer-ip=10.0.0.1
-
-    # consider whether you want to limit the quota of relayed streams per user (or total) to avoid risk of DoS.
-    user-quota=12 # 4 streams per video call, so 12 streams = 3 simultaneous relayed calls per user.
-    total-quota=1200
-    ```
-
-1.  Also consider supporting TLS/DTLS. To do this, add the following settings
-    to `turnserver.conf`:
-
-    ```
-    # TLS certificates, including intermediate certs.
-    # For Let's Encrypt certificates, use `fullchain.pem` here.
-    cert=/path/to/fullchain.pem
-
-    # TLS private key file
-    pkey=/path/to/privkey.pem
-
-    # Ensure the configuration lines that disable TLS/DTLS are commented-out or removed
-    #no-tls
-    #no-dtls
-    ```
-
-    In this case, replace the `turn:` schemes in the `turn_uris` settings below
-    with `turns:`.
-
-    We recommend that you only try to set up TLS/DTLS once you have set up a
-    basic installation and got it working.
-
-    NB: If your TLS certificate was provided by Let's Encrypt, TLS/DTLS will
-    not work with any Matrix client that uses Chromium's WebRTC library. This
-    currently includes Element Android & iOS; for more details, see their
-    [respective](https://github.com/vector-im/element-android/issues/1533)
-    [issues](https://github.com/vector-im/element-ios/issues/2712) as well as the underlying
-    [WebRTC issue](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/webrtc/issues/detail?id=11710).
-    Consider using a ZeroSSL certificate for your TURN server as a working alternative.
-
-1.  Ensure your firewall allows traffic into the TURN server on the ports
-    you've configured it to listen on (By default: 3478 and 5349 for TURN
-    traffic (remember to allow both TCP and UDP traffic), and ports 49152-65535
-    for the UDP relay.)
-
-1.  If your TURN server is behind NAT, the NAT gateway must have an external,
-    publicly-reachable IP address. You must configure coturn to advertise that
-    address to connecting clients:
-
-    ```
-    external-ip=EXTERNAL_NAT_IPv4_ADDRESS
-    ```
-
-    You may optionally limit the TURN server to listen only on the local
-    address that is mapped by NAT to the external address:
-
-    ```
-    listening-ip=INTERNAL_TURNSERVER_IPv4_ADDRESS
-    ```
-
-    If your NAT gateway is reachable over both IPv4 and IPv6, you may
-    configure coturn to advertise each available address:
-
-    ```
-    external-ip=EXTERNAL_NAT_IPv4_ADDRESS
-    external-ip=EXTERNAL_NAT_IPv6_ADDRESS
-    ```
-
-    When advertising an external IPv6 address, ensure that the firewall and
-    network settings of the system running your TURN server are configured to
-    accept IPv6 traffic, and that the TURN server is listening on the local
-    IPv6 address that is mapped by NAT to the external IPv6 address.
-
-1.  (Re)start the turn server:
-
-    * If you used the Debian package (or have set up a systemd unit yourself):
-      ```sh
-      systemctl restart coturn
-      ```
-
-    * If you installed from source:
-
-      ```sh
-      bin/turnserver -o
-      ```
+Afterwards, the homeserver needs some further configuration.
 
 ## Synapse setup
 
 Your homeserver configuration file needs the following extra keys:
 
-1.  "`turn_uris`": This needs to be a yaml list of public-facing URIs
-    for your TURN server to be given out to your clients. Add separate
-    entries for each transport your TURN server supports.
-2.  "`turn_shared_secret`": This is the secret shared between your
-    homeserver and your TURN server, so you should set it to the same
-    string you used in turnserver.conf.
-3.  "`turn_user_lifetime`": This is the amount of time credentials
-    generated by your homeserver are valid for (in milliseconds).
-    Shorter times offer less potential for abuse at the expense of
-    increased traffic between web clients and your homeserver to
-    refresh credentials. The TURN REST API specification recommends
-    one day (86400000).
-4.  "`turn_allow_guests`": Whether to allow guest users to use the
-    TURN server. This is enabled by default, as otherwise VoIP will
-    not work reliably for guests. However, it does introduce a
-    security risk as it lets guests connect to arbitrary endpoints
-    without having gone through a CAPTCHA or similar to register a
-    real account.
+1.  [`turn_uris`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#turn_uris)
+2.  [`turn_shared_secret`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#turn_shared_secret)
+3.  [`turn_user_lifetime`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#turn_user_lifetime)
+4.  [`turn_allow_guests`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#turn_allow_guests)
 
 As an example, here is the relevant section of the config file for `matrix.org`. The
 `turn_uris` are appropriate for TURN servers listening on the default ports, with no TLS.
@@ -263,7 +69,7 @@ Here are a few things to try:
  * Check that you have opened your firewall to allow UDP traffic to the UDP
    relay ports (49152-65535 by default).
 
- * Try disabling `coturn`'s TLS/DTLS listeners and enable only its (unencrypted)
+ * Try disabling TLS/DTLS listeners and enable only its (unencrypted)
    TCP/UDP listeners. (This will only leave signaling traffic unencrypted;
    voice & video WebRTC traffic is always encrypted.)
 
@@ -288,12 +94,19 @@ Here are a few things to try:
 
     * ensure that your TURN server uses the NAT gateway as its default route.
 
- * Enable more verbose logging in coturn via the `verbose` setting:
+ * Enable more verbose logging, in `coturn` via the `verbose` setting:
 
    ```
    verbose
    ```
 
+    or with `eturnal` with the shell command `eturnalctl loglevel debug` or in the configuration file (the service needs to [reload](https://eturnal.net/documentation/#Operation) for it to become effective):
+
+    ```yaml
+        ## Logging configuration:
+            log_level: debug
+    ```
+
    ... and then see if there are any clues in its logs.
 
  * If you are using a browser-based client under Chrome, check
@@ -317,7 +130,7 @@ Here are a few things to try:
       matrix client to your homeserver in your browser's network inspector. In
       the response you should see `username` and `password`. Or:
 
-    * Use the following shell commands:
+    * Use the following shell commands for `coturn`:
 
       ```sh
       secret=staticAuthSecretHere
@@ -327,11 +140,16 @@ Here are a few things to try:
       echo -e "username: $u\npassword: $p"
       ```
 
-      Or:
+      or for `eturnal`
 
-    * Temporarily configure coturn to accept a static username/password. To do
-      this, comment out `use-auth-secret` and `static-auth-secret` and add the
-      following:
+      ```sh
+      eturnalctl credentials
+      ```
+      
+
+    * Or (**coturn only**): Temporarily configure `coturn` to accept a static
+      username/password. To do this, comment out `use-auth-secret` and
+      `static-auth-secret` and add the following:
 
       ```
       lt-cred-mech
diff --git a/docs/upgrade.md b/docs/upgrade.md
index 7d4c2392e1..2aa353e496 100644
--- a/docs/upgrade.md
+++ b/docs/upgrade.md
@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@ this document.
     The website <https://endoflife.date> also offers convenient
     summaries.
 
--   If Synapse was installed using [prebuilt
-    packages](setup/installation.md#prebuilt-packages), you will need to follow the
-    normal process for upgrading those packages.
+-   If Synapse was installed using [prebuilt packages](setup/installation.md#prebuilt-packages),
+    you will need to follow the normal process for upgrading those packages.
 
 -   If Synapse was installed using pip then upgrade to the latest
     version by running:
@@ -89,12 +88,163 @@ process, for example:
     dpkg -i matrix-synapse-py3_1.3.0+stretch1_amd64.deb
     ```
 
+# Upgrading to v1.72.0
+
+## Dropping support for PostgreSQL 10
+
+In line with our [deprecation policy](deprecation_policy.md), we've dropped
+support for PostgreSQL 10, as it is no longer supported upstream.
+
+This release of Synapse requires PostgreSQL 11+.
+
+
+# Upgrading to v1.71.0
+
+## Removal of the `generate_short_term_login_token` module API method
+
+As announced with the release of [Synapse 1.69.0](#deprecation-of-the-generate_short_term_login_token-module-api-method), the deprecated `generate_short_term_login_token` module method has been removed.
+
+Modules relying on it can instead use the `create_login_token` method.
+
+
+## Changes to the events received by application services (interest)
+
+To align with spec (changed in
+[MSC3905](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3905)), Synapse now
+only considers local users to be interesting. In other words, the `users` namespace
+regex is only be applied against local users of the homeserver.
+
+Please note, this probably doesn't affect the expected behavior of your application
+service, since an interesting local user in a room still means all messages in the room
+(from local or remote users) will still be considered interesting. And matching a room
+with the `rooms` or `aliases` namespace regex will still consider all events sent in the
+room to be interesting to the application service.
+
+If one of your application service's `users` regex was intending to match a remote user,
+this will no longer match as you expect. The behavioral mismatch between matching all
+local users and some remote users is why the spec was changed/clarified and this
+caveat is no longer supported.
+
+
+## Legacy Prometheus metric names are now disabled by default
+
+Synapse v1.71.0 disables legacy Prometheus metric names by default.
+For administrators that still rely on them and have not yet had chance to update their
+uses of the metrics, it's still possible to specify `enable_legacy_metrics: true` in
+the configuration to re-enable them temporarily.
+
+Synapse v1.73.0 will **remove legacy metric names altogether** and at that point,
+it will no longer be possible to re-enable them.
+
+If you do not use metrics or you have already updated your Grafana dashboard(s),
+Prometheus console(s) and alerting rule(s), there is no action needed.
+
+See [v1.69.0: Deprecation of legacy Prometheus metric names](#deprecation-of-legacy-prometheus-metric-names).
+
+
+# Upgrading to v1.69.0
+
+## Changes to the receipts replication streams
+
+Synapse now includes information indicating if a receipt applies to a thread when
+replicating it to other workers. This is a forwards- and backwards-incompatible
+change: v1.68 and workers cannot process receipts replicated by v1.69 workers, and
+vice versa.
+
+Once all workers are upgraded to v1.69 (or downgraded to v1.68), receipts
+replication will resume as normal.
+
+
+## Deprecation of legacy Prometheus metric names
+
+In current versions of Synapse, some Prometheus metrics are emitted under two different names,
+with one of the names being older but non-compliant with OpenMetrics and Prometheus conventions
+and one of the names being newer but compliant.
+
+Synapse v1.71.0 will turn the old metric names off *by default*.
+For administrators that still rely on them and have not had chance to update their
+uses of the metrics, it's possible to specify `enable_legacy_metrics: true` in
+the configuration to re-enable them temporarily.
+
+Synapse v1.73.0 will **remove legacy metric names altogether** and it will no longer
+be possible to re-enable them.
+
+The Grafana dashboard, Prometheus recording rules and Prometheus Consoles included
+in the `contrib` directory in the Synapse repository have been updated to no longer
+rely on the legacy names. These can be used on a current version of Synapse
+because current versions of Synapse emit both old and new names.
+
+You may need to update your alerting rules or any other rules that depend on
+the names of Prometheus metrics.
+If you want to test your changes before legacy names are disabled by default,
+you may specify `enable_legacy_metrics: false` in your homeserver configuration.
+
+A list of affected metrics is available on the [Metrics How-to page](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.69/metrics-howto.html?highlight=metrics%20deprecated#renaming-of-metrics--deprecation-of-old-names-in-12).
+
+
+## Deprecation of the `generate_short_term_login_token` module API method
+
+The following method of the module API has been deprecated, and is scheduled to
+be remove in v1.71.0:
+
+```python
+def generate_short_term_login_token(
+    self,
+    user_id: str,
+    duration_in_ms: int = (2 * 60 * 1000),
+    auth_provider_id: str = "",
+    auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> str:
+    ...
+```
+
+It has been replaced by an asynchronous equivalent:
+
+```python
+async def create_login_token(
+    self,
+    user_id: str,
+    duration_in_ms: int = (2 * 60 * 1000),
+    auth_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> str:
+    ...
+```
+
+Synapse will log a warning when a module uses the deprecated method, to help
+administrators find modules using it.
+
+
 # Upgrading to v1.68.0
 
-As announced in the upgrade notes for v1.67.0, Synapse now requires a SQLite
-version of 3.27.0 or higher if SQLite is in use and source checkouts of Synapse
-now require a recent Rust compiler.
+Two changes announced in the upgrade notes for v1.67.0 have now landed in v1.68.0.
 
+## SQLite version requirement
+
+Synapse now requires a SQLite version of 3.27.0 or higher if SQLite is configured as
+Synapse's database.
+
+Installations using
+
+- Docker images [from `matrixdotorg`](https://hub.docker.com/r/matrixdotorg/synapse),
+- Debian packages [from Matrix.org](https://packages.matrix.org/), or
+- a PostgreSQL database
+
+are not affected.
+
+## Rust requirement when building from source.
+
+Building from a source checkout of Synapse now requires a recent Rust compiler
+(currently Rust 1.58.1, but see also the
+[Platform Dependency Policy](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/deprecation_policy.html)).
+
+Installations using
+
+- Docker images [from `matrixdotorg`](https://hub.docker.com/r/matrixdotorg/synapse),
+- Debian packages [from Matrix.org](https://packages.matrix.org/), or
+- PyPI wheels via `pip install matrix-synapse` (on supported platforms and architectures)
+
+will not be affected.
 
 # Upgrading to v1.67.0
 
@@ -128,12 +278,12 @@ The simplest way of installing Rust is via [rustup.rs](https://rustup.rs/)
 
 ## SQLite version requirement in the next release
 
-From the next major release (v1.68.0) Synapse will require SQLite 3.27.0 or 
+From the next major release (v1.68.0) Synapse will require SQLite 3.27.0 or
 higher. Synapse v1.67.0 will be the last major release supporting SQLite
 versions 3.22 to 3.26.
 
 Those using Docker images or Debian packages from Matrix.org will not be
-affected. If you have installed from source, you should check the version of 
+affected. If you have installed from source, you should check the version of
 SQLite used by Python with:
 
 ```shell
diff --git a/docs/usage/administration/monthly_active_users.md b/docs/usage/administration/monthly_active_users.md
index d4e9037284..b1da6f17c2 100644
--- a/docs/usage/administration/monthly_active_users.md
+++ b/docs/usage/administration/monthly_active_users.md
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@ When a request is blocked, the response will have the `errcode` `M_RESOURCE_LIMI
 
 Synapse records several different prometheus metrics for MAU.
 
-`synapse_admin_mau:current` records the current MAU figure for native (non-application-service) users.
+`synapse_admin_mau_current` records the current MAU figure for native (non-application-service) users.
 
-`synapse_admin_mau:max` records the maximum MAU as dictated by the `max_mau_value` config value.
+`synapse_admin_mau_max` records the maximum MAU as dictated by the `max_mau_value` config value.
 
 `synapse_admin_mau_current_mau_by_service` records the current MAU including application service users. The label `app_service` can be used
 to filter by a specific service ID. This *also* includes non-application-service users under `app_service=native` .
 
-`synapse_admin_mau:registered_reserved_users` records the number of users specified in `mau_limits_reserved_threepids` which have
+`synapse_admin_mau_registered_reserved_users` records the number of users specified in `mau_limits_reserved_threepids` which have
 registered accounts on the homeserver.
diff --git a/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md b/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md
index 77069f28a7..ed07e2180a 100644
--- a/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md
+++ b/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ modules:
     config: {}
 ```
 ---
-## Server ##
+## Server
 
 Define your homeserver name and other base options.
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ including _matrix/...). This is the same URL a user might enter into the
 'Custom Homeserver URL' field on their client. If you use Synapse with a
 reverse proxy, this should be the URL to reach Synapse via the proxy.
 Otherwise, it should be the URL to reach Synapse's client HTTP listener (see
-'listeners' below).
+['listeners'](#listeners) below).
 
 Defaults to `https://<server_name>/`.
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ This will tell other servers to send traffic to port 443 instead.
 
 This option currently defaults to false.
 
-See https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/delegate.html for more
+See [Delegation of incoming federation traffic](../../delegate.md) for more
 information.
 
 Example configuration:
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ Example configuration:
 delete_stale_devices_after: 1y
 ```
 
-## Homeserver blocking ##
+## Homeserver blocking
 Useful options for Synapse admins.
 
 ---
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ retention:
       interval: 1d
 ```
 ---
-## TLS ##
+## TLS
 
 Options related to TLS.
 
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ federation_custom_ca_list:
   - myCA3.pem
 ```
 ---
-## Federation ##
+## Federation
 
 Options related to federation.
 
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ Example configuration:
 allow_device_name_lookup_over_federation: true
 ```
 ---
-## Caching ##
+## Caching
 
 Options related to caching.
 
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ number of entries that can be stored.
 
 * `cache_autotuning` and its sub-options `max_cache_memory_usage`, `target_cache_memory_usage`, and
    `min_cache_ttl` work in conjunction with each other to maintain a balance between cache memory
-   usage and cache entry availability. You must be using [jemalloc](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse#help-synapse-is-slow-and-eats-all-my-ramcpu)
+   usage and cache entry availability. You must be using [jemalloc](../administration/admin_faq.md#help-synapse-is-slow-and-eats-all-my-ramcpu)
    to utilize this option, and all three of the options must be specified for this feature to work. This option
    defaults to off, enable it by providing values for the sub-options listed below. Please note that the feature will not work
    and may cause unstable behavior (such as excessive emptying of caches or exceptions) if all of the values are not provided.
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ file in Synapse's `contrib` directory, you can send a `SIGHUP` signal by using
 `systemctl reload matrix-synapse`.
 
 ---
-## Database ##
+## Database
 Config options related to database settings.
 
 ---
@@ -1333,20 +1333,21 @@ databases:
       cp_max: 10
 ```
 ---
-## Logging ##
+## Logging
 Config options related to logging.
 
 ---
 ### `log_config`
 
-This option specifies a yaml python logging config file as described [here](https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema).
+This option specifies a yaml python logging config file as described
+[here](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema).
 
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
 log_config: "CONFDIR/SERVERNAME.log.config"
 ```
 ---
-## Ratelimiting ##
+## Ratelimiting
 Options related to ratelimiting in Synapse.
 
 Each ratelimiting configuration is made of two parameters:
@@ -1577,7 +1578,7 @@ Example configuration:
 federation_rr_transactions_per_room_per_second: 40
 ```
 ---
-## Media Store ##
+## Media Store
 Config options related to Synapse's media store.
 
 ---
@@ -1767,7 +1768,7 @@ url_preview_ip_range_blacklist:
   - 'ff00::/8'
   - 'fec0::/10'
 ```
-----
+---
 ### `url_preview_ip_range_whitelist`
 
 This option sets a list of IP address CIDR ranges that the URL preview spider is allowed
@@ -1861,7 +1862,7 @@ Example configuration:
    - 'fr;q=0.8'
    - '*;q=0.7'
 ```
-----
+---
 ### `oembed`
 
 oEmbed allows for easier embedding content from a website. It can be
@@ -1878,7 +1879,7 @@ oembed:
     - oembed/my_providers.json
 ```
 ---
-## Captcha ##
+## Captcha
 
 See [here](../../CAPTCHA_SETUP.md) for full details on setting up captcha.
 
@@ -1927,7 +1928,7 @@ Example configuration:
 recaptcha_siteverify_api: "https://my.recaptcha.site"
 ```
 ---
-## TURN ##
+## TURN
 Options related to adding a TURN server to Synapse.
 
 ---
@@ -1948,7 +1949,7 @@ Example configuration:
 ```yaml
 turn_shared_secret: "YOUR_SHARED_SECRET"
 ```
-----
+---
 ### `turn_username` and `turn_password`
 
 The Username and password if the TURN server needs them and does not use a token.
@@ -2089,7 +2090,7 @@ set.
 
 This is primarily intended for use with the `register_new_matrix_user` script
 (see [Registering a user](../../setup/installation.md#registering-a-user));
-however, the interface is [documented](../admin_api/register_api.html).
+however, the interface is [documented](../../admin_api/register_api.html).
 
 See also [`registration_shared_secret_path`](#registration_shared_secret_path).
 
@@ -2230,6 +2231,9 @@ homeserver. If the room already exists, make certain it is a publicly joinable
 room, i.e. the join rule of the room must be set to 'public'. You can find more options
 relating to auto-joining rooms below.
 
+As Spaces are just rooms under the hood, Space aliases may also be
+used.
+
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
 auto_join_rooms:
@@ -2241,7 +2245,7 @@ auto_join_rooms:
 
 Where `auto_join_rooms` are specified, setting this flag ensures that
 the rooms exist by creating them when the first user on the
-homeserver registers.
+homeserver registers. This option will not create Spaces.
 
 By default the auto-created rooms are publicly joinable from any federated
 server. Use the `autocreate_auto_join_rooms_federated` and
@@ -2259,7 +2263,7 @@ autocreate_auto_join_rooms: false
 ---
 ### `autocreate_auto_join_rooms_federated`
 
-Whether the rooms listen in `auto_join_rooms` that are auto-created are available
+Whether the rooms listed in `auto_join_rooms` that are auto-created are available
 via federation. Only has an effect if `autocreate_auto_join_rooms` is true.
 
 Note that whether a room is federated cannot be modified after
@@ -2364,7 +2368,7 @@ Example configuration:
 ```yaml
 session_lifetime: 24h
 ```
-----
+---
 ### `refresh_access_token_lifetime`
 
 Time that an access token remains valid for, if the session is using refresh tokens.
@@ -2420,7 +2424,7 @@ nonrefreshable_access_token_lifetime: 24h
 ```
 
 ---
-## Metrics ###
+## Metrics
 Config options related to metrics.
 
 ---
@@ -2434,6 +2438,31 @@ Example configuration:
 enable_metrics: true
 ```
 ---
+### `enable_legacy_metrics`
+
+Set to `true` to publish both legacy and non-legacy Prometheus metric names,
+or to `false` to only publish non-legacy Prometheus metric names.
+Defaults to `false`. Has no effect if `enable_metrics` is `false`.
+**In Synapse v1.67.0 up to and including Synapse v1.70.1, this defaulted to `true`.**
+
+Legacy metric names include:
+- metrics containing colons in the name, such as `synapse_util_caches_response_cache:hits`, because colons are supposed to be reserved for user-defined recording rules;
+- counters that don't end with the `_total` suffix, such as `synapse_federation_client_sent_edus`, therefore not adhering to the OpenMetrics standard.
+
+These legacy metric names are unconventional and not compliant with OpenMetrics standards.
+They are included for backwards compatibility.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+enable_legacy_metrics: false
+```
+
+See https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11106 for context.
+
+*Since v1.67.0.*
+
+**Will be removed in v1.73.0.**
+---
 ### `sentry`
 
 Use this option to enable sentry integration. Provide the DSN assigned to you by sentry
@@ -2492,7 +2521,7 @@ Example configuration:
 report_stats_endpoint: https://example.com/report-usage-stats/push
 ```
 ---
-## API Configuration ##
+## API Configuration
 Config settings related to the client/server API
 
 ---
@@ -2592,7 +2621,7 @@ Example configuration:
 form_secret: <PRIVATE STRING>
 ```
 ---
-## Signing Keys ##
+## Signing Keys
 Config options relating to signing keys
 
 ---
@@ -2653,6 +2682,12 @@ is still supported for backwards-compatibility, but it is deprecated.
 warning on start-up. To suppress this warning, set
 `suppress_key_server_warning` to true.
 
+If the use of a trusted key server has to be deactivated, e.g. in a private
+federation or for privacy reasons, this can be realised by setting
+an empty array (`trusted_key_servers: []`). Then Synapse will request the keys
+directly from the server that owns the keys. If Synapse does not get keys directly
+from the server, the events of this server will be rejected.
+
 Options for each entry in the list include:
 * `server_name`: the name of the server. Required.
 * `verify_keys`: an optional map from key id to base64-encoded public key.
@@ -2701,7 +2736,7 @@ Example configuration:
 key_server_signing_keys_path: "key_server_signing_keys.key"
 ```
 ---
-## Single sign-on integration ##
+## Single sign-on integration
 
 The following settings can be used to make Synapse use a single sign-on
 provider for authentication, instead of its internal password database.
@@ -2950,7 +2985,7 @@ Options for each entry include:
 
      * `module`: The class name of a custom mapping module. Default is
        `synapse.handlers.oidc.JinjaOidcMappingProvider`.
-        See https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/sso_mapping_providers.html#openid-mapping-providers
+        See [OpenID Mapping Providers](../../sso_mapping_providers.md#openid-mapping-providers)
         for information on implementing a custom mapping provider.
 
      * `config`: Configuration for the mapping provider module. This section will
@@ -2987,6 +3022,15 @@ Options for each entry include:
      which is set to the claims returned by the UserInfo Endpoint and/or
      in the ID Token.
 
+* `backchannel_logout_enabled`: set to `true` to process OIDC Back-Channel Logout notifications. 
+  Those notifications are expected to be received on `/_synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout`.
+  Defaults to `false`.
+
+* `backchannel_logout_ignore_sub`: by default, the OIDC Back-Channel Logout feature checks that the
+  `sub` claim matches the subject claim received during login. This check can be disabled by setting
+  this to `true`. Defaults to `false`.
+
+  You might want to disable this if the `subject_claim` returned by the mapping provider is not `sub`.
 
 It is possible to configure Synapse to only allow logins if certain attributes
 match particular values in the OIDC userinfo. The requirements can be listed under
@@ -3321,7 +3365,7 @@ email:
     email_validation: "[%(server_name)s] Validate your email"
 ```
 ---
-## Push ##
+## Push
 Configuration settings related to push notifications
 
 ---
@@ -3354,11 +3398,11 @@ push:
   group_unread_count_by_room: false
 ```
 ---
-## Rooms ##
+## Rooms
 Config options relating to rooms.
 
 ---
-### `encryption_enabled_by_default`
+### `encryption_enabled_by_default_for_room_type`
 
 Controls whether locally-created rooms should be end-to-end encrypted by
 default.
@@ -3391,13 +3435,15 @@ This option has the following sub-options:
    the user directory. If false, search results will only contain users
     visible in public rooms and users sharing a room with the requester.
     Defaults to false.
+
     NB. If you set this to true, and the last time the user_directory search
     indexes were (re)built was before Synapse 1.44, you'll have to
     rebuild the indexes in order to search through all known users.
+    
     These indexes are built the first time Synapse starts; admins can
-    manually trigger a rebuild via API following the instructions at
-         https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/administration/admin_api/background_updates.html#run
-    Set to true to return search results containing all known users, even if that
+    manually trigger a rebuild via the API following the instructions
+    [for running background updates](../administration/admin_api/background_updates.md#run),
+    set to true to return search results containing all known users, even if that
     user does not share a room with the requester.
 * `prefer_local_users`: Defines whether to prefer local users in search query results.
    If set to true, local users are more likely to appear above remote users when searching the
@@ -3512,9 +3558,9 @@ Example configuration:
 enable_room_list_search: false
 ```
 ---
-### `alias_creation`
+### `alias_creation_rules`
 
-The `alias_creation` option controls who is allowed to create aliases
+The `alias_creation_rules` option controls who is allowed to create aliases
 on this server.
 
 The format of this option is a list of rules that contain globs that
@@ -3598,7 +3644,7 @@ default_power_level_content_override:
 ```
 
 ---
-## Tracing ##
+## Tracing
 Configuration options related to tracing support.
 
 ---
@@ -3644,14 +3690,71 @@ tracing:
       #collector_endpoint: "http://localhost:14268/api/traces?format=jaeger.thrift"
 ```
 ---
-## Workers ##
-Configuration options related to workers.
+## Coordinating workers
+Configuration options related to workers which belong in the main config file
+(usually called `homeserver.yaml`).
+A Synapse deployment can scale horizontally by running multiple Synapse processes
+called _workers_. Incoming requests are distributed between workers to handle higher
+loads. Some workers are privileged and can accept requests from other workers.
 
+As a result, the worker configuration is divided into two parts.
+
+1. The first part (in this section of the manual) defines which shardable tasks
+   are delegated to privileged workers. This allows unprivileged workers to make
+   request a privileged worker to act on their behalf.
+1. [The second part](#individual-worker-configuration)
+   controls the behaviour of individual workers in isolation.
+
+For guidance on setting up workers, see the [worker documentation](../../workers.md).
+
+---
+### `worker_replication_secret`
+
+A shared secret used by the replication APIs on the main process to authenticate
+HTTP requests from workers.
+
+The default, this value is omitted (equivalently `null`), which means that 
+traffic between the workers and the main process is not authenticated.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_replication_secret: "secret_secret"
+```
+---
+### `start_pushers`
+
+Controls sending of push notifications on the main process. Set to `false`
+if using a [pusher worker](../../workers.md#synapseapppusher). Defaults to `true`.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+start_pushers: false
+```
+---
+### `pusher_instances`
+
+It is possible to run multiple [pusher workers](../../workers.md#synapseapppusher),
+in which case the work is balanced across them. Use this setting to list the pushers by
+[`worker_name`](#worker_name). Ensure the main process and all pusher workers are
+restarted after changing this option.
+
+If no or only one pusher worker is configured, this setting is not necessary.
+The main process will send out push notifications by default if you do not disable
+it by setting [`start_pushers: false`](#start_pushers).
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+start_pushers: false
+pusher_instances:
+  - pusher_worker1
+  - pusher_worker2
+```
 ---
 ### `send_federation`
 
 Controls sending of outbound federation transactions on the main process.
-Set to false if using a federation sender worker. Defaults to true.
+Set to `false` if using a [federation sender worker](../../workers.md#synapseappfederation_sender).
+Defaults to `true`.
 
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
@@ -3660,8 +3763,9 @@ send_federation: false
 ---
 ### `federation_sender_instances`
 
-It is possible to run multiple federation sender workers, in which case the
-work is balanced across them. Use this setting to list the senders.
+It is possible to run multiple
+[federation sender worker](../../workers.md#synapseappfederation_sender), in which
+case the work is balanced across them. Use this setting to list the senders.
 
 This configuration setting must be shared between all federation sender workers, and if
 changed all federation sender workers must be stopped at the same time and then
@@ -3670,14 +3774,19 @@ events may be dropped).
 
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
+send_federation: false
 federation_sender_instances:
   - federation_sender1
 ```
 ---
 ### `instance_map`
 
-When using workers this should be a map from worker name to the
+When using workers this should be a map from [`worker_name`](#worker_name) to the
 HTTP replication listener of the worker, if configured.
+Each worker declared under [`stream_writers`](../../workers.md#stream-writers) needs 
+a HTTP replication listener, and that listener should be included in the `instance_map`.
+(The main process also needs an HTTP replication listener, but it should not be 
+listed in the `instance_map`.)
 
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
@@ -3690,8 +3799,11 @@ instance_map:
 ### `stream_writers`
 
 Experimental: When using workers you can define which workers should
-handle event persistence and typing notifications. Any worker
-specified here must also be in the `instance_map`.
+handle writing to streams such as event persistence and typing notifications.
+Any worker specified here must also be in the [`instance_map`](#instance_map).
+
+See the list of available streams in the
+[worker documentation](../../workers.md#stream-writers).
 
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
@@ -3702,29 +3814,18 @@ stream_writers:
 ---
 ### `run_background_tasks_on`
 
-The worker that is used to run background tasks (e.g. cleaning up expired
-data). If not provided this defaults to the main process.
+The [worker](../../workers.md#background-tasks) that is used to run
+background tasks (e.g. cleaning up expired data). If not provided this
+defaults to the main process.
 
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
 run_background_tasks_on: worker1
 ```
 ---
-### `worker_replication_secret`
-
-A shared secret used by the replication APIs to authenticate HTTP requests
-from workers.
-
-By default this is unused and traffic is not authenticated.
-
-Example configuration:
-```yaml
-worker_replication_secret: "secret_secret"
-```
 ### `redis`
 
-Configuration for Redis when using workers. This *must* be enabled when
-using workers (unless using old style direct TCP configuration).
+Configuration for Redis when using workers. This *must* be enabled when using workers.
 This setting has the following sub-options:
 * `enabled`: whether to use Redis support. Defaults to false.
 * `host` and `port`: Optional host and port to use to connect to redis. Defaults to
@@ -3739,7 +3840,143 @@ redis:
   port: 6379
   password: <secret_password>
 ```
-## Background Updates ##
+---
+## Individual worker configuration
+These options configure an individual worker, in its worker configuration file.
+They should be not be provided when configuring the main process.
+
+Note also the configuration above for
+[coordinating a cluster of workers](#coordinating-workers).
+
+For guidance on setting up workers, see the [worker documentation](../../workers.md).
+
+---
+### `worker_app`
+
+The type of worker. The currently available worker applications are listed
+in [worker documentation](../../workers.md#available-worker-applications).
+
+The most common worker is the
+[`synapse.app.generic_worker`](../../workers.md#synapseappgeneric_worker).
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_app: synapse.app.generic_worker
+```
+---
+### `worker_name`
+
+A unique name for the worker. The worker needs a name to be addressed in
+further parameters and identification in log files. We strongly recommend
+giving each worker a unique `worker_name`.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_name: generic_worker1
+```
+---
+### `worker_replication_host`
+
+The HTTP replication endpoint that it should talk to on the main Synapse process.
+The main Synapse process defines this with a `replication` resource in
+[`listeners` option](#listeners).
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_replication_host: 127.0.0.1
+```
+---
+### `worker_replication_http_port`
+
+The HTTP replication port that it should talk to on the main Synapse process.
+The main Synapse process defines this with a `replication` resource in
+[`listeners` option](#listeners).
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_replication_http_port: 9093
+```
+---
+### `worker_replication_http_tls`
+
+Whether TLS should be used for talking to the HTTP replication port on the main
+Synapse process.
+The main Synapse process defines this with the `tls` option on its [listener](#listeners) that
+has the `replication` resource enabled.
+
+**Please note:** by default, it is not safe to expose replication ports to the
+public Internet, even with TLS enabled.
+See [`worker_replication_secret`](#worker_replication_secret).
+
+Defaults to `false`.
+
+*Added in Synapse 1.72.0.*
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_replication_http_tls: true
+```
+---
+### `worker_listeners`
+
+A worker can handle HTTP requests. To do so, a `worker_listeners` option 
+must be declared, in the same way as the [`listeners` option](#listeners) 
+in the shared config.
+
+Workers declared in [`stream_writers`](#stream_writers) will need to include a
+`replication` listener here, in order to accept internal HTTP requests from
+other workers.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_listeners:
+  - type: http
+    port: 8083
+    resources:
+      - names: [client, federation]
+```
+---
+### `worker_daemonize`
+
+Specifies whether the worker should be started as a daemon process.
+If Synapse is being managed by [systemd](../../systemd-with-workers/README.md), this option 
+must be omitted or set to `false`.
+
+Defaults to `false`.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_daemonize: true
+```
+---
+### `worker_pid_file`
+
+When running a worker as a daemon, we need a place to store the 
+[PID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier) of the worker.
+This option defines the location of that "pid file".
+
+This option is required if `worker_daemonize` is `true` and ignored 
+otherwise. It has no default.
+
+See also the [`pid_file` option](#pid_file) option for the main Synapse process.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_pid_file: DATADIR/generic_worker1.pid
+```
+---
+### `worker_log_config`
+
+This option specifies a yaml python logging config file as described
+[here](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema).
+See also the [`log_config` option](#log_config) option for the main Synapse process.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+worker_log_config: /etc/matrix-synapse/generic-worker-log.yaml
+```
+---
+## Background Updates
 Configuration settings related to background updates.
 
 ---
diff --git a/docs/workers.md b/docs/workers.md
index 40b1852313..27e54c5846 100644
--- a/docs/workers.md
+++ b/docs/workers.md
@@ -88,11 +88,12 @@ shared configuration file.
 ### Shared configuration
 
 Normally, only a couple of changes are needed to make an existing configuration
-file suitable for use with workers. First, you need to enable an "HTTP replication
-listener" for the main process; and secondly, you need to enable redis-based
-replication. Optionally, a shared secret can be used to authenticate HTTP
-traffic between workers. For example:
-
+file suitable for use with workers. First, you need to enable an
+["HTTP replication listener"](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners)
+for the main process; and secondly, you need to enable
+[redis-based replication](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#redis).
+Optionally, a [shared secret](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_secret)
+can be used to authenticate HTTP traffic between workers. For example:
 
 ```yaml
 # extend the existing `listeners` section. This defines the ports that the
@@ -112,26 +113,30 @@ redis:
     enabled: true
 ```
 
-See the [configuration manual](usage/configuration/config_documentation.html) for the full documentation of each option.
+See the [configuration manual](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md)
+for the full documentation of each option.
 
 Under **no circumstances** should the replication listener be exposed to the
 public internet; replication traffic is:
 
 * always unencrypted
-* unauthenticated, unless `worker_replication_secret` is configured
+* unauthenticated, unless [`worker_replication_secret`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_secret)
+  is configured
 
 
 ### Worker configuration
 
 In the config file for each worker, you must specify:
- * The type of worker (`worker_app`). The currently available worker applications are listed below.
- * A unique name for the worker (`worker_name`).
+ * The type of worker ([`worker_app`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_app)).
+   The currently available worker applications are listed [below](#available-worker-applications).
+ * A unique name for the worker ([`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name)).
  * The HTTP replication endpoint that it should talk to on the main synapse process
-   (`worker_replication_host` and `worker_replication_http_port`)
- * If handling HTTP requests, a `worker_listeners` option with an `http`
-   listener, in the same way as the `listeners` option in the shared config.
- * If handling the `^/_matrix/client/v3/keys/upload` endpoint, the HTTP URI for
-   the main process (`worker_main_http_uri`).
+   ([`worker_replication_host`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_host) and
+   [`worker_replication_http_port`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_http_port)).
+ * If handling HTTP requests, a [`worker_listeners`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_listeners) option
+   with an `http` listener.
+ * **Synapse 1.72 and older:** if handling the `^/_matrix/client/v3/keys/upload` endpoint, the HTTP URI for
+   the main process (`worker_main_http_uri`). This config option is no longer required and is ignored when running Synapse 1.73 and newer.
 
 For example:
 
@@ -146,7 +151,6 @@ plain HTTP endpoint on port 8083 separately serving various endpoints, e.g.
 Obviously you should configure your reverse-proxy to route the relevant
 endpoints to the worker (`localhost:8083` in the above example).
 
-
 ### Running Synapse with workers
 
 Finally, you need to start your worker processes. This can be done with either
@@ -203,6 +207,8 @@ information.
     ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/members$
     ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/state$
     ^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/.*/hierarchy$
+    ^/_matrix/client/(v1|unstable)/rooms/.*/relations/
+    ^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/.*/threads$
     ^/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc2716/rooms/.*/batch_send$
     ^/_matrix/client/unstable/im.nheko.summary/rooms/.*/summary$
     ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/account/3pid$
@@ -215,7 +221,6 @@ information.
     ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/search$
 
     # Encryption requests
-    # Note that ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/upload/ requires `worker_main_http_uri`
     ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/query$
     ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/changes$
     ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/claim$
@@ -285,8 +290,10 @@ For multiple workers not handling the SSO endpoints properly, see
 [#7530](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7530) and
 [#9427](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/9427).
 
-Note that a HTTP listener with `client` and `federation` resources must be
-configured in the `worker_listeners` option in the worker config.
+Note that a [HTTP listener](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners)
+with `client` and `federation` `resources` must be configured in the
+[`worker_listeners`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_listeners)
+option in the worker config.
 
 #### Load balancing
 
@@ -297,9 +304,11 @@ may wish to run multiple groups of workers handling different endpoints so that
 load balancing can be done in different ways.
 
 For `/sync` and `/initialSync` requests it will be more efficient if all
-requests from a particular user are routed to a single instance. Extracting a
-user ID from the access token or `Authorization` header is currently left as an
-exercise for the reader. Admins may additionally wish to separate out `/sync`
+requests from a particular user are routed to a single instance. This can
+be done e.g. in nginx via IP `hash $http_x_forwarded_for;` or via
+`hash $http_authorization consistent;` which contains the users access token.
+
+Admins may additionally wish to separate out `/sync`
 requests that have a `since` query parameter from those that don't (and
 `/initialSync`), as requests that don't are known as "initial sync" that happens
 when a user logs in on a new device and can be *very* resource intensive, so
@@ -326,10 +335,12 @@ effects of bursts of events from that bridge on events sent by normal users.
 Additionally, the writing of specific streams (such as events) can be moved off
 of the main process to a particular worker.
 
-To enable this, the worker must have a HTTP replication listener configured,
-have a `worker_name` and be listed in the `instance_map` config. The same worker
-can handle multiple streams, but unless otherwise documented, each stream can only
-have a single writer.
+To enable this, the worker must have a
+[HTTP `replication` listener](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners) configured,
+have a [`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name)
+and be listed in the [`instance_map`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#instance_map)
+config. The same worker can handle multiple streams, but unless otherwise documented,
+each stream can only have a single writer.
 
 For example, to move event persistence off to a dedicated worker, the shared
 configuration would include:
@@ -356,9 +367,26 @@ streams and the endpoints associated with them:
 
 ##### The `events` stream
 
-The `events` stream experimentally supports having multiple writers, where work
-is sharded between them by room ID. Note that you *must* restart all worker
-instances when adding or removing event persisters. An example `stream_writers`
+The `events` stream experimentally supports having multiple writer workers, where load
+is sharded between them by room ID. Each writer is called an _event persister_. They are
+responsible for
+- receiving new events,
+- linking them to those already in the room [DAG](development/room-dag-concepts.md),
+- persisting them to the DB, and finally
+- updating the events stream.
+
+Because load is sharded in this way, you *must* restart all worker instances when
+adding or removing event persisters.
+
+An `event_persister` should not be mistaken for an `event_creator`.
+An `event_creator` listens for requests from clients to create new events and does
+so. It will then pass those events over HTTP replication to any configured event
+persisters (or the main process if none are configured).
+
+Note that `event_creator`s and `event_persister`s are implemented using the same
+[`synapse.app.generic_worker`](#synapse.app.generic_worker).
+
+An example [`stream_writers`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#stream_writers)
 configuration with multiple writers:
 
 ```yaml
@@ -410,18 +438,20 @@ the stream writer for the `presence` stream:
 There is also support for moving background tasks to a separate
 worker. Background tasks are run periodically or started via replication. Exactly
 which tasks are configured to run depends on your Synapse configuration (e.g. if
-stats is enabled).
+stats is enabled). This worker doesn't handle any REST endpoints itself.
 
-To enable this, the worker must have a `worker_name` and can be configured to run
-background tasks. For example, to move background tasks to a dedicated worker,
-the shared configuration would include:
+To enable this, the worker must have a unique
+[`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name)
+and can be configured to run background tasks. For example, to move background tasks
+to a dedicated worker, the shared configuration would include:
 
 ```yaml
 run_background_tasks_on: background_worker
 ```
 
-You might also wish to investigate the `update_user_directory_from_worker` and
-`media_instance_running_background_jobs` settings.
+You might also wish to investigate the
+[`update_user_directory_from_worker`](#updating-the-user-directory) and
+[`media_instance_running_background_jobs`](#synapseappmedia_repository) settings.
 
 An example for a dedicated background worker instance:
 
@@ -457,8 +487,8 @@ worker application type.
 #### Notifying Application Services
 
 You can designate one generic worker to send output traffic to Application Services.
-
-Specify its name in the shared configuration as follows:
+Doesn't handle any REST endpoints itself, but you should specify its name in the
+shared configuration as follows:
 
 ```yaml
 notify_appservices_from_worker: worker_name
@@ -474,18 +504,28 @@ worker application type.
 ### `synapse.app.pusher`
 
 Handles sending push notifications to sygnal and email. Doesn't handle any
-REST endpoints itself, but you should set `start_pushers: False` in the
+REST endpoints itself, but you should set
+[`start_pushers: false`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#start_pushers) in the
 shared configuration file to stop the main synapse sending push notifications.
 
-To run multiple instances at once the `pusher_instances` option should list all
-pusher instances by their worker name, e.g.:
+To run multiple instances at once the
+[`pusher_instances`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#pusher_instances)
+option should list all pusher instances by their
+[`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name), e.g.:
 
 ```yaml
+start_pushers: false
 pusher_instances:
     - pusher_worker1
     - pusher_worker2
 ```
 
+An example for a pusher instance:
+
+```yaml
+{{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/pusher_worker.yaml}}
+```
+
 
 ### `synapse.app.appservice`
 
@@ -502,20 +542,31 @@ Note this worker cannot be load-balanced: only one instance should be active.
 ### `synapse.app.federation_sender`
 
 Handles sending federation traffic to other servers. Doesn't handle any
-REST endpoints itself, but you should set `send_federation: False` in the
-shared configuration file to stop the main synapse sending this traffic.
+REST endpoints itself, but you should set
+[`send_federation: false`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#send_federation)
+in the shared configuration file to stop the main synapse sending this traffic.
 
 If running multiple federation senders then you must list each
-instance in the `federation_sender_instances` option by their `worker_name`.
+instance in the
+[`federation_sender_instances`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#federation_sender_instances)
+option by their
+[`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name).
 All instances must be stopped and started when adding or removing instances.
 For example:
 
 ```yaml
+send_federation: false
 federation_sender_instances:
     - federation_sender1
     - federation_sender2
 ```
 
+An example for a federation sender instance:
+
+```yaml
+{{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/federation_sender.yaml}}
+```
+
 ### `synapse.app.media_repository`
 
 Handles the media repository. It can handle all endpoints starting with:
@@ -531,21 +582,19 @@ Handles the media repository. It can handle all endpoints starting with:
     ^/_synapse/admin/v1/quarantine_media/.*$
     ^/_synapse/admin/v1/users/.*/media$
 
-You should also set `enable_media_repo: False` in the shared configuration
+You should also set
+[`enable_media_repo: False`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#enable_media_repo)
+in the shared configuration
 file to stop the main synapse running background jobs related to managing the
 media repository. Note that doing so will prevent the main process from being
 able to handle the above endpoints.
 
-In the `media_repository` worker configuration file, configure the http listener to
+In the `media_repository` worker configuration file, configure the
+[HTTP listener](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners) to
 expose the `media` resource. For example:
 
 ```yaml
-worker_listeners:
- - type: http
-   port: 8085
-   resources:
-     - names:
-       - media
+{{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/media_worker.yaml}}
 ```
 
 Note that if running multiple media repositories they must be on the same server
diff --git a/mypy.ini b/mypy.ini
index 533ebd4997..72051fc5a0 100644
--- a/mypy.ini
+++ b/mypy.ini
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ warn_unused_ignores = True
 local_partial_types = True
 no_implicit_optional = True
 disallow_untyped_defs = True
+strict_equality = True
 
 files =
   docker/,
@@ -56,7 +57,6 @@ exclude = (?x)
    |tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py
    |tests/server.py
    |tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
-   |tests/test_metrics.py
    |tests/test_state.py
    |tests/test_terms_auth.py
    |tests/util/caches/test_cached_call.py
@@ -106,12 +106,21 @@ disallow_untyped_defs = False
 [mypy-tests.handlers.test_user_directory]
 disallow_untyped_defs = True
 
+[mypy-tests.metrics.test_background_process_metrics]
+disallow_untyped_defs = True
+
+[mypy-tests.push.test_bulk_push_rule_evaluator]
+disallow_untyped_defs = True
+
 [mypy-tests.test_server]
 disallow_untyped_defs = True
 
 [mypy-tests.state.test_profile]
 disallow_untyped_defs = True
 
+[mypy-tests.storage.test_id_generators]
+disallow_untyped_defs = True
+
 [mypy-tests.storage.test_profile]
 disallow_untyped_defs = True
 
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index a106a972f1..5267ba1b36 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,34 +1,31 @@
 [[package]]
 name = "attrs"
-version = "21.4.0"
+version = "22.1.0"
 description = "Classes Without Boilerplate"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
+python-versions = ">=3.5"
 
 [package.extras]
-dev = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "furo", "hypothesis", "mypy", "pre-commit", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "six", "sphinx", "sphinx-notfound-page", "zope.interface"]
+dev = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "furo", "hypothesis", "mypy (>=0.900,!=0.940)", "pre-commit", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "sphinx", "sphinx-notfound-page", "zope.interface"]
 docs = ["furo", "sphinx", "sphinx-notfound-page", "zope.interface"]
-tests = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "mypy", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "six", "zope.interface"]
-tests_no_zope = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "mypy", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "six"]
+tests = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "mypy (>=0.900,!=0.940)", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "zope.interface"]
+tests-no-zope = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "mypy (>=0.900,!=0.940)", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins"]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "authlib"
-version = "0.15.5"
-description = "The ultimate Python library in building OAuth and OpenID Connect servers."
+name = "Authlib"
+version = "1.1.0"
+description = "The ultimate Python library in building OAuth and OpenID Connect servers and clients."
 category = "main"
 optional = true
 python-versions = "*"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-cryptography = "*"
-
-[package.extras]
-client = ["requests"]
+cryptography = ">=3.2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "automat"
-version = "20.2.0"
+version = "22.10.0"
 description = "Self-service finite-state machines for the programmer on the go."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -43,34 +40,30 @@ visualize = ["Twisted (>=16.1.1)", "graphviz (>0.5.1)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bcrypt"
-version = "3.2.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 description = "Modern password hashing for your software and your servers"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
-[package.dependencies]
-cffi = ">=1.1"
-six = ">=1.4.1"
-
 [package.extras]
 tests = ["pytest (>=3.2.1,!=3.3.0)"]
 typecheck = ["mypy"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "black"
-version = "22.3.0"
+version = "22.10.0"
 description = "The uncompromising code formatter."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6.2"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 click = ">=8.0.0"
 mypy-extensions = ">=0.4.3"
 pathspec = ">=0.9.0"
 platformdirs = ">=2"
-tomli = {version = ">=1.1.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
+tomli = {version = ">=1.1.0", markers = "python_full_version < \"3.11.0a7\""}
 typed-ast = {version = ">=1.4.2", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\" and implementation_name == \"cpython\""}
 typing-extensions = {version = ">=3.10.0.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.10\""}
 
@@ -82,20 +75,23 @@ uvloop = ["uvloop (>=0.15.2)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bleach"
-version = "4.1.0"
+version = "5.0.1"
 description = "An easy safelist-based HTML-sanitizing tool."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-packaging = "*"
 six = ">=1.9.0"
 webencodings = "*"
 
+[package.extras]
+css = ["tinycss2 (>=1.1.0,<1.2)"]
+dev = ["Sphinx (==4.3.2)", "black (==22.3.0)", "build (==0.8.0)", "flake8 (==4.0.1)", "hashin (==0.17.0)", "mypy (==0.961)", "pip-tools (==6.6.2)", "pytest (==7.1.2)", "tox (==3.25.0)", "twine (==4.0.1)", "wheel (==0.37.1)"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "canonicaljson"
-version = "1.6.3"
+version = "1.6.4"
 description = "Canonical JSON"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -140,7 +136,7 @@ unicode_backport = ["unicodedata2"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "click"
-version = "8.1.1"
+version = "8.1.3"
 description = "Composable command line interface toolkit"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -190,7 +186,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cryptography"
-version = "36.0.1"
+version = "38.0.3"
 description = "cryptography is a package which provides cryptographic recipes and primitives to Python developers."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -200,12 +196,12 @@ python-versions = ">=3.6"
 cffi = ">=1.12"
 
 [package.extras]
-docs = ["sphinx (>=1.6.5,!=1.8.0,!=3.1.0,!=3.1.1)", "sphinx_rtd_theme"]
+docs = ["sphinx (>=1.6.5,!=1.8.0,!=3.1.0,!=3.1.1)", "sphinx-rtd-theme"]
 docstest = ["pyenchant (>=1.6.11)", "sphinxcontrib-spelling (>=4.0.1)", "twine (>=1.12.0)"]
 pep8test = ["black", "flake8", "flake8-import-order", "pep8-naming"]
-sdist = ["setuptools_rust (>=0.11.4)"]
+sdist = ["setuptools-rust (>=0.11.4)"]
 ssh = ["bcrypt (>=3.1.5)"]
-test = ["hypothesis (>=1.11.4,!=3.79.2)", "iso8601", "pretend", "pytest (>=6.2.0)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-subtests", "pytest-xdist", "pytz"]
+test = ["hypothesis (>=1.11.4,!=3.79.2)", "iso8601", "pretend", "pytest (>=6.2.0)", "pytest-benchmark", "pytest-cov", "pytest-subtests", "pytest-xdist", "pytz"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "defusedxml"
@@ -250,36 +246,36 @@ dev = ["Sphinx", "coverage", "flake8", "lxml", "memory-profiler", "mypy (==0.910
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flake8"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "5.0.4"
 description = "the modular source code checker: pep8 pyflakes and co"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.6.1"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-importlib-metadata = {version = "<4.3", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
-mccabe = ">=0.6.0,<0.7.0"
-pycodestyle = ">=2.8.0,<2.9.0"
-pyflakes = ">=2.4.0,<2.5.0"
+importlib-metadata = {version = ">=1.1.0,<4.3", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
+mccabe = ">=0.7.0,<0.8.0"
+pycodestyle = ">=2.9.0,<2.10.0"
+pyflakes = ">=2.5.0,<2.6.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flake8-bugbear"
-version = "21.3.2"
+version = "22.10.27"
 description = "A plugin for flake8 finding likely bugs and design problems in your program. Contains warnings that don't belong in pyflakes and pycodestyle."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 attrs = ">=19.2.0"
 flake8 = ">=3.0.0"
 
 [package.extras]
-dev = ["black", "coverage", "hypothesis", "hypothesmith"]
+dev = ["coverage", "hypothesis", "hypothesmith (>=0.2)", "pre-commit", "tox"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flake8-comprehensions"
-version = "3.8.0"
+version = "3.10.1"
 description = "A flake8 plugin to help you write better list/set/dict comprehensions."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -291,7 +287,7 @@ importlib-metadata = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
 
 [[package]]
 name = "frozendict"
-version = "2.3.3"
+version = "2.3.4"
 description = "A simple immutable dictionary"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -310,7 +306,7 @@ smmap = ">=3.0.1,<6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "gitpython"
-version = "3.1.27"
+version = "3.1.29"
 description = "GitPython is a python library used to interact with Git repositories"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -336,17 +332,17 @@ grpc = ["grpcio (>=1.0.0,<2.0.0dev)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "grpcio"
-version = "1.48.1"
+version = "1.50.0"
 description = "HTTP/2-based RPC framework"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 six = ">=1.5.2"
 
 [package.extras]
-protobuf = ["grpcio-tools (>=1.48.1)"]
+protobuf = ["grpcio-tools (>=1.50.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hiredis"
@@ -369,7 +365,7 @@ idna = ">=2.5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.3"
+version = "3.4"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -427,15 +423,16 @@ scripts = ["click (>=6.0)", "twisted (>=16.4.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "isort"
-version = "5.7.0"
+version = "5.10.1"
 description = "A Python utility / library to sort Python imports."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6,<4.0"
+python-versions = ">=3.6.1,<4.0"
 
 [package.extras]
 colors = ["colorama (>=0.4.3,<0.5.0)"]
 pipfile_deprecated_finder = ["pipreqs", "requirementslib"]
+plugins = ["setuptools"]
 requirements_deprecated_finder = ["pip-api", "pipreqs"]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -452,11 +449,11 @@ trio = ["async_generator", "trio"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jinja2"
-version = "3.0.3"
+version = "3.1.2"
 description = "A very fast and expressive template engine."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 MarkupSafe = ">=2.0"
@@ -466,7 +463,7 @@ i18n = ["Babel (>=2.7)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jsonschema"
-version = "4.4.0"
+version = "4.17.0"
 description = "An implementation of JSON Schema validation for Python"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -476,12 +473,13 @@ python-versions = ">=3.7"
 attrs = ">=17.4.0"
 importlib-metadata = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
 importlib-resources = {version = ">=1.4.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.9\""}
+pkgutil-resolve-name = {version = ">=1.3.10", markers = "python_version < \"3.9\""}
 pyrsistent = ">=0.14.0,<0.17.0 || >0.17.0,<0.17.1 || >0.17.1,<0.17.2 || >0.17.2"
 typing-extensions = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
 
 [package.extras]
 format = ["fqdn", "idna", "isoduration", "jsonpointer (>1.13)", "rfc3339-validator", "rfc3987", "uri-template", "webcolors (>=1.11)"]
-format_nongpl = ["fqdn", "idna", "isoduration", "jsonpointer (>1.13)", "rfc3339-validator", "rfc3986-validator (>0.1.0)", "uri-template", "webcolors (>=1.11)"]
+format-nongpl = ["fqdn", "idna", "isoduration", "jsonpointer (>1.13)", "rfc3339-validator", "rfc3986-validator (>0.1.0)", "uri-template", "webcolors (>=1.11)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "keyring"
@@ -568,27 +566,27 @@ dev = ["black (==22.3.0)", "flake8 (==4.0.1)", "isort (==5.9.3)", "ldaptor", "ma
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mccabe"
-version = "0.6.1"
+version = "0.7.0"
 description = "McCabe checker, plugin for flake8"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = "*"
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "msgpack"
-version = "1.0.3"
-description = "MessagePack (de)serializer."
+version = "1.0.4"
+description = "MessagePack serializer"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mypy"
-version = "0.950"
+version = "0.981"
 description = "Optional static typing for Python"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 mypy-extensions = ">=0.4.3"
@@ -611,14 +609,14 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mypy-zope"
-version = "0.3.7"
+version = "0.3.11"
 description = "Plugin for mypy to support zope interfaces"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-mypy = "0.950"
+mypy = "0.981"
 "zope.interface" = "*"
 "zope.schema" = "*"
 
@@ -635,35 +633,35 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-api"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.0"
 description = "OpenTelemetry Python API"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-Deprecated = ">=1.2.6"
+deprecated = ">=1.2.6"
 setuptools = ">=16.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.0"
 description = "Jaeger Exporters for OpenTelemetry"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger-proto-grpc = "1.12.0"
-opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger-thrift = "1.12.0"
+opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger-proto-grpc = "1.13.0"
+opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger-thrift = "1.13.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger-proto-grpc"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.0"
 description = "Jaeger Protobuf Exporter for OpenTelemetry"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 googleapis-common-protos = ">=1.52,<1.56.3"
@@ -673,11 +671,11 @@ opentelemetry-sdk = ">=1.11,<2.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger-thrift"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.0"
 description = "Jaeger Thrift Exporter for OpenTelemetry"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 opentelemetry-api = ">=1.3,<2.0"
@@ -686,25 +684,25 @@ thrift = ">=0.10.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-sdk"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.0"
 description = "OpenTelemetry Python SDK"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-opentelemetry-api = "1.12.0"
-opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.33b0"
+opentelemetry-api = "1.13.0"
+opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.34b0"
 setuptools = ">=16.0"
 typing-extensions = ">=3.7.4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "opentelemetry-semantic-conventions"
-version = "0.33b0"
+version = "0.34b0"
 description = "OpenTelemetry Semantic Conventions"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "packaging"
@@ -738,7 +736,7 @@ python-versions = "!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*,!=3.4.*,>=2.7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phonenumbers"
-version = "8.12.44"
+version = "8.12.56"
 description = "Python version of Google's common library for parsing, formatting, storing and validating international phone numbers."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -746,12 +744,16 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pillow"
-version = "9.0.1"
+version = "9.3.0"
 description = "Python Imaging Library (Fork)"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
+[package.extras]
+docs = ["furo", "olefile", "sphinx (>=2.4)", "sphinx-copybutton", "sphinx-issues (>=3.0.1)", "sphinx-removed-in", "sphinxext-opengraph"]
+tests = ["check-manifest", "coverage", "defusedxml", "markdown2", "olefile", "packaging", "pyroma", "pytest", "pytest-cov", "pytest-timeout"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pkginfo"
 version = "1.8.2"
@@ -763,6 +765,14 @@ python-versions = "*"
 [package.extras]
 testing = ["coverage", "nose"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pkgutil_resolve_name"
+version = "1.3.10"
+description = "Resolve a name to an object."
+category = "main"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "platformdirs"
 version = "2.5.1"
@@ -777,7 +787,7 @@ test = ["appdirs (==1.4.4)", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-cov (>=2.7)", "pytest-mock
 
 [[package]]
 name = "prometheus-client"
-version = "0.14.0"
+version = "0.15.0"
 description = "Python client for the Prometheus monitoring system."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -788,7 +798,7 @@ twisted = ["twisted"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "protobuf"
-version = "3.20.1"
+version = "3.20.3"
 description = "Protocol Buffers"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
@@ -796,7 +806,7 @@ python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "psycopg2"
-version = "2.9.3"
+version = "2.9.5"
 description = "psycopg2 - Python-PostgreSQL Database Adapter"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
@@ -846,11 +856,11 @@ pyasn1 = ">=0.4.6,<0.5.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pycodestyle"
-version = "2.8.0"
+version = "2.9.1"
 description = "Python style guide checker"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pycparser"
@@ -862,14 +872,14 @@ python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pydantic"
-version = "1.9.1"
+version = "1.10.2"
 description = "Data validation and settings management using python type hints"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6.1"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-typing-extensions = ">=3.7.4.3"
+typing-extensions = ">=4.1.0"
 
 [package.extras]
 dotenv = ["python-dotenv (>=0.10.4)"]
@@ -877,15 +887,15 @@ email = ["email-validator (>=1.0.3)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyflakes"
-version = "2.4.0"
+version = "2.5.0"
 description = "passive checker of Python programs"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pygithub"
-version = "1.55"
+version = "1.56"
 description = "Use the full Github API v3"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -993,14 +1003,14 @@ python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pysaml2"
-version = "7.1.2"
+version = "7.2.1"
 description = "Python implementation of SAML Version 2 Standard"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
 python-versions = "<4,>=3.6"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-cryptography = ">=1.4"
+cryptography = ">=3.1"
 defusedxml = "*"
 importlib-resources = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.9\""}
 pyOpenSSL = "*"
@@ -1051,11 +1061,11 @@ python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "readme-renderer"
-version = "33.0"
+version = "37.2"
 description = "readme_renderer is a library for rendering \"readme\" descriptions for Warehouse"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 bleach = ">=2.1.0"
@@ -1105,6 +1115,22 @@ python-versions = ">=3.7"
 [package.extras]
 idna2008 = ["idna"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rich"
+version = "12.6.0"
+description = "Render rich text, tables, progress bars, syntax highlighting, markdown and more to the terminal"
+category = "dev"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.6.3,<4.0.0"
+
+[package.dependencies]
+commonmark = ">=0.9.0,<0.10.0"
+pygments = ">=2.6.0,<3.0.0"
+typing-extensions = {version = ">=4.0.0,<5.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.9\""}
+
+[package.extras]
+jupyter = ["ipywidgets (>=7.5.1,<8.0.0)"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "secretstorage"
 version = "3.3.1"
@@ -1131,7 +1157,7 @@ doc = ["Sphinx", "sphinx-rtd-theme"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sentry-sdk"
-version = "1.5.11"
+version = "1.10.1"
 description = "Python client for Sentry (https://sentry.io)"
 category = "main"
 optional = true
@@ -1139,7 +1165,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 certifi = "*"
-urllib3 = ">=1.10.0"
+urllib3 = {version = ">=1.26.11", markers = "python_version >= \"3.6\""}
 
 [package.extras]
 aiohttp = ["aiohttp (>=3.5)"]
@@ -1149,6 +1175,7 @@ celery = ["celery (>=3)"]
 chalice = ["chalice (>=1.16.0)"]
 django = ["django (>=1.8)"]
 falcon = ["falcon (>=1.4)"]
+fastapi = ["fastapi (>=0.79.0)"]
 flask = ["blinker (>=1.1)", "flask (>=0.11)"]
 httpx = ["httpx (>=0.16.0)"]
 pure_eval = ["asttokens", "executing", "pure-eval"]
@@ -1157,6 +1184,7 @@ quart = ["blinker (>=1.1)", "quart (>=0.16.1)"]
 rq = ["rq (>=0.6)"]
 sanic = ["sanic (>=0.8)"]
 sqlalchemy = ["sqlalchemy (>=1.2)"]
+starlette = ["starlette (>=0.19.1)"]
 tornado = ["tornado (>=5)"]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1195,7 +1223,7 @@ testing-integration = ["build[virtualenv]", "filelock (>=3.4.0)", "jaraco.envs (
 
 [[package]]
 name = "setuptools-rust"
-version = "1.5.1"
+version = "1.5.2"
 description = "Setuptools Rust extension plugin"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -1307,22 +1335,6 @@ tomli = {version = "*", markers = "python_version >= \"3.6\""}
 [package.extras]
 dev = ["packaging"]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tqdm"
-version = "4.63.0"
-description = "Fast, Extensible Progress Meter"
-category = "dev"
-optional = false
-python-versions = "!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*,>=2.7"
-
-[package.dependencies]
-colorama = {version = "*", markers = "platform_system == \"Windows\""}
-
-[package.extras]
-dev = ["py-make (>=0.1.0)", "twine", "wheel"]
-notebook = ["ipywidgets (>=6)"]
-telegram = ["requests"]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "treq"
 version = "22.2.0"
@@ -1344,27 +1356,26 @@ docs = ["sphinx (>=1.4.8)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "twine"
-version = "3.8.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 description = "Collection of utilities for publishing packages on PyPI"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-colorama = ">=0.4.3"
 importlib-metadata = ">=3.6"
 keyring = ">=15.1"
 pkginfo = ">=1.8.1"
-readme-renderer = ">=21.0"
+readme-renderer = ">=35.0"
 requests = ">=2.20"
 requests-toolbelt = ">=0.8.0,<0.9.0 || >0.9.0"
 rfc3986 = ">=1.4.0"
-tqdm = ">=4.14"
+rich = ">=12.0.0"
 urllib3 = ">=1.26.0"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "Twisted"
-version = "22.8.0"
+name = "twisted"
+version = "22.10.0"
 description = "An asynchronous networking framework written in Python"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -1384,21 +1395,21 @@ typing-extensions = ">=3.6.5"
 "zope.interface" = ">=4.4.2"
 
 [package.extras]
-all_non_platform = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)"]
+all-non-platform = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "hypothesis (>=6.0,<7.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)"]
 conch = ["appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "pyasn1"]
 conch_nacl = ["PyNaCl", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "pyasn1"]
 contextvars = ["contextvars (>=2.4,<3)"]
-dev = ["coverage (>=6b1,<7)", "pydoctor (>=22.7.0,<22.8.0)", "pyflakes (>=2.2,<3.0)", "python-subunit (>=1.4,<2.0)", "readthedocs-sphinx-ext (>=2.1,<3.0)", "sphinx (>=4.1.2,<6)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=0.5,<1.0)", "towncrier (>=19.2,<20.0)", "twistedchecker (>=0.7,<1.0)"]
-dev_release = ["pydoctor (>=22.7.0,<22.8.0)", "readthedocs-sphinx-ext (>=2.1,<3.0)", "sphinx (>=4.1.2,<6)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=0.5,<1.0)", "towncrier (>=19.2,<20.0)"]
-gtk_platform = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pygobject", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)"]
+dev = ["coverage (>=6b1,<7)", "pydoctor (>=22.9.0,<22.10.0)", "pyflakes (>=2.2,<3.0)", "python-subunit (>=1.4,<2.0)", "readthedocs-sphinx-ext (>=2.1,<3.0)", "sphinx (>=5.0,<6)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=1.0,<2.0)", "towncrier (>=22.8,<23.0)", "twistedchecker (>=0.7,<1.0)"]
+dev-release = ["pydoctor (>=22.9.0,<22.10.0)", "readthedocs-sphinx-ext (>=2.1,<3.0)", "sphinx (>=5.0,<6)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=1.0,<2.0)", "towncrier (>=22.8,<23.0)"]
+gtk-platform = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "hypothesis (>=6.0,<7.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pygobject", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)"]
 http2 = ["h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)"]
-macos_platform = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pyobjc-core", "pyobjc-framework-CFNetwork", "pyobjc-framework-Cocoa", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)"]
-mypy = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "PyNaCl", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "coverage (>=6b1,<7)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "mypy (==0.930)", "mypy-zope (==0.3.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pydoctor (>=22.7.0,<22.8.0)", "pyflakes (>=2.2,<3.0)", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "python-subunit (>=1.4,<2.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "readthedocs-sphinx-ext (>=2.1,<3.0)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)", "sphinx (>=4.1.2,<6)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=0.5,<1.0)", "towncrier (>=19.2,<20.0)", "twistedchecker (>=0.7,<1.0)", "types-pyOpenSSL", "types-setuptools"]
-osx_platform = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pyobjc-core", "pyobjc-framework-CFNetwork", "pyobjc-framework-Cocoa", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)"]
+macos-platform = ["PyHamcrest (>=1.9.0)", "appdirs (>=1.4.0)", "bcrypt (>=3.0.0)", "contextvars (>=2.4,<3)", "cryptography (>=2.6)", "cython-test-exception-raiser (>=1.0.2,<2)", "h2 (>=3.0,<5.0)", "hypothesis (>=6.0,<7.0)", "idna (>=2.4)", "priority (>=1.1.0,<2.0)", "pyasn1", "pyobjc-core", "pyobjc-framework-CFNetwork", "pyobjc-framework-Cocoa", "pyopenssl (>=21.0.0)", "pyserial (>=3.0)", "pywin32 (!=226)", "service-identity (>=18.1.0)"]
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 [[package]]
 name = "twisted-iocpsupport"
@@ -1430,7 +1441,7 @@ python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-bleach"
-version = "4.1.4"
+version = "5.0.3"
 description = "Typing stubs for bleach"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1474,7 +1485,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-jsonschema"
-version = "4.4.6"
+version = "4.17.0.1"
 description = "Typing stubs for jsonschema"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1482,7 +1493,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-pillow"
-version = "9.0.15"
+version = "9.2.2.1"
 description = "Typing stubs for Pillow"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1490,7 +1501,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-psycopg2"
-version = "2.9.9"
+version = "2.9.21.1"
 description = "Typing stubs for psycopg2"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1498,7 +1509,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-pyopenssl"
-version = "22.0.0"
+version = "22.1.0.2"
 description = "Typing stubs for pyOpenSSL"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1509,7 +1520,7 @@ types-cryptography = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-pyyaml"
-version = "6.0.4"
+version = "6.0.12.2"
 description = "Typing stubs for PyYAML"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1517,7 +1528,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-requests"
-version = "2.27.11"
+version = "2.28.11.2"
 description = "Typing stubs for requests"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1528,7 +1539,7 @@ types-urllib3 = "<1.27"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-setuptools"
-version = "57.4.9"
+version = "65.5.0.3"
 description = "Typing stubs for setuptools"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1544,11 +1555,11 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.1.1"
-description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.6+"
+version = "4.4.0"
+description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.7+"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unpaddedbase64"
@@ -1560,15 +1571,15 @@ python-versions = ">=3.6,<4.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
-version = "1.26.8"
+version = "1.26.12"
 description = "HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*, <4"
+python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*, !=3.5.*, <4"
 
 [package.extras]
-brotli = ["brotlipy (>=0.6.0)"]
-secure = ["certifi", "cryptography (>=1.3.4)", "idna (>=2.0.0)", "ipaddress", "pyOpenSSL (>=0.14)"]
+brotli = ["brotli (>=1.0.9)", "brotlicffi (>=0.8.0)", "brotlipy (>=0.6.0)"]
+secure = ["certifi", "cryptography (>=1.3.4)", "idna (>=2.0.0)", "ipaddress", "pyOpenSSL (>=0.14)", "urllib3-secure-extra"]
 socks = ["PySocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7,<2.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1581,7 +1592,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wrapt"
-version = "1.13.3"
+version = "1.14.1"
 description = "Module for decorators, wrappers and monkey patching."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -1665,7 +1676,7 @@ test = ["zope.i18nmessageid", "zope.testing", "zope.testrunner"]
 
 [extras]
 all = ["matrix-synapse-ldap3", "psycopg2", "psycopg2cffi", "psycopg2cffi-compat", "pysaml2", "authlib", "lxml", "sentry-sdk", "opentelemetry-api", "opentelemetry-sdk", "opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger", "txredisapi", "hiredis", "Pympler"]
-cache_memory = ["Pympler"]
+cache-memory = ["Pympler"]
 jwt = ["authlib"]
 matrix-synapse-ldap3 = ["matrix-synapse-ldap3"]
 oidc = ["authlib"]
@@ -1676,70 +1687,79 @@ saml2 = ["pysaml2"]
 sentry = ["sentry-sdk"]
 systemd = ["systemd-python"]
 test = ["parameterized", "idna"]
-url_preview = ["lxml"]
+url-preview = ["lxml"]
 
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+    {file = "wrapt-1.14.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:380a85cf89e0e69b7cfbe2ea9f765f004ff419f34194018a6827ac0e3edfed4d"},
 ]
 xmlschema = [
     {file = "xmlschema-1.10.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:dbd68bded2fef00c19cf37110ca0565eca34cf0b6c9e1d3b62ad0de8cbb582ca"},
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index e669867aa0..690e3c07de 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ manifest-path = "rust/Cargo.toml"
 
 [tool.poetry]
 name = "matrix-synapse"
-version = "1.68.0rc2"
+version = "1.72.0rc1"
 description = "Homeserver for the Matrix decentralised comms protocol"
 authors = ["Matrix.org Team and Contributors <packages@matrix.org>"]
 license = "Apache-2.0"
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ psycopg2 = { version = ">=2.8", markers = "platform_python_implementation != 'Py
 psycopg2cffi = { version = ">=2.8", markers = "platform_python_implementation == 'PyPy'", optional = true }
 psycopg2cffi-compat = { version = "==1.1", markers = "platform_python_implementation == 'PyPy'", optional = true }
 pysaml2 = { version = ">=4.5.0", optional = true }
-authlib = { version = ">=0.14.0", optional = true }
+authlib = { version = ">=0.15.1", optional = true }
 # systemd-python is necessary for logging to the systemd journal via
 # `systemd.journal.JournalHandler`, as is documented in
 # `contrib/systemd/log_config.yaml`.
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ oidc = ["authlib"]
 # `systemd.journal.JournalHandler`, as is documented in
 # `contrib/systemd/log_config.yaml`.
 systemd = ["systemd-python"]
-url_preview = ["lxml"]
+url-preview = ["lxml"]
 sentry = ["sentry-sdk"]
 opentelemetry = ["opentelemetry-api", "opentelemetry-sdk", "opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger"]
 jwt = ["authlib"]
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ jwt = ["authlib"]
 # (if it is not installed, we fall back to slow code.)
 redis = ["txredisapi", "hiredis"]
 # Required to use experimental `caches.track_memory_usage` config option.
-cache_memory = ["pympler"]
+cache-memory = ["pympler"]
 test = ["parameterized", "idna"]
 
 # The duplication here is awful. I hate hate hate hate hate it. However, for now I want
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ all = [
     "pysaml2",
     # oidc and jwt
     "authlib",
-    # url_preview
+    # url-preview
     "lxml",
     # sentry
     "sentry-sdk",
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ all = [
     "opentelemetry-api", "opentelemetry-sdk", "opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger",
     # redis
     "txredisapi", "hiredis",
-    # cache_memory
+    # cache-memory
     "pympler",
     # omitted:
     #   - test: it's useful to have this separate from dev deps in the olddeps job
@@ -268,10 +268,10 @@ all = [
 
 [tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]
 ## We pin black so that our tests don't start failing on new releases.
-isort = "==5.7.0"
-black = "==22.3.0"
+isort = ">=5.10.1"
+black = ">=22.3.0"
 flake8-comprehensions = "*"
-flake8-bugbear = "==21.3.2"
+flake8-bugbear = ">=21.3.2"
 flake8 = "*"
 
 # Typechecking
@@ -296,27 +296,32 @@ parameterized = ">=0.7.4"
 idna = ">=2.5"
 
 # The following are used by the release script
-click = "==8.1.1"
+click = ">=8.1.3"
 # GitPython was == 3.1.14; bumped to 3.1.20, the first release with type hints.
 GitPython = ">=3.1.20"
-commonmark = "==0.9.1"
-pygithub = "==1.55"
+commonmark = ">=0.9.1"
+pygithub = ">=1.55"
 # The following are executed as commands by the release script.
 twine = "*"
 # Towncrier min version comes from #3425. Rationale unclear.
 towncrier = ">=18.6.0rc1"
 
 [build-system]
-requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0", "setuptools_rust>=1.3"]
+# The upper bounds here are defensive, intended to prevent situations like
+# #13849 and #14079 where we see buildtime or runtime errors caused by build
+# system changes.
+# We are happy to raise these upper bounds upon request,
+# provided we check that it's safe to do so (i.e. that CI passes).
+requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0,<=1.3.2", "setuptools_rust>=1.3,<=1.5.2"]
 build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api"
 
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 # Skip unsupported platforms (by us or by Rust).
-skip = "cp36* *-musllinux_i686"
+skip = "cp36* *-musllinux_i686 pp*aarch64 *-musllinux_aarch64"
 
 # We need a rust compiler
-before-all =  "curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- --default-toolchain stable -y"
+before-all =  "curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- --default-toolchain stable -y --profile minimal"
 environment= { PATH = "$PATH:$HOME/.cargo/bin" }
 
 # For some reason if we don't manually clean the build directory we
@@ -325,3 +330,12 @@ environment= { PATH = "$PATH:$HOME/.cargo/bin" }
 before-build = "rm -rf {project}/build"
 build-frontend = "build"
 test-command = "python -c 'from synapse.synapse_rust import sum_as_string; print(sum_as_string(1, 2))'"
+
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+# Wrap the repair command to correctly rename the built cpython wheels as ABI3.
+repair-wheel-command = "./.ci/scripts/auditwheel_wrapper.py -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+# Wrap the repair command to correctly rename the built cpython wheels as ABI3.
+repair-wheel-command = "./.ci/scripts/auditwheel_wrapper.py --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
diff --git a/rust/Cargo.toml b/rust/Cargo.toml
index 44263bf77e..cffaa5b51b 100644
--- a/rust/Cargo.toml
+++ b/rust/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ rust-version = "1.58.1"
 
 [lib]
 name = "synapse"
-crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+# We generate a `cdylib` for Python and a standard `lib` for running
+# tests/benchmarks.
+crate-type = ["lib", "cdylib"]
 
 [package.metadata.maturin]
 # This is where we tell maturin where to place the built library.
diff --git a/rust/benches/evaluator.rs b/rust/benches/evaluator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed411461d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/benches/evaluator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#![feature(test)]
+use synapse::push::{
+    evaluator::PushRuleEvaluator, Condition, EventMatchCondition, FilteredPushRules, PushRules,
+};
+use test::Bencher;
+
+extern crate test;
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_match_exact(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    let flattened_keys = [
+        ("type".to_string(), "m.text".to_string()),
+        ("room_id".to_string(), "!room:server".to_string()),
+        ("content.body".to_string(), "test message".to_string()),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+
+    let eval = PushRuleEvaluator::py_new(
+        flattened_keys,
+        10,
+        0,
+        Default::default(),
+        Default::default(),
+        true,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let condition = Condition::Known(synapse::push::KnownCondition::EventMatch(
+        EventMatchCondition {
+            key: "room_id".into(),
+            pattern: Some("!room:server".into()),
+            pattern_type: None,
+        },
+    ));
+
+    let matched = eval.match_condition(&condition, None, None).unwrap();
+    assert!(matched, "Didn't match");
+
+    b.iter(|| eval.match_condition(&condition, None, None).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_match_word(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    let flattened_keys = [
+        ("type".to_string(), "m.text".to_string()),
+        ("room_id".to_string(), "!room:server".to_string()),
+        ("content.body".to_string(), "test message".to_string()),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+
+    let eval = PushRuleEvaluator::py_new(
+        flattened_keys,
+        10,
+        0,
+        Default::default(),
+        Default::default(),
+        true,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let condition = Condition::Known(synapse::push::KnownCondition::EventMatch(
+        EventMatchCondition {
+            key: "content.body".into(),
+            pattern: Some("test".into()),
+            pattern_type: None,
+        },
+    ));
+
+    let matched = eval.match_condition(&condition, None, None).unwrap();
+    assert!(matched, "Didn't match");
+
+    b.iter(|| eval.match_condition(&condition, None, None).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_match_word_miss(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    let flattened_keys = [
+        ("type".to_string(), "m.text".to_string()),
+        ("room_id".to_string(), "!room:server".to_string()),
+        ("content.body".to_string(), "test message".to_string()),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+
+    let eval = PushRuleEvaluator::py_new(
+        flattened_keys,
+        10,
+        0,
+        Default::default(),
+        Default::default(),
+        true,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let condition = Condition::Known(synapse::push::KnownCondition::EventMatch(
+        EventMatchCondition {
+            key: "content.body".into(),
+            pattern: Some("foobar".into()),
+            pattern_type: None,
+        },
+    ));
+
+    let matched = eval.match_condition(&condition, None, None).unwrap();
+    assert!(!matched, "Didn't match");
+
+    b.iter(|| eval.match_condition(&condition, None, None).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_eval_message(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    let flattened_keys = [
+        ("type".to_string(), "m.text".to_string()),
+        ("room_id".to_string(), "!room:server".to_string()),
+        ("content.body".to_string(), "test message".to_string()),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+
+    let eval = PushRuleEvaluator::py_new(
+        flattened_keys,
+        10,
+        0,
+        Default::default(),
+        Default::default(),
+        true,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let rules =
+        FilteredPushRules::py_new(PushRules::new(Vec::new()), Default::default(), false, false);
+
+    b.iter(|| eval.run(&rules, Some("bob"), Some("person")));
+}
diff --git a/rust/benches/glob.rs b/rust/benches/glob.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6697d9285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/benches/glob.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#![feature(test)]
+
+use synapse::push::utils::{glob_to_regex, GlobMatchType};
+use test::Bencher;
+
+extern crate test;
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_whole(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| glob_to_regex("test", GlobMatchType::Whole));
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_word(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| glob_to_regex("test", GlobMatchType::Word));
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_whole_wildcard_run(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| glob_to_regex("test***??*?*?foo", GlobMatchType::Whole));
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_word_wildcard_run(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| glob_to_regex("test***??*?*?foo", GlobMatchType::Whole));
+}
diff --git a/rust/build.rs b/rust/build.rs
index 2117975e56..ef370e6b41 100644
--- a/rust/build.rs
+++ b/rust/build.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
 
         for entry in entries {
             if entry.is_dir() {
-                dirs.push(entry)
+                dirs.push(entry);
             } else {
                 paths.push(entry.to_str().expect("valid rust paths").to_string());
             }
diff --git a/rust/src/push/base_rules.rs b/rust/src/push/base_rules.rs
index 7c62bc4849..49802fa4eb 100644
--- a/rust/src/push/base_rules.rs
+++ b/rust/src/push/base_rules.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use crate::push::Action;
 use crate::push::Condition;
 use crate::push::EventMatchCondition;
 use crate::push::PushRule;
+use crate::push::RelatedEventMatchCondition;
 use crate::push::SetTweak;
 use crate::push::TweakValue;
 
@@ -114,6 +115,22 @@ pub const BASE_APPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES: &[PushRule] = &[
         default: true,
         default_enabled: true,
     },
+    PushRule {
+        rule_id: Cow::Borrowed("global/override/.im.nheko.msc3664.reply"),
+        priority_class: 5,
+        conditions: Cow::Borrowed(&[Condition::Known(KnownCondition::RelatedEventMatch(
+            RelatedEventMatchCondition {
+                key: Some(Cow::Borrowed("sender")),
+                pattern: None,
+                pattern_type: Some(Cow::Borrowed("user_id")),
+                rel_type: Cow::Borrowed("m.in_reply_to"),
+                include_fallbacks: None,
+            },
+        ))]),
+        actions: Cow::Borrowed(&[Action::Notify, HIGHLIGHT_ACTION, SOUND_ACTION]),
+        default: true,
+        default_enabled: true,
+    },
     PushRule {
         rule_id: Cow::Borrowed("global/override/.m.rule.contains_display_name"),
         priority_class: 5,
@@ -173,7 +190,7 @@ pub const BASE_APPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES: &[PushRule] = &[
         default_enabled: true,
     },
     PushRule {
-        rule_id: Cow::Borrowed("global/override/.org.matrix.msc3786.rule.room.server_acl"),
+        rule_id: Cow::Borrowed("global/override/.m.rule.room.server_acl"),
         priority_class: 5,
         conditions: Cow::Borrowed(&[
             Condition::Known(KnownCondition::EventMatch(EventMatchCondition {
@@ -257,18 +274,6 @@ pub const BASE_APPEND_UNDERRIDE_RULES: &[PushRule] = &[
         default: true,
         default_enabled: true,
     },
-    PushRule {
-        rule_id: Cow::Borrowed("global/underride/.org.matrix.msc3772.thread_reply"),
-        priority_class: 1,
-        conditions: Cow::Borrowed(&[Condition::Known(KnownCondition::RelationMatch {
-            rel_type: Cow::Borrowed("m.thread"),
-            sender: None,
-            sender_type: Some(Cow::Borrowed("user_id")),
-        })]),
-        actions: Cow::Borrowed(&[Action::Notify, HIGHLIGHT_FALSE_ACTION]),
-        default: true,
-        default_enabled: true,
-    },
     PushRule {
         rule_id: Cow::Borrowed("global/underride/.m.rule.message"),
         priority_class: 1,
diff --git a/rust/src/push/evaluator.rs b/rust/src/push/evaluator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cedd42c54d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/src/push/evaluator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Error};
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use log::warn;
+use pyo3::prelude::*;
+use regex::Regex;
+
+use super::{
+    utils::{get_glob_matcher, get_localpart_from_id, GlobMatchType},
+    Action, Condition, EventMatchCondition, FilteredPushRules, KnownCondition,
+    RelatedEventMatchCondition,
+};
+
+lazy_static! {
+    /// Used to parse the `is` clause in the room member count condition.
+    static ref INEQUALITY_EXPR: Regex = Regex::new(r"^([=<>]*)([0-9]+)$").expect("valid regex");
+}
+
+/// Allows running a set of push rules against a particular event.
+#[pyclass]
+pub struct PushRuleEvaluator {
+    /// A mapping of "flattened" keys to string values in the event, e.g.
+    /// includes things like "type" and "content.msgtype".
+    flattened_keys: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+
+    /// The "content.body", if any.
+    body: String,
+
+    /// The number of users in the room.
+    room_member_count: u64,
+
+    /// The `notifications` section of the current power levels in the room.
+    notification_power_levels: BTreeMap<String, i64>,
+
+    /// The power level of the sender of the event, or None if event is an
+    /// outlier.
+    sender_power_level: Option<i64>,
+
+    /// The related events, indexed by relation type. Flattened in the same manner as
+    /// `flattened_keys`.
+    related_events_flattened: BTreeMap<String, BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+
+    /// If msc3664, push rules for related events, is enabled.
+    related_event_match_enabled: bool,
+}
+
+#[pymethods]
+impl PushRuleEvaluator {
+    /// Create a new `PushRuleEvaluator`. See struct docstring for details.
+    #[new]
+    pub fn py_new(
+        flattened_keys: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+        room_member_count: u64,
+        sender_power_level: Option<i64>,
+        notification_power_levels: BTreeMap<String, i64>,
+        related_events_flattened: BTreeMap<String, BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+        related_event_match_enabled: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let body = flattened_keys
+            .get("content.body")
+            .cloned()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        Ok(PushRuleEvaluator {
+            flattened_keys,
+            body,
+            room_member_count,
+            notification_power_levels,
+            sender_power_level,
+            related_events_flattened,
+            related_event_match_enabled,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Run the evaluator with the given push rules, for the given user ID and
+    /// display name of the user.
+    ///
+    /// Passing in None will skip evaluating rules matching user ID and display
+    /// name.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the set of actions, if any, that match (filtering out any
+    /// `dont_notify` actions).
+    pub fn run(
+        &self,
+        push_rules: &FilteredPushRules,
+        user_id: Option<&str>,
+        display_name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Vec<Action> {
+        'outer: for (push_rule, enabled) in push_rules.iter() {
+            if !enabled {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for condition in push_rule.conditions.iter() {
+                match self.match_condition(condition, user_id, display_name) {
+                    Ok(true) => {}
+                    Ok(false) => continue 'outer,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!("Condition match failed {err}");
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            let actions = push_rule
+                .actions
+                .iter()
+                // Filter out "dont_notify" actions, as we don't store them.
+                .filter(|a| **a != Action::DontNotify)
+                .cloned()
+                .collect();
+
+            return actions;
+        }
+
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the given condition matches.
+    fn matches(
+        &self,
+        condition: Condition,
+        user_id: Option<&str>,
+        display_name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        match self.match_condition(&condition, user_id, display_name) {
+            Ok(true) => true,
+            Ok(false) => false,
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("Condition match failed {err}");
+                false
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PushRuleEvaluator {
+    /// Match a given `Condition` for a push rule.
+    pub fn match_condition(
+        &self,
+        condition: &Condition,
+        user_id: Option<&str>,
+        display_name: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let known_condition = match condition {
+            Condition::Known(known) => known,
+            Condition::Unknown(_) => {
+                return Ok(false);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let result = match known_condition {
+            KnownCondition::EventMatch(event_match) => {
+                self.match_event_match(event_match, user_id)?
+            }
+            KnownCondition::RelatedEventMatch(event_match) => {
+                self.match_related_event_match(event_match, user_id)?
+            }
+            KnownCondition::ContainsDisplayName => {
+                if let Some(dn) = display_name {
+                    if !dn.is_empty() {
+                        get_glob_matcher(dn, GlobMatchType::Word)?.is_match(&self.body)?
+                    } else {
+                        // We specifically ignore empty display names, as otherwise
+                        // they would always match.
+                        false
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+            KnownCondition::RoomMemberCount { is } => {
+                if let Some(is) = is {
+                    self.match_member_count(is)?
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+            KnownCondition::SenderNotificationPermission { key } => {
+                if let Some(sender_power_level) = &self.sender_power_level {
+                    let required_level = self
+                        .notification_power_levels
+                        .get(key.as_ref())
+                        .copied()
+                        .unwrap_or(50);
+
+                    *sender_power_level >= required_level
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluates a `event_match` condition.
+    fn match_event_match(
+        &self,
+        event_match: &EventMatchCondition,
+        user_id: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let pattern = if let Some(pattern) = &event_match.pattern {
+            pattern
+        } else if let Some(pattern_type) = &event_match.pattern_type {
+            // The `pattern_type` can either be "user_id" or "user_localpart",
+            // either way if we don't have a `user_id` then the condition can't
+            // match.
+            let user_id = if let Some(user_id) = user_id {
+                user_id
+            } else {
+                return Ok(false);
+            };
+
+            match &**pattern_type {
+                "user_id" => user_id,
+                "user_localpart" => get_localpart_from_id(user_id)?,
+                _ => return Ok(false),
+            }
+        } else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+
+        let haystack = if let Some(haystack) = self.flattened_keys.get(&*event_match.key) {
+            haystack
+        } else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+
+        // For the content.body we match against "words", but for everything
+        // else we match against the entire value.
+        let match_type = if event_match.key == "content.body" {
+            GlobMatchType::Word
+        } else {
+            GlobMatchType::Whole
+        };
+
+        let mut compiled_pattern = get_glob_matcher(pattern, match_type)?;
+        compiled_pattern.is_match(haystack)
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluates a `related_event_match` condition. (MSC3664)
+    fn match_related_event_match(
+        &self,
+        event_match: &RelatedEventMatchCondition,
+        user_id: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        // First check if related event matching is enabled...
+        if !self.related_event_match_enabled {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        // get the related event, fail if there is none.
+        let event = if let Some(event) = self.related_events_flattened.get(&*event_match.rel_type) {
+            event
+        } else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+
+        // If we are not matching fallbacks, don't match if our special key indicating this is a
+        // fallback relation is not present.
+        if !event_match.include_fallbacks.unwrap_or(false)
+            && event.contains_key("im.vector.is_falling_back")
+        {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        // if we have no key, accept the event as matching, if it existed without matching any
+        // fields.
+        let key = if let Some(key) = &event_match.key {
+            key
+        } else {
+            return Ok(true);
+        };
+
+        let pattern = if let Some(pattern) = &event_match.pattern {
+            pattern
+        } else if let Some(pattern_type) = &event_match.pattern_type {
+            // The `pattern_type` can either be "user_id" or "user_localpart",
+            // either way if we don't have a `user_id` then the condition can't
+            // match.
+            let user_id = if let Some(user_id) = user_id {
+                user_id
+            } else {
+                return Ok(false);
+            };
+
+            match &**pattern_type {
+                "user_id" => user_id,
+                "user_localpart" => get_localpart_from_id(user_id)?,
+                _ => return Ok(false),
+            }
+        } else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+
+        let haystack = if let Some(haystack) = event.get(&**key) {
+            haystack
+        } else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+
+        // For the content.body we match against "words", but for everything
+        // else we match against the entire value.
+        let match_type = if key == "content.body" {
+            GlobMatchType::Word
+        } else {
+            GlobMatchType::Whole
+        };
+
+        let mut compiled_pattern = get_glob_matcher(pattern, match_type)?;
+        compiled_pattern.is_match(haystack)
+    }
+
+    /// Match the member count against an 'is' condition
+    /// The `is` condition can be things like '>2', '==3' or even just '4'.
+    fn match_member_count(&self, is: &str) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let captures = INEQUALITY_EXPR.captures(is).context("bad 'is' clause")?;
+        let ineq = captures.get(1).map_or("==", |m| m.as_str());
+        let rhs: u64 = captures
+            .get(2)
+            .context("missing number")?
+            .as_str()
+            .parse()?;
+
+        let matches = match ineq {
+            "" | "==" => self.room_member_count == rhs,
+            "<" => self.room_member_count < rhs,
+            ">" => self.room_member_count > rhs,
+            ">=" => self.room_member_count >= rhs,
+            "<=" => self.room_member_count <= rhs,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+
+        Ok(matches)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn push_rule_evaluator() {
+    let mut flattened_keys = BTreeMap::new();
+    flattened_keys.insert("content.body".to_string(), "foo bar bob hello".to_string());
+    let evaluator = PushRuleEvaluator::py_new(
+        flattened_keys,
+        10,
+        Some(0),
+        BTreeMap::new(),
+        BTreeMap::new(),
+        true,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let result = evaluator.run(&FilteredPushRules::default(), None, Some("bob"));
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 3);
+}
diff --git a/rust/src/push/mod.rs b/rust/src/push/mod.rs
index de6764e7c5..d57800aa4a 100644
--- a/rust/src/push/mod.rs
+++ b/rust/src/push/mod.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
 //!
 //! The set of "base rules" are the list of rules that every user has by default. A
 //! user can modify their copy of the push rules in one of three ways:
-//!
 //!     1. Adding a new push rule of a certain kind
 //!     2. Changing the actions of a base rule
 //!     3. Enabling/disabling a base rule.
@@ -58,12 +57,16 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
 use anyhow::{Context, Error};
 use log::warn;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
-use pythonize::pythonize;
+use pythonize::{depythonize, pythonize};
 use serde::de::Error as _;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 
+use self::evaluator::PushRuleEvaluator;
+
 mod base_rules;
+pub mod evaluator;
+pub mod utils;
 
 /// Called when registering modules with python.
 pub fn register_module(py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
@@ -71,6 +74,7 @@ pub fn register_module(py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
     child_module.add_class::<PushRule>()?;
     child_module.add_class::<PushRules>()?;
     child_module.add_class::<FilteredPushRules>()?;
+    child_module.add_class::<PushRuleEvaluator>()?;
     child_module.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(get_base_rule_ids, m)?)?;
 
     m.add_submodule(child_module)?;
@@ -263,6 +267,8 @@ pub enum Condition {
 #[serde(tag = "kind")]
 pub enum KnownCondition {
     EventMatch(EventMatchCondition),
+    #[serde(rename = "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match")]
+    RelatedEventMatch(RelatedEventMatchCondition),
     ContainsDisplayName,
     RoomMemberCount {
         #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
@@ -271,14 +277,6 @@ pub enum KnownCondition {
     SenderNotificationPermission {
         key: Cow<'static, str>,
     },
-    #[serde(rename = "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match")]
-    RelationMatch {
-        rel_type: Cow<'static, str>,
-        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-        sender: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
-        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-        sender_type: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
-    },
 }
 
 impl IntoPy<PyObject> for Condition {
@@ -287,20 +285,40 @@ impl IntoPy<PyObject> for Condition {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for Condition {
+    fn extract(ob: &'source PyAny) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(depythonize(ob)?)
+    }
+}
+
 /// The body of a [`Condition::EventMatch`]
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EventMatchCondition {
-    key: Cow<'static, str>,
+    pub key: Cow<'static, str>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pattern: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    pub pattern: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pattern_type: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    pub pattern_type: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
+}
+
+/// The body of a [`Condition::RelatedEventMatch`]
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RelatedEventMatchCondition {
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub key: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub pattern: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub pattern_type: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    pub rel_type: Cow<'static, str>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub include_fallbacks: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 /// The collection of push rules for a user.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 #[pyclass(frozen)]
-struct PushRules {
+pub struct PushRules {
     /// Custom push rules that override a base rule.
     overridden_base_rules: HashMap<Cow<'static, str>, PushRule>,
 
@@ -319,7 +337,7 @@ struct PushRules {
 #[pymethods]
 impl PushRules {
     #[new]
-    fn new(rules: Vec<PushRule>) -> PushRules {
+    pub fn new(rules: Vec<PushRule>) -> PushRules {
         let mut push_rules: PushRules = Default::default();
 
         for rule in rules {
@@ -389,24 +407,21 @@ impl PushRules {
 pub struct FilteredPushRules {
     push_rules: PushRules,
     enabled_map: BTreeMap<String, bool>,
-    msc3786_enabled: bool,
-    msc3772_enabled: bool,
+    msc3664_enabled: bool,
 }
 
 #[pymethods]
 impl FilteredPushRules {
     #[new]
-    fn py_new(
+    pub fn py_new(
         push_rules: PushRules,
         enabled_map: BTreeMap<String, bool>,
-        msc3786_enabled: bool,
-        msc3772_enabled: bool,
+        msc3664_enabled: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             push_rules,
             enabled_map,
-            msc3786_enabled,
-            msc3772_enabled,
+            msc3664_enabled,
         }
     }
 
@@ -425,14 +440,8 @@ impl FilteredPushRules {
             .iter()
             .filter(|rule| {
                 // Ignore disabled experimental push rules
-                if !self.msc3786_enabled
-                    && rule.rule_id == "global/override/.org.matrix.msc3786.rule.room.server_acl"
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
-                if !self.msc3772_enabled
-                    && rule.rule_id == "global/underride/.org.matrix.msc3772.thread_reply"
+                if !self.msc3664_enabled
+                    && rule.rule_id == "global/override/.im.nheko.msc3664.reply"
                 {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -471,6 +480,17 @@ fn test_deserialize_condition() {
     let _: Condition = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_deserialize_unstable_msc3664_condition() {
+    let json = r#"{"kind":"im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match","key":"content.body","pattern":"coffee","rel_type":"m.in_reply_to"}"#;
+
+    let condition: Condition = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(
+        condition,
+        Condition::Known(KnownCondition::RelatedEventMatch(_))
+    ));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_deserialize_custom_condition() {
     let json = r#"{"kind":"custom_tag"}"#;
diff --git a/rust/src/push/utils.rs b/rust/src/push/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8759340473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/src/push/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use anyhow::bail;
+use anyhow::Context;
+use anyhow::Error;
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use regex;
+use regex::Regex;
+use regex::RegexBuilder;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    /// Matches runs of non-wildcard characters followed by wildcard characters.
+    static ref WILDCARD_RUN: Regex = Regex::new(r"([^\?\*]*)([\?\*]*)").expect("valid regex");
+}
+
+/// Extract the localpart from a Matrix style ID
+pub(crate) fn get_localpart_from_id(id: &str) -> Result<&str, Error> {
+    let (localpart, _) = id
+        .split_once(':')
+        .with_context(|| format!("ID does not contain colon: {id}"))?;
+
+    // We need to strip off the first character, which is the ID type.
+    if localpart.is_empty() {
+        bail!("Invalid ID {id}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(&localpart[1..])
+}
+
+/// Used by `glob_to_regex` to specify what to match the regex against.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum GlobMatchType {
+    /// The generated regex will match against the entire input.
+    Whole,
+    /// The generated regex will match against words.
+    Word,
+}
+
+/// Convert a "glob" style expression to a regex, anchoring either to the entire
+/// input or to individual words.
+pub fn glob_to_regex(glob: &str, match_type: GlobMatchType) -> Result<Regex, Error> {
+    let mut chunks = Vec::new();
+
+    // Patterns with wildcards must be simplified to avoid performance cliffs
+    // - The glob `?**?**?` is equivalent to the glob `???*`
+    // - The glob `???*` is equivalent to the regex `.{3,}`
+    for captures in WILDCARD_RUN.captures_iter(glob) {
+        if let Some(chunk) = captures.get(1) {
+            chunks.push(regex::escape(chunk.as_str()));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(wildcards) = captures.get(2) {
+            if wildcards.as_str() == "" {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let question_marks = wildcards.as_str().chars().filter(|c| *c == '?').count();
+
+            if wildcards.as_str().contains('*') {
+                chunks.push(format!(".{{{question_marks},}}"));
+            } else {
+                chunks.push(format!(".{{{question_marks}}}"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let joined = chunks.join("");
+
+    let regex_str = match match_type {
+        GlobMatchType::Whole => format!(r"\A{joined}\z"),
+
+        // `^|\W` and `\W|$` handle the case where `pattern` starts or ends with a non-word
+        // character.
+        GlobMatchType::Word => format!(r"(?:^|\b|\W){joined}(?:\b|\W|$)"),
+    };
+
+    Ok(RegexBuilder::new(&regex_str)
+        .case_insensitive(true)
+        .build()?)
+}
+
+/// Compiles the glob into a `Matcher`.
+pub fn get_glob_matcher(glob: &str, match_type: GlobMatchType) -> Result<Matcher, Error> {
+    // There are a number of shortcuts we can make if the glob doesn't contain a
+    // wild card.
+    let matcher = if glob.contains(['*', '?']) {
+        let regex = glob_to_regex(glob, match_type)?;
+        Matcher::Regex(regex)
+    } else if match_type == GlobMatchType::Whole {
+        // If there aren't any wildcards and we're matching the whole thing,
+        // then we simply can do a case-insensitive string match.
+        Matcher::Whole(glob.to_lowercase())
+    } else {
+        // Otherwise, if we're matching against words then can first check
+        // if the haystack contains the glob at all.
+        Matcher::Word {
+            word: glob.to_lowercase(),
+            regex: None,
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(matcher)
+}
+
+/// Matches against a glob
+pub enum Matcher {
+    /// Plain regex matching.
+    Regex(Regex),
+
+    /// Case-insensitive equality.
+    Whole(String),
+
+    /// Word matching. `regex` is a cache of calling [`glob_to_regex`] on word.
+    Word { word: String, regex: Option<Regex> },
+}
+
+impl Matcher {
+    /// Checks if the glob matches the given haystack.
+    pub fn is_match(&mut self, haystack: &str) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        // We want to to do case-insensitive matching, so we convert to
+        // lowercase first.
+        let haystack = haystack.to_lowercase();
+
+        match self {
+            Matcher::Regex(regex) => Ok(regex.is_match(&haystack)),
+            Matcher::Whole(whole) => Ok(whole == &haystack),
+            Matcher::Word { word, regex } => {
+                // If we're looking for a literal word, then we first check if
+                // the haystack contains the word as a substring.
+                if !haystack.contains(&*word) {
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+
+                // If it does contain the word as a substring, then we need to
+                // check if it is an actual word by testing it against the regex.
+                let regex = if let Some(regex) = regex {
+                    regex
+                } else {
+                    let compiled_regex = glob_to_regex(word, GlobMatchType::Word)?;
+                    regex.insert(compiled_regex)
+                };
+
+                Ok(regex.is_match(&haystack))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_get_domain_from_id() {
+    get_localpart_from_id("").unwrap_err();
+    get_localpart_from_id(":").unwrap_err();
+    get_localpart_from_id(":asd").unwrap_err();
+    get_localpart_from_id("::as::asad").unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_eq!(get_localpart_from_id("@test:foo").unwrap(), "test");
+    assert_eq!(get_localpart_from_id("@:").unwrap(), "");
+    assert_eq!(get_localpart_from_id("@test:foo:907").unwrap(), "test");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tset_glob() -> Result<(), Error> {
+    assert_eq!(
+        glob_to_regex("simple", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.as_str(),
+        r"\Asimple\z"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        glob_to_regex("simple*", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.as_str(),
+        r"\Asimple.{0,}\z"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        glob_to_regex("simple?", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.as_str(),
+        r"\Asimple.{1}\z"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        glob_to_regex("simple?*?*", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.as_str(),
+        r"\Asimple.{2,}\z"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        glob_to_regex("simple???", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.as_str(),
+        r"\Asimple.{3}\z"
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        glob_to_regex("escape.", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.as_str(),
+        r"\Aescape\.\z"
+    );
+
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("simple", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.is_match("simple"));
+    assert!(!glob_to_regex("simple", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.is_match("simples"));
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("simple*", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.is_match("simples"));
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("simple?", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.is_match("simples"));
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("simple*", GlobMatchType::Whole)?.is_match("simple"));
+
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("simple", GlobMatchType::Word)?.is_match("some simple."));
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("simple", GlobMatchType::Word)?.is_match("simple"));
+    assert!(!glob_to_regex("simple", GlobMatchType::Word)?.is_match("simples"));
+
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("@user:foo", GlobMatchType::Word)?.is_match("Some @user:foo test"));
+    assert!(glob_to_regex("@user:foo", GlobMatchType::Word)?.is_match("@user:foo"));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py b/scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py
index cd2e64b75f..7442300196 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ DISTS = (
     "debian:sid",
     "ubuntu:focal",  # 20.04 LTS (our EOL forced by Py38 on 2024-10-14)
     "ubuntu:jammy",  # 22.04 LTS (EOL 2027-04)
+    "ubuntu:kinetic",  # 22.10 (EOL 2023-07-20)
 )
 
 DESC = """\
diff --git a/scripts-dev/check_pydantic_models.py b/scripts-dev/check_pydantic_models.py
index d0fb811bdb..9f2b7ded5b 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/check_pydantic_models.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/check_pydantic_models.py
@@ -88,10 +88,9 @@ def make_wrapper(factory: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, R]:
 
     @functools.wraps(factory)
     def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
-        # type-ignore: should be redundant once we can use https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668
-        if "strict" not in kwargs:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        if "strict" not in kwargs:
             raise MissingStrictInConstrainedTypeException(factory.__name__)
-        if not kwargs["strict"]:  # type: ignore[index]
+        if not kwargs["strict"]:
             raise MissingStrictInConstrainedTypeException(factory.__name__)
         return factory(*args, **kwargs)
 
diff --git a/scripts-dev/complement.sh b/scripts-dev/complement.sh
index eab23f18f1..803c6ce92d 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/complement.sh
+++ b/scripts-dev/complement.sh
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ export COMPLEMENT_BASE_IMAGE=complement-synapse
 
 extra_test_args=()
 
-test_tags="synapse_blacklist,msc2716,msc3030,msc3787"
+test_tags="synapse_blacklist,msc3787,msc3874"
 
 # All environment variables starting with PASS_ will be shared.
 # (The prefix is stripped off before reaching the container.)
@@ -139,6 +139,9 @@ if [[ -n "$WORKERS" ]]; then
   # Use workers.
   export PASS_SYNAPSE_COMPLEMENT_USE_WORKERS=true
 
+  # Pass through the workers defined. If none, it will be an empty string
+  export PASS_SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES="$WORKER_TYPES"
+
   # Workers can only use Postgres as a database.
   export PASS_SYNAPSE_COMPLEMENT_DATABASE=postgres
 
@@ -158,7 +161,10 @@ else
 
   # We only test faster room joins on monoliths, because they are purposefully
   # being developed without worker support to start with.
-  test_tags="$test_tags,faster_joins"
+  #
+  # The tests for importing historical messages (MSC2716) and jump to date (MSC3030)
+  # also only pass with monoliths, currently.
+  test_tags="$test_tags,faster_joins,msc2716,msc3030"
 fi
 
 
diff --git a/scripts-dev/release.py b/scripts-dev/release.py
index c82c58c54b..bf47b6c713 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/release.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/release.py
@@ -219,9 +219,7 @@ def _prepare() -> None:
                 update_branch(repo)
 
             # Create the new release branch
-            # Type ignore will no longer be needed after GitPython 3.1.28.
-            # See https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1419
-            repo.create_head(release_branch_name, commit=base_branch)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            repo.create_head(release_branch_name, commit=base_branch)
 
         # Special-case SyTest: we don't actually prepare any files so we may
         # as well push it now (and only when we create a release branch;
diff --git a/stubs/synapse/synapse_rust/push.pyi b/stubs/synapse/synapse_rust/push.pyi
index 93c4e69d42..ceade65ef9 100644
--- a/stubs/synapse/synapse_rust/push.pyi
+++ b/stubs/synapse/synapse_rust/push.pyi
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Collection, Dict, Mapping, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Collection, Dict, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
@@ -26,12 +26,25 @@ class PushRules:
 
 class FilteredPushRules:
     def __init__(
-        self,
-        push_rules: PushRules,
-        enabled_map: Dict[str, bool],
-        msc3786_enabled: bool,
-        msc3772_enabled: bool,
+        self, push_rules: PushRules, enabled_map: Dict[str, bool], msc3664_enabled: bool
     ): ...
     def rules(self) -> Collection[Tuple[PushRule, bool]]: ...
 
 def get_base_rule_ids() -> Collection[str]: ...
+
+class PushRuleEvaluator:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        flattened_keys: Mapping[str, str],
+        room_member_count: int,
+        sender_power_level: Optional[int],
+        notification_power_levels: Mapping[str, int],
+        related_events_flattened: Mapping[str, Mapping[str, str]],
+        related_event_match_enabled: bool,
+    ): ...
+    def run(
+        self,
+        push_rules: FilteredPushRules,
+        user_id: Optional[str],
+        display_name: Optional[str],
+    ) -> Collection[Union[Mapping, str]]: ...
diff --git a/synapse/__init__.py b/synapse/__init__.py
index 1bed6393bd..fbfd506a43 100644
--- a/synapse/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/__init__.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import os
 import sys
 
 from synapse.util.rust import check_rust_lib_up_to_date
+from synapse.util.stringutils import strtobool
 
 # Check that we're not running on an unsupported Python version.
 if sys.version_info < (3, 7):
@@ -28,25 +29,22 @@ if sys.version_info < (3, 7):
     sys.exit(1)
 
 # Allow using the asyncio reactor via env var.
-if bool(os.environ.get("SYNAPSE_ASYNC_IO_REACTOR", False)):
-    try:
-        from incremental import Version
+if strtobool(os.environ.get("SYNAPSE_ASYNC_IO_REACTOR", "0")):
+    from incremental import Version
 
-        import twisted
+    import twisted
 
-        # We need a bugfix that is included in Twisted 21.2.0:
-        # https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/9787
-        if twisted.version < Version("Twisted", 21, 2, 0):
-            print("Using asyncio reactor requires Twisted>=21.2.0")
-            sys.exit(1)
+    # We need a bugfix that is included in Twisted 21.2.0:
+    # https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/9787
+    if twisted.version < Version("Twisted", 21, 2, 0):
+        print("Using asyncio reactor requires Twisted>=21.2.0")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-        import asyncio
+    import asyncio
 
-        from twisted.internet import asyncioreactor
+    from twisted.internet import asyncioreactor
 
-        asyncioreactor.install(asyncio.get_event_loop())
-    except ImportError:
-        pass
+    asyncioreactor.install(asyncio.get_event_loop())
 
 # Twisted and canonicaljson will fail to import when this file is executed to
 # get the __version__ during a fresh install. That's OK and subsequent calls to
diff --git a/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py b/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py
index 450ba462ba..d850e54e17 100755
--- a/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.main.registration import (
     RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore,
     find_max_generated_user_id_localpart,
 )
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.relations import RelationsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.room import RoomBackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import RoomMemberBackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.search import SearchBackgroundUpdateStore
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ BOOLEAN_COLUMNS = {
     "redactions": ["have_censored"],
     "room_stats_state": ["is_federatable"],
     "local_media_repository": ["safe_from_quarantine"],
-    "users": ["shadow_banned"],
+    "users": ["shadow_banned", "approved"],
     "e2e_fallback_keys_json": ["used"],
     "access_tokens": ["used"],
     "device_lists_changes_in_room": ["converted_to_destinations"],
@@ -206,6 +207,7 @@ class Store(
     PusherWorkerStore,
     PresenceBackgroundUpdateStore,
     ReceiptsBackgroundUpdateStore,
+    RelationsWorkerStore,
 ):
     def execute(self, f: Callable[..., R], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Awaitable[R]:
         return self.db_pool.runInteraction(f.__name__, f, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/synapse/_scripts/update_synapse_database.py b/synapse/_scripts/update_synapse_database.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index fb1fb83f50..0adf94bba6
--- a/synapse/_scripts/update_synapse_database.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/update_synapse_database.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 
 import argparse
 import logging
-import sys
 from typing import cast
 
 import yaml
@@ -100,13 +99,6 @@ def main() -> None:
     # Load, process and sanity-check the config.
     hs_config = yaml.safe_load(args.database_config)
 
-    if "database" not in hs_config and "databases" not in hs_config:
-        sys.stderr.write(
-            "The configuration file must have a 'database' or 'databases' section. "
-            "See https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#database"
-        )
-        sys.exit(4)
-
     config = HomeServerConfig()
     config.parse_config_dict(hs_config, "", "")
 
diff --git a/synapse/api/constants.py b/synapse/api/constants.py
index 5747d36802..8aa646890d 100644
--- a/synapse/api/constants.py
+++ b/synapse/api/constants.py
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH = 255
 # the maximum length for a user id is 255 characters
 MAX_USERID_LENGTH = 255
 
+# Constant value used for the pseudo-thread which is the main timeline.
+MAIN_TIMELINE: Final = "main"
+
 
 class Membership:
 
@@ -122,6 +125,8 @@ class EventTypes:
     MSC2716_BATCH: Final = "org.matrix.msc2716.batch"
     MSC2716_MARKER: Final = "org.matrix.msc2716.marker"
 
+    Reaction: Final = "m.reaction"
+
 
 class ToDeviceEventTypes:
     RoomKeyRequest: Final = "m.room_key_request"
@@ -272,3 +277,14 @@ class PublicRoomsFilterFields:
 
     GENERIC_SEARCH_TERM: Final = "generic_search_term"
     ROOM_TYPES: Final = "room_types"
+
+
+class ApprovalNoticeMedium:
+    """Identifier for the medium this server will use to serve notice of approval for a
+    specific user's registration.
+
+    As defined in https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/blob/babolivier/m_not_approved/proposals/3866-user-not-approved-error.md
+    """
+
+    NONE = "org.matrix.msc3866.none"
+    EMAIL = "org.matrix.msc3866.email"
diff --git a/synapse/api/errors.py b/synapse/api/errors.py
index 1c6b53aa24..e2cfcea0f2 100644
--- a/synapse/api/errors.py
+++ b/synapse/api/errors.py
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ class Codes(str, Enum):
     # Part of MSC3895.
     UNABLE_DUE_TO_PARTIAL_STATE = "ORG.MATRIX.MSC3895_UNABLE_DUE_TO_PARTIAL_STATE"
 
+    USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL = "ORG.MATRIX.MSC3866_USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL"
+
 
 class CodeMessageException(RuntimeError):
     """An exception with integer code and message string attributes.
@@ -153,7 +155,13 @@ class RedirectException(CodeMessageException):
 
 class SynapseError(CodeMessageException):
     """A base exception type for matrix errors which have an errcode and error
-    message (as well as an HTTP status code).
+    message (as well as an HTTP status code). These often bubble all the way up to the
+    client API response so the error code and status often reach the client directly as
+    defined here. If the error doesn't make sense to present to a client, then it
+    probably shouldn't be a `SynapseError`. For example, if we contact another
+    homeserver over federation, we shouldn't automatically ferry response errors back to
+    the client on our end (a 500 from a remote server does not make sense to a client
+    when our server did not experience a 500).
 
     Attributes:
         errcode: Matrix error code e.g 'M_FORBIDDEN'
@@ -566,6 +574,20 @@ class UnredactedContentDeletedError(SynapseError):
         return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, **extra)
 
 
+class NotApprovedError(SynapseError):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        msg: str,
+        approval_notice_medium: str,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            code=403,
+            msg=msg,
+            errcode=Codes.USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL,
+            additional_fields={"approval_notice_medium": approval_notice_medium},
+        )
+
+
 def cs_error(msg: str, code: str = Codes.UNKNOWN, **kwargs: Any) -> "JsonDict":
     """Utility method for constructing an error response for client-server
     interactions.
@@ -584,8 +606,20 @@ def cs_error(msg: str, code: str = Codes.UNKNOWN, **kwargs: Any) -> "JsonDict":
 
 
 class FederationError(RuntimeError):
-    """This class is used to inform remote homeservers about erroneous
-    PDUs they sent us.
+    """
+    Raised when we process an erroneous PDU.
+
+    There are two kinds of scenarios where this exception can be raised:
+
+    1. We may pull an invalid PDU from a remote homeserver (e.g. during backfill). We
+       raise this exception to signal an error to the rest of the application.
+    2. We may be pushed an invalid PDU as part of a `/send` transaction from a remote
+       homeserver. We raise so that we can respond to the transaction and include the
+       error string in the "PDU Processing Result". The message which will likely be
+       ignored by the remote homeserver and is not machine parse-able since it's just a
+       string.
+
+    TODO: In the future, we should split these usage scenarios into their own error types.
 
     FATAL: The remote server could not interpret the source event.
         (e.g., it was missing a required field)
@@ -624,6 +658,27 @@ class FederationError(RuntimeError):
         }
 
 
+class FederationPullAttemptBackoffError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Raised to indicate that we are are deliberately not attempting to pull the given
+    event over federation because we've already done so recently and are backing off.
+
+    Attributes:
+        event_id: The event_id which we are refusing to pull
+        message: A custom error message that gives more context
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, event_ids: List[str], message: Optional[str]):
+        self.event_ids = event_ids
+
+        if message:
+            error_message = message
+        else:
+            error_message = f"Not attempting to pull event_ids={self.event_ids} because we already tried to pull them recently (backing off)."
+
+        super().__init__(error_message)
+
+
 class HttpResponseException(CodeMessageException):
     """
     Represents an HTTP-level failure of an outbound request
@@ -658,7 +713,7 @@ class HttpResponseException(CodeMessageException):
         set to the reason code from the HTTP response.
 
         Returns:
-            SynapseError:
+            The error converted to a SynapseError.
         """
         # try to parse the body as json, to get better errcode/msg, but
         # default to M_UNKNOWN with the HTTP status as the error text
diff --git a/synapse/api/filtering.py b/synapse/api/filtering.py
index f7f46f8d80..a9888381b4 100644
--- a/synapse/api/filtering.py
+++ b/synapse/api/filtering.py
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ from jsonschema import FormatChecker
 from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes, EventContentFields
 from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.api.presence import UserPresenceState
-from synapse.events import EventBase
+from synapse.events import EventBase, relation_from_event
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, RoomID, UserID
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.server import HomeServer
 
 FILTER_SCHEMA = {
-    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "additionalProperties": True,  # Allow new fields for forward compatibility
     "type": "object",
     "properties": {
         "limit": {"type": "number"},
@@ -53,11 +53,17 @@ FILTER_SCHEMA = {
         # check types are valid event types
         "types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
         "not_types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+        # MSC3874, filtering /messages.
+        "org.matrix.msc3874.rel_types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+        "org.matrix.msc3874.not_rel_types": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {"type": "string"},
+        },
     },
 }
 
 ROOM_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
-    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "additionalProperties": True,  # Allow new fields for forward compatibility
     "type": "object",
     "properties": {
         "not_rooms": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"},
@@ -71,7 +77,7 @@ ROOM_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
 }
 
 ROOM_EVENT_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
-    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "additionalProperties": True,  # Allow new fields for forward compatibility
     "type": "object",
     "properties": {
         "limit": {"type": "number"},
@@ -84,6 +90,8 @@ ROOM_EVENT_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
         "contains_url": {"type": "boolean"},
         "lazy_load_members": {"type": "boolean"},
         "include_redundant_members": {"type": "boolean"},
+        "unread_thread_notifications": {"type": "boolean"},
+        "org.matrix.msc3773.unread_thread_notifications": {"type": "boolean"},
         # Include or exclude events with the provided labels.
         # cf https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/2326
         "org.matrix.labels": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
@@ -135,7 +143,7 @@ USER_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
             },
         },
     },
-    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "additionalProperties": True,  # Allow new fields for forward compatibility
 }
 
 
@@ -240,6 +248,9 @@ class FilterCollection:
     def include_redundant_members(self) -> bool:
         return self._room_state_filter.include_redundant_members
 
+    def unread_thread_notifications(self) -> bool:
+        return self._room_timeline_filter.unread_thread_notifications
+
     async def filter_presence(
         self, events: Iterable[UserPresenceState]
     ) -> List[UserPresenceState]:
@@ -304,6 +315,16 @@ class Filter:
         self.include_redundant_members = filter_json.get(
             "include_redundant_members", False
         )
+        self.unread_thread_notifications: bool = filter_json.get(
+            "unread_thread_notifications", False
+        )
+        if (
+            not self.unread_thread_notifications
+            and hs.config.experimental.msc3773_enabled
+        ):
+            self.unread_thread_notifications = filter_json.get(
+                "org.matrix.msc3773.unread_thread_notifications", False
+            )
 
         self.types = filter_json.get("types", None)
         self.not_types = filter_json.get("not_types", [])
@@ -319,8 +340,15 @@ class Filter:
         self.labels = filter_json.get("org.matrix.labels", None)
         self.not_labels = filter_json.get("org.matrix.not_labels", [])
 
-        self.related_by_senders = self.filter_json.get("related_by_senders", None)
-        self.related_by_rel_types = self.filter_json.get("related_by_rel_types", None)
+        self.related_by_senders = filter_json.get("related_by_senders", None)
+        self.related_by_rel_types = filter_json.get("related_by_rel_types", None)
+
+        # For compatibility with _check_fields.
+        self.rel_types = None
+        self.not_rel_types = []
+        if hs.config.experimental.msc3874_enabled:
+            self.rel_types = filter_json.get("org.matrix.msc3874.rel_types", None)
+            self.not_rel_types = filter_json.get("org.matrix.msc3874.not_rel_types", [])
 
     def filters_all_types(self) -> bool:
         return "*" in self.not_types
@@ -371,11 +399,19 @@ class Filter:
             # check if there is a string url field in the content for filtering purposes
             labels = content.get(EventContentFields.LABELS, [])
 
+            # Check if the event has a relation.
+            rel_type = None
+            if isinstance(event, EventBase):
+                relation = relation_from_event(event)
+                if relation:
+                    rel_type = relation.rel_type
+
             field_matchers = {
                 "rooms": lambda v: room_id == v,
                 "senders": lambda v: sender == v,
                 "types": lambda v: _matches_wildcard(ev_type, v),
                 "labels": lambda v: v in labels,
+                "rel_types": lambda v: rel_type == v,
             }
 
             result = self._check_fields(field_matchers)
diff --git a/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py b/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
index 044c7d4926..511790c7c5 100644
--- a/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
+++ b/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
@@ -343,6 +343,7 @@ class RequestRatelimiter:
         requester: Requester,
         update: bool = True,
         is_admin_redaction: bool = False,
+        n_actions: int = 1,
     ) -> None:
         """Ratelimits requests.
 
@@ -355,6 +356,8 @@ class RequestRatelimiter:
             is_admin_redaction: Whether this is a room admin/moderator
                 redacting an event. If so then we may apply different
                 ratelimits depending on config.
+            n_actions: Multiplier for the number of actions to apply to the
+                rate limiter at once.
 
         Raises:
             LimitExceededError if the request should be ratelimited
@@ -383,7 +386,9 @@ class RequestRatelimiter:
         if is_admin_redaction and self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter:
             # If we have separate config for admin redactions, use a separate
             # ratelimiter as to not have user_ids clash
-            await self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter.ratelimit(requester, update=update)
+            await self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
+                requester, update=update, n_actions=n_actions
+            )
         else:
             # Override rate and burst count per-user
             await self.request_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
@@ -391,4 +396,5 @@ class RequestRatelimiter:
                 rate_hz=messages_per_second,
                 burst_count=burst_count,
                 update=update,
+                n_actions=n_actions,
             )
diff --git a/synapse/api/urls.py b/synapse/api/urls.py
index bd49fa6a5f..a918579f50 100644
--- a/synapse/api/urls.py
+++ b/synapse/api/urls.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ FEDERATION_V1_PREFIX = FEDERATION_PREFIX + "/v1"
 FEDERATION_V2_PREFIX = FEDERATION_PREFIX + "/v2"
 FEDERATION_UNSTABLE_PREFIX = FEDERATION_PREFIX + "/unstable"
 STATIC_PREFIX = "/_matrix/static"
-SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX = "/_matrix/key/v2"
+SERVER_KEY_PREFIX = "/_matrix/key"
 MEDIA_R0_PREFIX = "/_matrix/media/r0"
 MEDIA_V3_PREFIX = "/_matrix/media/v3"
 LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX = "/_matrix/media/v1"
diff --git a/synapse/app/_base.py b/synapse/app/_base.py
index 65f7dc81c4..ebac950bf2 100644
--- a/synapse/app/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/app/_base.py
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ from twisted.internet.tcp import Port
 from twisted.logger import LoggingFile, LogLevel
 from twisted.protocols.tls import TLSMemoryBIOFactory
 from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
+from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 
 import synapse.util.caches
 from synapse.api.constants import MAX_PDU_SIZE
@@ -55,12 +56,13 @@ from synapse.app.phone_stats_home import start_phone_stats_home
 from synapse.config import ConfigError
 from synapse.config._base import format_config_error
 from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
-from synapse.config.server import ManholeConfig
+from synapse.config.server import ListenerConfig, ManholeConfig
 from synapse.crypto import context_factory
 from synapse.events.presence_router import load_legacy_presence_router
 from synapse.events.spamcheck import load_legacy_spam_checkers
 from synapse.events.third_party_rules import load_legacy_third_party_event_rules
 from synapse.handlers.auth import load_legacy_password_auth_providers
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseSite
 from synapse.logging.context import PreserveLoggingContext
 from synapse.logging.tracing import init_tracer
 from synapse.metrics import install_gc_manager, register_threadpool
@@ -98,9 +100,7 @@ def register_sighup(func: Callable[P, None], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs)
         func: Function to be called when sent a SIGHUP signal.
         *args, **kwargs: args and kwargs to be passed to the target function.
     """
-    # This type-ignore should be redundant once we use a mypy release with
-    # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668.
-    _sighup_callbacks.append((func, args, kwargs))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    _sighup_callbacks.append((func, args, kwargs))
 
 
 def start_worker_reactor(
@@ -359,6 +359,55 @@ def listen_tcp(
     return r  # type: ignore[return-value]
 
 
+def listen_http(
+    listener_config: ListenerConfig,
+    root_resource: Resource,
+    version_string: str,
+    max_request_body_size: int,
+    context_factory: Optional[IOpenSSLContextFactory],
+    reactor: ISynapseReactor = reactor,
+) -> List[Port]:
+    port = listener_config.port
+    bind_addresses = listener_config.bind_addresses
+    tls = listener_config.tls
+
+    assert listener_config.http_options is not None
+
+    site_tag = listener_config.http_options.tag
+    if site_tag is None:
+        site_tag = str(port)
+
+    site = SynapseSite(
+        "synapse.access.%s.%s" % ("https" if tls else "http", site_tag),
+        site_tag,
+        listener_config,
+        root_resource,
+        version_string,
+        max_request_body_size=max_request_body_size,
+        reactor=reactor,
+    )
+    if tls:
+        # refresh_certificate should have been called before this.
+        assert context_factory is not None
+        ports = listen_ssl(
+            bind_addresses,
+            port,
+            site,
+            context_factory,
+            reactor=reactor,
+        )
+        logger.info("Synapse now listening on TCP port %d (TLS)", port)
+    else:
+        ports = listen_tcp(
+            bind_addresses,
+            port,
+            site,
+            reactor=reactor,
+        )
+        logger.info("Synapse now listening on TCP port %d", port)
+    return ports
+
+
 def listen_ssl(
     bind_addresses: Collection[str],
     port: int,
@@ -560,7 +609,7 @@ def reload_cache_config(config: HomeServerConfig) -> None:
             logger.warning(f)
     else:
         logger.debug(
-            "New cache config. Was:\n %s\nNow:\n",
+            "New cache config. Was:\n %s\nNow:\n %s",
             previous_cache_config.__dict__,
             config.caches.__dict__,
         )
diff --git a/synapse/app/admin_cmd.py b/synapse/app/admin_cmd.py
index 8a583d3ec6..165d1c5db0 100644
--- a/synapse/app/admin_cmd.py
+++ b/synapse/app/admin_cmd.py
@@ -28,10 +28,6 @@ from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
 from synapse.config.logger import setup_logging
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.handlers.admin import ExfiltrationWriter
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.devices import SlavedDeviceStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.events import SlavedEventStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.filtering import SlavedFilteringStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.push_rule import SlavedPushRuleStore
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage.database import DatabasePool, LoggingDatabaseConnection
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.account_data import AccountDataWorkerStore
@@ -40,10 +36,24 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.main.appservice import (
     ApplicationServiceWorkerStore,
 )
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.deviceinbox import DeviceInboxWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.devices import DeviceWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_federation import EventFederationWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import (
+    EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
+)
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.filtering import FilteringWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.push_rule import PushRulesWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.receipts import ReceiptsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.registration import RegistrationWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.relations import RelationsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.room import RoomWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import RoomMemberWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.signatures import SignatureWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.state import StateGroupWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.stream import StreamWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.tags import TagsWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.user_erasure_store import UserErasureWorkerStore
 from synapse.types import StateMap
 from synapse.util import SYNAPSE_VERSION
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext
@@ -52,17 +62,25 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.admin_cmd")
 
 
 class AdminCmdSlavedStore(
-    SlavedFilteringStore,
-    SlavedDeviceStore,
-    SlavedPushRuleStore,
-    SlavedEventStore,
+    FilteringWorkerStore,
+    DeviceWorkerStore,
     TagsWorkerStore,
     DeviceInboxWorkerStore,
     AccountDataWorkerStore,
+    PushRulesWorkerStore,
     ApplicationServiceTransactionWorkerStore,
     ApplicationServiceWorkerStore,
-    RegistrationWorkerStore,
+    RoomMemberWorkerStore,
+    RelationsWorkerStore,
+    EventFederationWorkerStore,
+    EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
+    StateGroupWorkerStore,
+    SignatureWorkerStore,
+    UserErasureWorkerStore,
     ReceiptsWorkerStore,
+    StreamWorkerStore,
+    EventsWorkerStore,
+    RegistrationWorkerStore,
     RoomWorkerStore,
 ):
     def __init__(
diff --git a/synapse/app/complement_fork_starter.py b/synapse/app/complement_fork_starter.py
index 89eb07df27..8c0f4a57e7 100644
--- a/synapse/app/complement_fork_starter.py
+++ b/synapse/app/complement_fork_starter.py
@@ -51,11 +51,18 @@ import argparse
 import importlib
 import itertools
 import multiprocessing
+import os
+import signal
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Callable, List
+from types import FrameType
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional
 
 from twisted.internet.main import installReactor
 
+# a list of the original signal handlers, before we installed our custom ones.
+# We restore these in our child processes.
+_original_signal_handlers: Dict[int, Any] = {}
+
 
 class ProxiedReactor:
     """
@@ -105,6 +112,11 @@ def _worker_entrypoint(
 
     sys.argv = args
 
+    # reset the custom signal handlers that we installed, so that the children start
+    # from a clean slate.
+    for sig, handler in _original_signal_handlers.items():
+        signal.signal(sig, handler)
+
     from twisted.internet.epollreactor import EPollReactor
 
     proxy_reactor._install_real_reactor(EPollReactor())
@@ -167,13 +179,29 @@ def main() -> None:
     update_proc.join()
     print("===== PREPARED DATABASE =====", file=sys.stderr)
 
+    processes: List[multiprocessing.Process] = []
+
+    # Install signal handlers to propagate signals to all our children, so that they
+    # shut down cleanly. This also inhibits our own exit, but that's good: we want to
+    # wait until the children have exited.
+    def handle_signal(signum: int, frame: Optional[FrameType]) -> None:
+        print(
+            f"complement_fork_starter: Caught signal {signum}. Stopping children.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        for p in processes:
+            if p.pid:
+                os.kill(p.pid, signum)
+
+    for sig in (signal.SIGINT, signal.SIGTERM):
+        _original_signal_handlers[sig] = signal.signal(sig, handle_signal)
+
     # At this point, we've imported all the main entrypoints for all the workers.
     # Now we basically just fork() out to create the workers we need.
     # Because we're using fork(), all the workers get a clone of this launcher's
     # memory space and don't need to repeat the work of loading the code!
     # Instead of using fork() directly, we use the multiprocessing library,
     # which uses fork() on Unix platforms.
-    processes = []
     for (func, worker_args) in zip(worker_functions, args_by_worker):
         process = multiprocessing.Process(
             target=_worker_entrypoint, args=(func, proxy_reactor, worker_args)
diff --git a/synapse/app/generic_worker.py b/synapse/app/generic_worker.py
index 5e3825fca6..74909b7d4a 100644
--- a/synapse/app/generic_worker.py
+++ b/synapse/app/generic_worker.py
@@ -14,21 +14,19 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 import logging
 import sys
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Dict, List
 
-from twisted.internet import address
 from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 
 import synapse
 import synapse.events
-from synapse.api.errors import HttpResponseException, RequestSendFailed, SynapseError
 from synapse.api.urls import (
     CLIENT_API_PREFIX,
     FEDERATION_PREFIX,
     LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX,
     MEDIA_R0_PREFIX,
     MEDIA_V3_PREFIX,
-    SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX,
+    SERVER_KEY_PREFIX,
 )
 from synapse.app import _base
 from synapse.app._base import (
@@ -43,17 +41,9 @@ from synapse.config.logger import setup_logging
 from synapse.config.server import ListenerConfig
 from synapse.federation.transport.server import TransportLayerServer
 from synapse.http.server import JsonResource, OptionsResource
-from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_json_object_from_request
-from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest, SynapseSite
 from synapse.logging.context import LoggingContext
 from synapse.metrics import METRICS_PREFIX, MetricsResource, RegistryProxy
 from synapse.replication.http import REPLICATION_PREFIX, ReplicationRestResource
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.devices import SlavedDeviceStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.events import SlavedEventStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.filtering import SlavedFilteringStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.keys import SlavedKeyStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.push_rule import SlavedPushRuleStore
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.pushers import SlavedPusherStore
 from synapse.rest.admin import register_servlets_for_media_repo
 from synapse.rest.client import (
     account_data,
@@ -65,6 +55,7 @@ from synapse.rest.client import (
     push_rule,
     read_marker,
     receipts,
+    relations,
     room,
     room_batch,
     room_keys,
@@ -75,12 +66,12 @@ from synapse.rest.client import (
     versions,
     voip,
 )
-from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
 from synapse.rest.client.account import ThreepidRestServlet, WhoamiRestServlet
 from synapse.rest.client.devices import DevicesRestServlet
 from synapse.rest.client.keys import (
     KeyChangesServlet,
     KeyQueryServlet,
+    KeyUploadServlet,
     OneTimeKeyServlet,
 )
 from synapse.rest.client.register import (
@@ -88,7 +79,7 @@ from synapse.rest.client.register import (
     RegistrationTokenValidityRestServlet,
 )
 from synapse.rest.health import HealthResource
-from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyApiV2Resource
+from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyResource
 from synapse.rest.synapse.client import build_synapse_client_resource_tree
 from synapse.rest.well_known import well_known_resource
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -100,8 +91,16 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.main.appservice import (
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.censor_events import CensorEventsStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.client_ips import ClientIpWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.deviceinbox import DeviceInboxWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.devices import DeviceWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.directory import DirectoryWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.e2e_room_keys import EndToEndRoomKeyStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_federation import EventFederationWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import (
+    EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
+)
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.filtering import FilteringWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.keys import KeyStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.lock import LockStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.media_repository import MediaRepositoryStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.metrics import ServerMetricsStore
@@ -110,118 +109,31 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.main.monthly_active_users import (
 )
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.presence import PresenceStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.profile import ProfileWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.push_rule import PushRulesWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.pusher import PusherWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.receipts import ReceiptsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.registration import RegistrationWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.relations import RelationsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.room import RoomWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.room_batch import RoomBatchStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import RoomMemberWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.search import SearchStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.session import SessionStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.signatures import SignatureWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.state import StateGroupWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.stats import StatsStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.stream import StreamWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.tags import TagsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.transactions import TransactionWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.ui_auth import UIAuthWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.user_directory import UserDirectoryStore
-from synapse.types import JsonDict
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.user_erasure_store import UserErasureWorkerStore
 from synapse.util import SYNAPSE_VERSION
 from synapse.util.httpresourcetree import create_resource_tree
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.generic_worker")
 
 
-class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
-    """An implementation of the `KeyUploadServlet` that responds to read only
-    requests, but otherwise proxies through to the master instance.
-    """
-
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/keys/upload(/(?P<device_id>[^/]+))?$")
-
-    def __init__(self, hs: HomeServer):
-        """
-        Args:
-            hs: server
-        """
-        super().__init__()
-        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
-        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
-        self.http_client = hs.get_simple_http_client()
-        self.main_uri = hs.config.worker.worker_main_http_uri
-
-    async def on_POST(
-        self, request: SynapseRequest, device_id: Optional[str]
-    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
-        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
-        user_id = requester.user.to_string()
-        body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-
-        if device_id is not None:
-            # passing the device_id here is deprecated; however, we allow it
-            # for now for compatibility with older clients.
-            if requester.device_id is not None and device_id != requester.device_id:
-                logger.warning(
-                    "Client uploading keys for a different device "
-                    "(logged in as %s, uploading for %s)",
-                    requester.device_id,
-                    device_id,
-                )
-        else:
-            device_id = requester.device_id
-
-        if device_id is None:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400, "To upload keys, you must pass device_id when authenticating"
-            )
-
-        if body:
-            # They're actually trying to upload something, proxy to main synapse.
-
-            # Proxy headers from the original request, such as the auth headers
-            # (in case the access token is there) and the original IP /
-            # User-Agent of the request.
-            headers = {
-                header: request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(header, [])
-                for header in (b"Authorization", b"User-Agent")
-            }
-            # Add the previous hop to the X-Forwarded-For header.
-            x_forwarded_for = request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(
-                b"X-Forwarded-For", []
-            )
-            # we use request.client here, since we want the previous hop, not the
-            # original client (as returned by request.getClientAddress()).
-            if isinstance(request.client, (address.IPv4Address, address.IPv6Address)):
-                previous_host = request.client.host.encode("ascii")
-                # If the header exists, add to the comma-separated list of the first
-                # instance of the header. Otherwise, generate a new header.
-                if x_forwarded_for:
-                    x_forwarded_for = [x_forwarded_for[0] + b", " + previous_host]
-                    x_forwarded_for.extend(x_forwarded_for[1:])
-                else:
-                    x_forwarded_for = [previous_host]
-            headers[b"X-Forwarded-For"] = x_forwarded_for
-
-            # Replicate the original X-Forwarded-Proto header. Note that
-            # XForwardedForRequest overrides isSecure() to give us the original protocol
-            # used by the client, as opposed to the protocol used by our upstream proxy
-            # - which is what we want here.
-            headers[b"X-Forwarded-Proto"] = [
-                b"https" if request.isSecure() else b"http"
-            ]
-
-            try:
-                result = await self.http_client.post_json_get_json(
-                    self.main_uri + request.uri.decode("ascii"), body, headers=headers
-                )
-            except HttpResponseException as e:
-                raise e.to_synapse_error() from e
-            except RequestSendFailed as e:
-                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to talk to master") from e
-
-            return 200, result
-        else:
-            # Just interested in counts.
-            result = await self.store.count_e2e_one_time_keys(user_id, device_id)
-            return 200, {"one_time_key_counts": result}
-
-
 class GenericWorkerSlavedStore(
     # FIXME(#3714): We need to add UserDirectoryStore as we write directly
     # rather than going via the correct worker.
@@ -231,26 +143,36 @@ class GenericWorkerSlavedStore(
     EndToEndRoomKeyStore,
     PresenceStore,
     DeviceInboxWorkerStore,
-    SlavedDeviceStore,
-    SlavedPushRuleStore,
+    DeviceWorkerStore,
     TagsWorkerStore,
     AccountDataWorkerStore,
-    SlavedPusherStore,
     CensorEventsStore,
     ClientIpWorkerStore,
-    SlavedEventStore,
-    SlavedKeyStore,
+    # KeyStore isn't really safe to use from a worker, but for now we do so and hope that
+    # the races it creates aren't too bad.
+    KeyStore,
     RoomWorkerStore,
     RoomBatchStore,
     DirectoryWorkerStore,
+    PushRulesWorkerStore,
     ApplicationServiceTransactionWorkerStore,
     ApplicationServiceWorkerStore,
     ProfileWorkerStore,
-    SlavedFilteringStore,
+    FilteringWorkerStore,
     MonthlyActiveUsersWorkerStore,
     MediaRepositoryStore,
     ServerMetricsStore,
+    PusherWorkerStore,
+    RoomMemberWorkerStore,
+    RelationsWorkerStore,
+    EventFederationWorkerStore,
+    EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
+    StateGroupWorkerStore,
+    SignatureWorkerStore,
+    UserErasureWorkerStore,
     ReceiptsWorkerStore,
+    StreamWorkerStore,
+    EventsWorkerStore,
     RegistrationWorkerStore,
     SearchStore,
     TransactionWorkerStore,
@@ -267,15 +189,9 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
     DATASTORE_CLASS = GenericWorkerSlavedStore  # type: ignore
 
     def _listen_http(self, listener_config: ListenerConfig) -> None:
-        port = listener_config.port
-        bind_addresses = listener_config.bind_addresses
 
         assert listener_config.http_options is not None
 
-        site_tag = listener_config.http_options.tag
-        if site_tag is None:
-            site_tag = str(port)
-
         # We always include a health resource.
         resources: Dict[str, Resource] = {"/health": HealthResource()}
 
@@ -308,6 +224,7 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
                     sync.register_servlets(self, resource)
                     events.register_servlets(self, resource)
                     room.register_servlets(self, resource, is_worker=True)
+                    relations.register_servlets(self, resource)
                     room.register_deprecated_servlets(self, resource)
                     initial_sync.register_servlets(self, resource)
                     room_batch.register_servlets(self, resource)
@@ -323,13 +240,13 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
 
                     presence.register_servlets(self, resource)
 
-                    resources.update({CLIENT_API_PREFIX: resource})
+                    resources[CLIENT_API_PREFIX] = resource
 
                     resources.update(build_synapse_client_resource_tree(self))
-                    resources.update({"/.well-known": well_known_resource(self)})
+                    resources["/.well-known"] = well_known_resource(self)
 
                 elif name == "federation":
-                    resources.update({FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(self)})
+                    resources[FEDERATION_PREFIX] = TransportLayerServer(self)
                 elif name == "media":
                     if self.config.media.can_load_media_repo:
                         media_repo = self.get_media_repository_resource()
@@ -357,16 +274,12 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
                     # Only load the openid resource separately if federation resource
                     # is not specified since federation resource includes openid
                     # resource.
-                    resources.update(
-                        {
-                            FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(
-                                self, servlet_groups=["openid"]
-                            )
-                        }
+                    resources[FEDERATION_PREFIX] = TransportLayerServer(
+                        self, servlet_groups=["openid"]
                     )
 
                 if name in ["keys", "federation"]:
-                    resources[SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX] = KeyApiV2Resource(self)
+                    resources[SERVER_KEY_PREFIX] = KeyResource(self)
 
                 if name == "replication":
                     resources[REPLICATION_PREFIX] = ReplicationRestResource(self)
@@ -377,23 +290,15 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
 
         root_resource = create_resource_tree(resources, OptionsResource())
 
-        _base.listen_tcp(
-            bind_addresses,
-            port,
-            SynapseSite(
-                "synapse.access.http.%s" % (site_tag,),
-                site_tag,
-                listener_config,
-                root_resource,
-                self.version_string,
-                max_request_body_size=max_request_body_size(self.config),
-                reactor=self.get_reactor(),
-            ),
+        _base.listen_http(
+            listener_config,
+            root_resource,
+            self.version_string,
+            max_request_body_size(self.config),
+            self.tls_server_context_factory,
             reactor=self.get_reactor(),
         )
 
-        logger.info("Synapse worker now listening on port %d", port)
-
     def start_listening(self) -> None:
         for listener in self.config.worker.worker_listeners:
             if listener.type == "http":
diff --git a/synapse/app/homeserver.py b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
index 883f2fd2ec..4f4fee4782 100644
--- a/synapse/app/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
@@ -31,14 +31,13 @@ from synapse.api.urls import (
     LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX,
     MEDIA_R0_PREFIX,
     MEDIA_V3_PREFIX,
-    SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX,
+    SERVER_KEY_PREFIX,
     STATIC_PREFIX,
 )
 from synapse.app import _base
 from synapse.app._base import (
     handle_startup_exception,
-    listen_ssl,
-    listen_tcp,
+    listen_http,
     max_request_body_size,
     redirect_stdio_to_logs,
     register_start,
@@ -53,14 +52,13 @@ from synapse.http.server import (
     RootOptionsRedirectResource,
     StaticResource,
 )
-from synapse.http.site import SynapseSite
 from synapse.logging.context import LoggingContext
 from synapse.metrics import METRICS_PREFIX, MetricsResource, RegistryProxy
 from synapse.replication.http import REPLICATION_PREFIX, ReplicationRestResource
 from synapse.rest import ClientRestResource
 from synapse.rest.admin import AdminRestResource
 from synapse.rest.health import HealthResource
-from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyApiV2Resource
+from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyResource
 from synapse.rest.synapse.client import build_synapse_client_resource_tree
 from synapse.rest.well_known import well_known_resource
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -83,8 +81,6 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
         self, config: HomeServerConfig, listener_config: ListenerConfig
     ) -> Iterable[Port]:
         port = listener_config.port
-        bind_addresses = listener_config.bind_addresses
-        tls = listener_config.tls
         # Must exist since this is an HTTP listener.
         assert listener_config.http_options is not None
         site_tag = listener_config.http_options.tag
@@ -140,37 +136,15 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
         else:
             root_resource = OptionsResource()
 
-        site = SynapseSite(
-            "synapse.access.%s.%s" % ("https" if tls else "http", site_tag),
-            site_tag,
+        ports = listen_http(
             listener_config,
             create_resource_tree(resources, root_resource),
             self.version_string,
-            max_request_body_size=max_request_body_size(self.config),
+            max_request_body_size(self.config),
+            self.tls_server_context_factory,
             reactor=self.get_reactor(),
         )
 
-        if tls:
-            # refresh_certificate should have been called before this.
-            assert self.tls_server_context_factory is not None
-            ports = listen_ssl(
-                bind_addresses,
-                port,
-                site,
-                self.tls_server_context_factory,
-                reactor=self.get_reactor(),
-            )
-            logger.info("Synapse now listening on TCP port %d (TLS)", port)
-
-        else:
-            ports = listen_tcp(
-                bind_addresses,
-                port,
-                site,
-                reactor=self.get_reactor(),
-            )
-            logger.info("Synapse now listening on TCP port %d", port)
-
         return ports
 
     def _configure_named_resource(
@@ -215,30 +189,22 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
             consent_resource: Resource = ConsentResource(self)
             if compress:
                 consent_resource = gz_wrap(consent_resource)
-            resources.update({"/_matrix/consent": consent_resource})
+            resources["/_matrix/consent"] = consent_resource
 
         if name == "federation":
             federation_resource: Resource = TransportLayerServer(self)
             if compress:
                 federation_resource = gz_wrap(federation_resource)
-            resources.update({FEDERATION_PREFIX: federation_resource})
+            resources[FEDERATION_PREFIX] = federation_resource
 
         if name == "openid":
-            resources.update(
-                {
-                    FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(
-                        self, servlet_groups=["openid"]
-                    )
-                }
+            resources[FEDERATION_PREFIX] = TransportLayerServer(
+                self, servlet_groups=["openid"]
             )
 
         if name in ["static", "client"]:
-            resources.update(
-                {
-                    STATIC_PREFIX: StaticResource(
-                        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(synapse.__file__), "static")
-                    )
-                }
+            resources[STATIC_PREFIX] = StaticResource(
+                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(synapse.__file__), "static")
             )
 
         if name in ["media", "federation", "client"]:
@@ -257,7 +223,7 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
                 )
 
         if name in ["keys", "federation"]:
-            resources[SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX] = KeyApiV2Resource(self)
+            resources[SERVER_KEY_PREFIX] = KeyResource(self)
 
         if name == "metrics" and self.config.metrics.enable_metrics:
             metrics_resource: Resource = MetricsResource(RegistryProxy)
diff --git a/synapse/appservice/__init__.py b/synapse/appservice/__init__.py
index 0dfa00df44..500bdde3a9 100644
--- a/synapse/appservice/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/appservice/__init__.py
@@ -172,12 +172,24 @@ class ApplicationService:
         Returns:
             True if this service would like to know about this room.
         """
-        member_list = await store.get_users_in_room(
+        # We can use `get_local_users_in_room(...)` here because an application service
+        # can only be interested in local users of the server it's on (ignore any remote
+        # users that might match the user namespace regex).
+        #
+        # In the future, we can consider re-using
+        # `store.get_app_service_users_in_room` which is very similar to this
+        # function but has a slightly worse performance than this because we
+        # have an early escape-hatch if we find a single user that the
+        # appservice is interested in. The juice would be worth the squeeze if
+        # `store.get_app_service_users_in_room` was used in more places besides
+        # an experimental MSC. But for now we can avoid doing more work and
+        # barely using it later.
+        local_user_ids = await store.get_local_users_in_room(
             room_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate
         )
 
         # check joined member events
-        for user_id in member_list:
+        for user_id in local_user_ids:
             if self.is_interested_in_user(user_id):
                 return True
         return False
diff --git a/synapse/appservice/api.py b/synapse/appservice/api.py
index 0963fb3bb4..60774b240d 100644
--- a/synapse/appservice/api.py
+++ b/synapse/appservice/api.py
@@ -120,7 +120,11 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
 
         uri = service.url + ("/users/%s" % urllib.parse.quote(user_id))
         try:
-            response = await self.get_json(uri, {"access_token": service.hs_token})
+            response = await self.get_json(
+                uri,
+                {"access_token": service.hs_token},
+                headers={"Authorization": [f"Bearer {service.hs_token}"]},
+            )
             if response is not None:  # just an empty json object
                 return True
         except CodeMessageException as e:
@@ -140,7 +144,11 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
 
         uri = service.url + ("/rooms/%s" % urllib.parse.quote(alias))
         try:
-            response = await self.get_json(uri, {"access_token": service.hs_token})
+            response = await self.get_json(
+                uri,
+                {"access_token": service.hs_token},
+                headers={"Authorization": [f"Bearer {service.hs_token}"]},
+            )
             if response is not None:  # just an empty json object
                 return True
         except CodeMessageException as e:
@@ -181,7 +189,11 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
                 **fields,
                 b"access_token": service.hs_token,
             }
-            response = await self.get_json(uri, args=args)
+            response = await self.get_json(
+                uri,
+                args=args,
+                headers={"Authorization": [f"Bearer {service.hs_token}"]},
+            )
             if not isinstance(response, list):
                 logger.warning(
                     "query_3pe to %s returned an invalid response %r", uri, response
@@ -217,7 +229,11 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
                 urllib.parse.quote(protocol),
             )
             try:
-                info = await self.get_json(uri, {"access_token": service.hs_token})
+                info = await self.get_json(
+                    uri,
+                    {"access_token": service.hs_token},
+                    headers={"Authorization": [f"Bearer {service.hs_token}"]},
+                )
 
                 if not _is_valid_3pe_metadata(info):
                     logger.warning(
@@ -313,6 +329,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
                 uri=uri,
                 json_body=body,
                 args={"access_token": service.hs_token},
+                headers={"Authorization": [f"Bearer {service.hs_token}"]},
             )
             if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                 logger.debug(
diff --git a/synapse/config/cache.py b/synapse/config/cache.py
index 2db8cfb005..eb4194a5a9 100644
--- a/synapse/config/cache.py
+++ b/synapse/config/cache.py
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class CacheConfig(Config):
 
         self.track_memory_usage = cache_config.get("track_memory_usage", False)
         if self.track_memory_usage:
-            check_requirements("cache_memory")
+            check_requirements("cache-memory")
 
         expire_caches = cache_config.get("expire_caches", True)
         cache_entry_ttl = cache_config.get("cache_entry_ttl", "30m")
diff --git a/synapse/config/experimental.py b/synapse/config/experimental.py
index 933779c23a..d4b71d1673 100644
--- a/synapse/config/experimental.py
+++ b/synapse/config/experimental.py
@@ -12,12 +12,27 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+import attr
 
 from synapse.config._base import Config
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
 
+@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, frozen=True, slots=True)
+class MSC3866Config:
+    """Configuration for MSC3866 (mandating approval for new users)"""
+
+    # Whether the base support for the approval process is enabled. This includes the
+    # ability for administrators to check and update the approval of users, even if no
+    # approval is currently required.
+    enabled: bool = False
+    # Whether to require that new users are approved by an admin before their account
+    # can be used. Note that this setting is ignored if 'enabled' is false.
+    require_approval_for_new_accounts: bool = False
+
+
 class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
     """Config section for enabling experimental features"""
 
@@ -80,16 +95,11 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
         # MSC2815 (allow room moderators to view redacted event content)
         self.msc2815_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc2815_enabled", False)
 
-        # MSC3786 (Add a default push rule to ignore m.room.server_acl events)
-        self.msc3786_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3786_enabled", False)
+        # MSC3773: Thread notifications
+        self.msc3773_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3773_enabled", False)
 
-        # MSC3771: Thread read receipts
-        self.msc3771_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3771_enabled", False)
-        # MSC3772: A push rule for mutual relations.
-        self.msc3772_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3772_enabled", False)
-
-        # MSC3715: dir param on /relations.
-        self.msc3715_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3715_enabled", False)
+        # MSC3664: Pushrules to match on related events
+        self.msc3664_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3664_enabled", False)
 
         # MSC3848: Introduce errcodes for specific event sending failures
         self.msc3848_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3848_enabled", False)
@@ -97,6 +107,10 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
         # MSC3852: Expose last seen user agent field on /_matrix/client/v3/devices.
         self.msc3852_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3852_enabled", False)
 
+        # MSC3866: M_USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL error code
+        raw_msc3866_config = experimental.get("msc3866", {})
+        self.msc3866 = MSC3866Config(**raw_msc3866_config)
+
         # MSC3881: Remotely toggle push notifications for another client
         self.msc3881_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3881_enabled", False)
 
@@ -106,3 +120,14 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
         self.msc3882_token_timeout = self.parse_duration(
             experimental.get("msc3882_token_timeout", "5m")
         )
+
+        # MSC3874: Filtering /messages with rel_types / not_rel_types.
+        self.msc3874_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3874_enabled", False)
+
+        # MSC3886: Simple client rendezvous capability
+        self.msc3886_endpoint: Optional[str] = experimental.get(
+            "msc3886_endpoint", None
+        )
+
+        # MSC3912: Relation-based redactions.
+        self.msc3912_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3912_enabled", False)
diff --git a/synapse/config/groups.py b/synapse/config/groups.py
deleted file mode 100644
index baa051fdd4..0000000000
--- a/synapse/config/groups.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2017 New Vector Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from typing import Any
-
-from synapse.types import JsonDict
-
-from ._base import Config
-
-
-class GroupsConfig(Config):
-    section = "groups"
-
-    def read_config(self, config: JsonDict, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        self.enable_group_creation = config.get("enable_group_creation", False)
-        self.group_creation_prefix = config.get("group_creation_prefix", "")
diff --git a/synapse/config/logger.py b/synapse/config/logger.py
index 6c1f78f8df..5468b963a2 100644
--- a/synapse/config/logger.py
+++ b/synapse/config/logger.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ DEFAULT_LOG_CONFIG = Template(
 # Synapse also supports structured logging for machine readable logs which can
 # be ingested by ELK stacks. See [2] for details.
 #
-# [1]: https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema
+# [1]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema
 # [2]: https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/structured_logging.html
 
 version: 1
@@ -317,15 +317,16 @@ def setup_logging(
     Set up the logging subsystem.
 
     Args:
-        config (LoggingConfig | synapse.config.worker.WorkerConfig):
-            configuration data
+        config: configuration data
 
-        use_worker_options (bool): True to use the 'worker_log_config' option
+        use_worker_options: True to use the 'worker_log_config' option
             instead of 'log_config'.
 
         logBeginner: The Twisted logBeginner to use.
 
     """
+    from twisted.internet import reactor
+
     log_config_path = (
         config.worker.worker_log_config
         if use_worker_options
@@ -348,3 +349,4 @@ def setup_logging(
     )
     logging.info("Server hostname: %s", config.server.server_name)
     logging.info("Instance name: %s", hs.get_instance_name())
+    logging.info("Twisted reactor: %s", type(reactor).__name__)
diff --git a/synapse/config/metrics.py b/synapse/config/metrics.py
index f3134834e5..6034a0346e 100644
--- a/synapse/config/metrics.py
+++ b/synapse/config/metrics.py
@@ -43,33 +43,7 @@ class MetricsConfig(Config):
     def read_config(self, config: JsonDict, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         self.enable_metrics = config.get("enable_metrics", False)
 
-        """
-        ### `enable_legacy_metrics` (experimental)
-
-        **Experimental: this option may be removed or have its behaviour
-        changed at any time, with no notice.**
-
-        Set to `true` to publish both legacy and non-legacy Prometheus metric names,
-        or to `false` to only publish non-legacy Prometheus metric names.
-        Defaults to `true`. Has no effect if `enable_metrics` is `false`.
-
-        Legacy metric names include:
-        - metrics containing colons in the name, such as `synapse_util_caches_response_cache:hits`, because colons are supposed to be reserved for user-defined recording rules;
-        - counters that don't end with the `_total` suffix, such as `synapse_federation_client_sent_edus`, therefore not adhering to the OpenMetrics standard.
-
-        These legacy metric names are unconventional and not compliant with OpenMetrics standards.
-        They are included for backwards compatibility.
-
-        Example configuration:
-        ```yaml
-        enable_legacy_metrics: false
-        ```
-
-        See https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11106 for context.
-
-        *Since v1.67.0.*
-        """
-        self.enable_legacy_metrics = config.get("enable_legacy_metrics", True)
+        self.enable_legacy_metrics = config.get("enable_legacy_metrics", False)
 
         self.report_stats = config.get("report_stats", None)
         self.report_stats_endpoint = config.get(
diff --git a/synapse/config/oidc.py b/synapse/config/oidc.py
index 5418a332da..0bd83f4010 100644
--- a/synapse/config/oidc.py
+++ b/synapse/config/oidc.py
@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ OIDC_PROVIDER_CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
         "userinfo_endpoint": {"type": "string"},
         "jwks_uri": {"type": "string"},
         "skip_verification": {"type": "boolean"},
+        "backchannel_logout_enabled": {"type": "boolean"},
+        "backchannel_logout_ignore_sub": {"type": "boolean"},
         "user_profile_method": {
             "type": "string",
             "enum": ["auto", "userinfo_endpoint"],
@@ -292,6 +294,10 @@ def _parse_oidc_config_dict(
         token_endpoint=oidc_config.get("token_endpoint"),
         userinfo_endpoint=oidc_config.get("userinfo_endpoint"),
         jwks_uri=oidc_config.get("jwks_uri"),
+        backchannel_logout_enabled=oidc_config.get("backchannel_logout_enabled", False),
+        backchannel_logout_ignore_sub=oidc_config.get(
+            "backchannel_logout_ignore_sub", False
+        ),
         skip_verification=oidc_config.get("skip_verification", False),
         user_profile_method=oidc_config.get("user_profile_method", "auto"),
         allow_existing_users=oidc_config.get("allow_existing_users", False),
@@ -368,6 +374,12 @@ class OidcProviderConfig:
     # "openid" scope is used.
     jwks_uri: Optional[str]
 
+    # Whether Synapse should react to backchannel logouts
+    backchannel_logout_enabled: bool
+
+    # Whether Synapse should ignore the `sub` claim in backchannel logouts or not.
+    backchannel_logout_ignore_sub: bool
+
     # Whether to skip metadata verification
     skip_verification: bool
 
diff --git a/synapse/config/ratelimiting.py b/synapse/config/ratelimiting.py
index 1ed001e105..5c13fe428a 100644
--- a/synapse/config/ratelimiting.py
+++ b/synapse/config/ratelimiting.py
@@ -150,8 +150,5 @@ class RatelimitConfig(Config):
 
         self.rc_third_party_invite = RatelimitSettings(
             config.get("rc_third_party_invite", {}),
-            defaults={
-                "per_second": self.rc_message.per_second,
-                "burst_count": self.rc_message.burst_count,
-            },
+            defaults={"per_second": 0.0025, "burst_count": 5},
         )
diff --git a/synapse/config/repository.py b/synapse/config/repository.py
index 1033496bb4..e4759711ed 100644
--- a/synapse/config/repository.py
+++ b/synapse/config/repository.py
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class ContentRepositoryConfig(Config):
         )
         self.url_preview_enabled = config.get("url_preview_enabled", False)
         if self.url_preview_enabled:
-            check_requirements("url_preview")
+            check_requirements("url-preview")
 
             proxy_env = getproxies_environment()
             if "url_preview_ip_range_blacklist" not in config:
diff --git a/synapse/config/server.py b/synapse/config/server.py
index f2353ce5fb..ec46ca63ad 100644
--- a/synapse/config/server.py
+++ b/synapse/config/server.py
@@ -207,6 +207,9 @@ class HttpListenerConfig:
     additional_resources: Dict[str, dict] = attr.Factory(dict)
     tag: Optional[str] = None
     request_id_header: Optional[str] = None
+    # If true, the listener will return CORS response headers compatible with MSC3886:
+    # https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3886
+    experimental_cors_msc3886: bool = False
 
 
 @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
@@ -935,6 +938,7 @@ def parse_listener_def(num: int, listener: Any) -> ListenerConfig:
             additional_resources=listener.get("additional_resources", {}),
             tag=listener.get("tag"),
             request_id_header=listener.get("request_id_header"),
+            experimental_cors_msc3886=listener.get("experimental_cors_msc3886", False),
         )
 
     return ListenerConfig(port, bind_addresses, listener_type, tls, http_config)
diff --git a/synapse/config/workers.py b/synapse/config/workers.py
index 0fb725dd8f..913b83e174 100644
--- a/synapse/config/workers.py
+++ b/synapse/config/workers.py
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ class InstanceLocationConfig:
 
     host: str
     port: int
+    tls: bool = False
 
 
 @attr.s
@@ -149,13 +150,25 @@ class WorkerConfig(Config):
         # The port on the main synapse for HTTP replication endpoint
         self.worker_replication_http_port = config.get("worker_replication_http_port")
 
+        # The tls mode on the main synapse for HTTP replication endpoint.
+        # For backward compatibility this defaults to False.
+        self.worker_replication_http_tls = config.get(
+            "worker_replication_http_tls", False
+        )
+
         # The shared secret used for authentication when connecting to the main synapse.
         self.worker_replication_secret = config.get("worker_replication_secret", None)
 
         self.worker_name = config.get("worker_name", self.worker_app)
         self.instance_name = self.worker_name or "master"
 
+        # FIXME: Remove this check after a suitable amount of time.
         self.worker_main_http_uri = config.get("worker_main_http_uri", None)
+        if self.worker_main_http_uri is not None:
+            logger.warning(
+                "The config option worker_main_http_uri is unused since Synapse 1.73. "
+                "It can be safely removed from your configuration."
+            )
 
         # This option is really only here to support `--manhole` command line
         # argument.
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
index c88afb2986..ed15f88350 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class Keyring:
 
     def verify_json_objects_for_server(
         self, server_and_json: Iterable[Tuple[str, dict, int]]
-    ) -> List[defer.Deferred]:
+    ) -> List["defer.Deferred[None]"]:
         """Bulk verifies signatures of json objects, bulk fetching keys as
         necessary.
 
@@ -226,10 +226,9 @@ class Keyring:
                 valid.
 
         Returns:
-            List<Deferred[None]>: for each input triplet, a deferred indicating success
-                or failure to verify each json object's signature for the given
-                server_name. The deferreds run their callbacks in the sentinel
-                logcontext.
+            For each input triplet, a deferred indicating success or failure to
+            verify each json object's signature for the given server_name. The
+            deferreds run their callbacks in the sentinel logcontext.
         """
         return [
             run_in_background(
@@ -858,7 +857,7 @@ class ServerKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
                 response = await self.client.get_json(
                     destination=server_name,
                     path="/_matrix/key/v2/server/"
-                    + urllib.parse.quote(requested_key_id),
+                    + urllib.parse.quote(requested_key_id, safe=""),
                     ignore_backoff=True,
                     # we only give the remote server 10s to respond. It should be an
                     # easy request to handle, so if it doesn't reply within 10s, it's
diff --git a/synapse/event_auth.py b/synapse/event_auth.py
index c7d5ef92fc..bab31e33c5 100644
--- a/synapse/event_auth.py
+++ b/synapse/event_auth.py
@@ -15,7 +15,18 @@
 
 import logging
 import typing
-from typing import Any, Collection, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Collection,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
 
 from canonicaljson import encode_canonical_json
 from signedjson.key import decode_verify_key_bytes
@@ -134,6 +145,7 @@ def validate_event_for_room_version(event: "EventBase") -> None:
 async def check_state_independent_auth_rules(
     store: _EventSourceStore,
     event: "EventBase",
+    batched_auth_events: Optional[Mapping[str, "EventBase"]] = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Check that an event complies with auth rules that are independent of room state
 
@@ -143,6 +155,8 @@ async def check_state_independent_auth_rules(
     Args:
         store: the datastore; used to fetch the auth events for validation
         event: the event being checked.
+        batched_auth_events: if the event being authed is part of a batch, any events
+            from the same batch that may be necessary to auth the current event
 
     Raises:
         AuthError if the checks fail
@@ -162,6 +176,9 @@ async def check_state_independent_auth_rules(
         redact_behaviour=EventRedactBehaviour.as_is,
         allow_rejected=True,
     )
+    if batched_auth_events:
+        auth_events.update(batched_auth_events)
+
     room_id = event.room_id
     auth_dict: MutableStateMap[str] = {}
     expected_auth_types = auth_types_for_event(event.room_version, event)
diff --git a/synapse/events/__init__.py b/synapse/events/__init__.py
index b2c9119fd0..8aca9a3ab9 100644
--- a/synapse/events/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/events/__init__.py
@@ -289,6 +289,10 @@ class _EventInternalMetadata:
         """
         return self._dict.get("historical", False)
 
+    def is_notifiable(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this event can trigger a push notification"""
+        return not self.is_outlier() or self.is_out_of_band_membership()
+
 
 class EventBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     @property
@@ -593,8 +597,7 @@ def _event_type_from_format_version(
         format_version: The event format version
 
     Returns:
-        type: A type that can be initialized as per the initializer of
-        `FrozenEvent`
+        A type that can be initialized as per the initializer of `FrozenEvent`
     """
 
     if format_version == EventFormatVersions.ROOM_V1_V2:
diff --git a/synapse/events/builder.py b/synapse/events/builder.py
index e2ee10dd3d..d62906043f 100644
--- a/synapse/events/builder.py
+++ b/synapse/events/builder.py
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ class EventBuilder:
                 state_filter=StateFilter.from_types(
                     auth_types_for_event(self.room_version, self)
                 ),
+                await_full_state=False,
             )
             auth_event_ids = self._event_auth_handler.compute_auth_events(
                 self, state_ids
diff --git a/synapse/events/snapshot.py b/synapse/events/snapshot.py
index d3c8083e4a..1c0e96bec7 100644
--- a/synapse/events/snapshot.py
+++ b/synapse/events/snapshot.py
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ class EventContext:
             None does not necessarily mean that ``state_group`` does not have
             a prev_group!
 
-            If the event is a state event, this is normally the same as ``prev_group``.
+            If the event is a state event, this is normally the same as
+            ``state_group_before_event``.
 
             If ``state_group`` is None (ie, the event is an outlier), ``prev_group``
             will always also be ``None``.
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
index 881d3d8e18..d5d1b06fa4 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable, Callable, Optional
 
 from synapse.api.constants import MAX_DEPTH, EventContentFields, EventTypes, Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
@@ -58,7 +58,12 @@ class FederationBase:
 
     @trace
     async def _check_sigs_and_hash(
-        self, room_version: RoomVersion, pdu: EventBase
+        self,
+        room_version: RoomVersion,
+        pdu: EventBase,
+        record_failure_callback: Optional[
+            Callable[[EventBase, str], Awaitable[None]]
+        ] = None,
     ) -> EventBase:
         """Checks that event is correctly signed by the sending server.
 
@@ -70,6 +75,11 @@ class FederationBase:
         Args:
             room_version: The room version of the PDU
             pdu: the event to be checked
+            record_failure_callback: A callback to run whenever the given event
+                fails signature or hash checks. This includes exceptions
+                that would be normally be thrown/raised but also things like
+                checking for event tampering where we just return the redacted
+                event.
 
         Returns:
               * the original event if the checks pass
@@ -80,7 +90,12 @@ class FederationBase:
           InvalidEventSignatureError if the signature check failed. Nothing
              will be logged in this case.
         """
-        await _check_sigs_on_pdu(self.keyring, room_version, pdu)
+        try:
+            await _check_sigs_on_pdu(self.keyring, room_version, pdu)
+        except InvalidEventSignatureError as exc:
+            if record_failure_callback:
+                await record_failure_callback(pdu, str(exc))
+            raise exc
 
         if not check_event_content_hash(pdu):
             # let's try to distinguish between failures because the event was
@@ -116,6 +131,10 @@ class FederationBase:
                         "event_id": pdu.event_id,
                     }
                 )
+                if record_failure_callback:
+                    await record_failure_callback(
+                        pdu, "Event content has been tampered with"
+                    )
             return redacted_event
 
         spam_check = await self.spam_checker.check_event_for_spam(pdu)
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
index 9e7527291b..0615ce0870 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
@@ -80,6 +80,18 @@ PDU_RETRY_TIME_MS = 1 * 60 * 1000
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
+@attr.s(frozen=True, slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class PulledPduInfo:
+    """
+    A result object that stores the PDU and info about it like which homeserver we
+    pulled it from (`pull_origin`)
+    """
+
+    pdu: EventBase
+    # Which homeserver we pulled the PDU from
+    pull_origin: str
+
+
 class InvalidResponseError(RuntimeError):
     """Helper for _try_destination_list: indicates that the server returned a response
     we couldn't parse
@@ -114,7 +126,9 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         self.hostname = hs.hostname
         self.signing_key = hs.signing_key
 
-        self._get_pdu_cache: ExpiringCache[str, EventBase] = ExpiringCache(
+        # Cache mapping `event_id` to a tuple of the event itself and the `pull_origin`
+        # (which server we pulled the event from)
+        self._get_pdu_cache: ExpiringCache[str, Tuple[EventBase, str]] = ExpiringCache(
             cache_name="get_pdu_cache",
             clock=self._clock,
             max_len=1000,
@@ -278,7 +292,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         pdus = [event_from_pdu_json(p, room_version) for p in transaction_data_pdus]
 
         # Check signatures and hash of pdus, removing any from the list that fail checks
-        pdus[:] = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
+        pdus[:] = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch(
             dest, pdus, room_version=room_version
         )
 
@@ -328,7 +342,17 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
             # Check signatures are correct.
             try:
-                signed_pdu = await self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
+
+                async def _record_failure_callback(
+                    event: EventBase, cause: str
+                ) -> None:
+                    await self.store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                        event.room_id, event.event_id, cause
+                    )
+
+                signed_pdu = await self._check_sigs_and_hash(
+                    room_version, pdu, _record_failure_callback
+                )
             except InvalidEventSignatureError as e:
                 errmsg = f"event id {pdu.event_id}: {e}"
                 logger.warning("%s", errmsg)
@@ -342,11 +366,11 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
     @tag_args
     async def get_pdu(
         self,
-        destinations: Iterable[str],
+        destinations: Collection[str],
         event_id: str,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
         timeout: Optional[int] = None,
-    ) -> Optional[EventBase]:
+    ) -> Optional[PulledPduInfo]:
         """Requests the PDU with given origin and ID from the remote home
         servers.
 
@@ -361,11 +385,11 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 moving to the next destination. None indicates no timeout.
 
         Returns:
-            The requested PDU, or None if we were unable to find it.
+            The requested PDU wrapped in `PulledPduInfo`, or None if we were unable to find it.
         """
 
         logger.debug(
-            "get_pdu: event_id=%s from destinations=%s", event_id, destinations
+            "get_pdu(event_id=%s): from destinations=%s", event_id, destinations
         )
 
         # TODO: Rate limit the number of times we try and get the same event.
@@ -374,19 +398,25 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         # it gets persisted to the database), so we cache the results of the lookup.
         # Note that this is separate to the regular get_event cache which caches
         # events once they have been persisted.
-        event = self._get_pdu_cache.get(event_id)
+        get_pdu_cache_entry = self._get_pdu_cache.get(event_id)
 
+        event = None
+        pull_origin = None
+        if get_pdu_cache_entry:
+            event, pull_origin = get_pdu_cache_entry
         # If we don't see the event in the cache, go try to fetch it from the
         # provided remote federated destinations
-        if not event:
+        else:
             pdu_attempts = self.pdu_destination_tried.setdefault(event_id, {})
 
+            # TODO: We can probably refactor this to use `_try_destination_list`
             for destination in destinations:
                 now = self._clock.time_msec()
                 last_attempt = pdu_attempts.get(destination, 0)
                 if last_attempt + PDU_RETRY_TIME_MS > now:
                     logger.debug(
-                        "get_pdu: skipping destination=%s because we tried it recently last_attempt=%s and we only check every %s (now=%s)",
+                        "get_pdu(event_id=%s): skipping destination=%s because we tried it recently last_attempt=%s and we only check every %s (now=%s)",
+                        event_id,
                         destination,
                         last_attempt,
                         PDU_RETRY_TIME_MS,
@@ -401,43 +431,48 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                         room_version=room_version,
                         timeout=timeout,
                     )
+                    pull_origin = destination
 
                     pdu_attempts[destination] = now
 
                     if event:
                         # Prime the cache
-                        self._get_pdu_cache[event.event_id] = event
+                        self._get_pdu_cache[event.event_id] = (event, pull_origin)
 
                         # Now that we have an event, we can break out of this
                         # loop and stop asking other destinations.
                         break
 
+                except NotRetryingDestination as e:
+                    logger.info("get_pdu(event_id=%s): %s", event_id, e)
+                    continue
+                except FederationDeniedError:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "get_pdu(event_id=%s): Not attempting to fetch PDU from %s because the homeserver is not on our federation whitelist",
+                        event_id,
+                        destination,
+                    )
+                    continue
                 except SynapseError as e:
                     logger.info(
-                        "Failed to get PDU %s from %s because %s",
+                        "get_pdu(event_id=%s): Failed to get PDU from %s because %s",
                         event_id,
                         destination,
                         e,
                     )
                     continue
-                except NotRetryingDestination as e:
-                    logger.info(str(e))
-                    continue
-                except FederationDeniedError as e:
-                    logger.info(str(e))
-                    continue
                 except Exception as e:
                     pdu_attempts[destination] = now
 
                     logger.info(
-                        "Failed to get PDU %s from %s because %s",
+                        "get_pdu(event_id=%s): Failed to get PDU from %s because %s",
                         event_id,
                         destination,
                         e,
                     )
                     continue
 
-        if not event:
+        if not event or not pull_origin:
             return None
 
         # `event` now refers to an object stored in `get_pdu_cache`. Our
@@ -449,7 +484,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             event.room_version,
         )
 
-        return event_copy
+        return PulledPduInfo(event_copy, pull_origin)
 
     @trace
     @tag_args
@@ -547,24 +582,28 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             len(auth_event_map),
         )
 
-        valid_auth_events = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
+        valid_auth_events = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch(
             destination, auth_event_map.values(), room_version
         )
 
-        valid_state_events = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
-            destination, state_event_map.values(), room_version
+        valid_state_events = (
+            await self._check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch(
+                destination, state_event_map.values(), room_version
+            )
         )
 
         return valid_state_events, valid_auth_events
 
     @trace
-    async def _check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
+    async def _check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch(
         self,
         origin: str,
         pdus: Collection[EventBase],
         room_version: RoomVersion,
     ) -> List[EventBase]:
-        """Checks the signatures and hashes of a list of events.
+        """
+        Checks the signatures and hashes of a list of pulled events we got from
+        federation and records any signature failures as failed pull attempts.
 
         If a PDU fails its signature check then we check if we have it in
         the database, and if not then request it from the sender's server (if that
@@ -597,11 +636,17 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
         valid_pdus: List[EventBase] = []
 
+        async def _record_failure_callback(event: EventBase, cause: str) -> None:
+            await self.store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                event.room_id, event.event_id, cause
+            )
+
         async def _execute(pdu: EventBase) -> None:
             valid_pdu = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch_one(
                 pdu=pdu,
                 origin=origin,
                 room_version=room_version,
+                record_failure_callback=_record_failure_callback,
             )
 
             if valid_pdu:
@@ -618,6 +663,9 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         pdu: EventBase,
         origin: str,
         room_version: RoomVersion,
+        record_failure_callback: Optional[
+            Callable[[EventBase, str], Awaitable[None]]
+        ] = None,
     ) -> Optional[EventBase]:
         """Takes a PDU and checks its signatures and hashes.
 
@@ -634,6 +682,11 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             origin
             pdu
             room_version
+            record_failure_callback: A callback to run whenever the given event
+                fails signature or hash checks. This includes exceptions
+                that would be normally be thrown/raised but also things like
+                checking for event tampering where we just return the redacted
+                event.
 
         Returns:
             The PDU (possibly redacted) if it has valid signatures and hashes.
@@ -641,7 +694,9 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         """
 
         try:
-            return await self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
+            return await self._check_sigs_and_hash(
+                room_version, pdu, record_failure_callback
+            )
         except InvalidEventSignatureError as e:
             logger.warning(
                 "Signature on retrieved event %s was invalid (%s). "
@@ -669,12 +724,14 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         pdu_origin = get_domain_from_id(pdu.sender)
         if not res and pdu_origin != origin:
             try:
-                res = await self.get_pdu(
+                pulled_pdu_info = await self.get_pdu(
                     destinations=[pdu_origin],
                     event_id=pdu.event_id,
                     room_version=room_version,
                     timeout=10000,
                 )
+                if pulled_pdu_info is not None:
+                    res = pulled_pdu_info.pdu
             except SynapseError:
                 pass
 
@@ -694,7 +751,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
         auth_chain = [event_from_pdu_json(p, room_version) for p in res["auth_chain"]]
 
-        signed_auth = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
+        signed_auth = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch(
             destination, auth_chain, room_version=room_version
         )
 
@@ -776,6 +833,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             )
 
         for destination in destinations:
+            # We don't want to ask our own server for information we don't have
             if destination == self.server_name:
                 continue
 
@@ -784,9 +842,21 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             except (
                 RequestSendFailed,
                 InvalidResponseError,
-                NotRetryingDestination,
             ) as e:
                 logger.warning("Failed to %s via %s: %s", description, destination, e)
+                # Skip to the next homeserver in the list to try.
+                continue
+            except NotRetryingDestination as e:
+                logger.info("%s: %s", description, e)
+                continue
+            except FederationDeniedError:
+                logger.info(
+                    "%s: Not attempting to %s from %s because the homeserver is not on our federation whitelist",
+                    description,
+                    description,
+                    destination,
+                )
+                continue
             except UnsupportedRoomVersionError:
                 raise
             except HttpResponseException as e:
@@ -1264,7 +1334,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         return resp[1]
 
     async def send_knock(self, destinations: List[str], pdu: EventBase) -> JsonDict:
-        """Attempts to send a knock event to given a list of servers. Iterates
+        """Attempts to send a knock event to a given list of servers. Iterates
         through the list until one attempt succeeds.
 
         Doing so will cause the remote server to add the event to the graph,
@@ -1401,7 +1471,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 event_from_pdu_json(e, room_version) for e in content.get("events", [])
             ]
 
-            signed_events = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
+            signed_events = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch(
                 destination, events, room_version=room_version
             )
         except HttpResponseException as e:
@@ -1579,6 +1649,54 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         return result
 
     async def timestamp_to_event(
+        self, *, destinations: List[str], room_id: str, timestamp: int, direction: str
+    ) -> Optional["TimestampToEventResponse"]:
+        """
+        Calls each remote federating server from `destinations` asking for their closest
+        event to the given timestamp in the given direction until we get a response.
+        Also validates the response to always return the expected keys or raises an
+        error.
+
+        Args:
+            destinations: The domains of homeservers to try fetching from
+            room_id: Room to fetch the event from
+            timestamp: The point in time (inclusive) we should navigate from in
+                the given direction to find the closest event.
+            direction: ["f"|"b"] to indicate whether we should navigate forward
+                or backward from the given timestamp to find the closest event.
+
+        Returns:
+            A parsed TimestampToEventResponse including the closest event_id
+            and origin_server_ts or None if no destination has a response.
+        """
+
+        async def _timestamp_to_event_from_destination(
+            destination: str,
+        ) -> TimestampToEventResponse:
+            return await self._timestamp_to_event_from_destination(
+                destination, room_id, timestamp, direction
+            )
+
+        try:
+            # Loop through each homeserver candidate until we get a succesful response
+            timestamp_to_event_response = await self._try_destination_list(
+                "timestamp_to_event",
+                destinations,
+                # TODO: The requested timestamp may lie in a part of the
+                #   event graph that the remote server *also* didn't have,
+                #   in which case they will have returned another event
+                #   which may be nowhere near the requested timestamp. In
+                #   the future, we may need to reconcile that gap and ask
+                #   other homeservers, and/or extend `/timestamp_to_event`
+                #   to return events on *both* sides of the timestamp to
+                #   help reconcile the gap faster.
+                _timestamp_to_event_from_destination,
+            )
+            return timestamp_to_event_response
+        except SynapseError:
+            return None
+
+    async def _timestamp_to_event_from_destination(
         self, destination: str, room_id: str, timestamp: int, direction: str
     ) -> "TimestampToEventResponse":
         """
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
index 641922a1d2..4f4a88b953 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ from synapse.replication.http.federation import (
 )
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.events import PartialStateConflictError
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.lock import Lock
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import extract_heroes_from_room_summary
+from synapse.storage.roommember import MemberSummary
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, StateMap, get_domain_from_id
 from synapse.util import json_decoder, unwrapFirstError
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer, concurrently_execute, gather_results
@@ -476,6 +478,14 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                     pdu_results[pdu.event_id] = await process_pdu(pdu)
 
         async def process_pdu(pdu: EventBase) -> JsonDict:
+            """
+            Processes a pushed PDU sent to us via a `/send` transaction
+
+            Returns:
+                JsonDict representing a "PDU Processing Result" that will be bundled up
+                with the other processed PDU's in the `/send` transaction and sent back
+                to remote homeserver.
+            """
             event_id = pdu.event_id
             with nested_logging_context(event_id):
                 try:
@@ -678,8 +688,9 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         state_event_ids: Collection[str]
         servers_in_room: Optional[Collection[str]]
         if caller_supports_partial_state:
+            summary = await self.store.get_room_summary(room_id)
             state_event_ids = _get_event_ids_for_partial_state_join(
-                event, prev_state_ids
+                event, prev_state_ids, summary
             )
             servers_in_room = await self.state.get_hosts_in_room_at_events(
                 room_id, event_ids=event.prev_event_ids()
@@ -819,7 +830,14 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                 context, self._room_prejoin_state_types
             )
         )
-        return {"knock_state_events": stripped_room_state}
+        return {
+            "knock_room_state": stripped_room_state,
+            # Since v1.37, Synapse incorrectly used "knock_state_events" for this field.
+            # Thus, we also populate a 'knock_state_events' with the same content to
+            # support old instances.
+            # See https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14088.
+            "knock_state_events": stripped_room_state,
+        }
 
     async def _on_send_membership_event(
         self, origin: str, content: JsonDict, membership_type: str, room_id: str
@@ -1475,6 +1493,7 @@ class FederationHandlerRegistry:
 def _get_event_ids_for_partial_state_join(
     join_event: EventBase,
     prev_state_ids: StateMap[str],
+    summary: Dict[str, MemberSummary],
 ) -> Collection[str]:
     """Calculate state to be retuned in a partial_state send_join
 
@@ -1501,8 +1520,19 @@ def _get_event_ids_for_partial_state_join(
     if current_membership_event_id is not None:
         state_event_ids.add(current_membership_event_id)
 
-    # TODO: return a few more members:
-    #   - those with invites
-    #   - those that are kicked? / banned
+    name_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.Name, ""))
+    canonical_alias_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, ""))
+    if not name_id and not canonical_alias_id:
+        # Also include the hero members of the room (for DM rooms without a title).
+        # To do this properly, we should select the correct subset of membership events
+        # from `prev_state_ids`. Instead, we are lazier and use the (cached)
+        # `get_room_summary` function, which is based on the current state of the room.
+        # This introduces races; we choose to ignore them because a) they should be rare
+        # and b) even if it's wrong, joining servers will get the full state eventually.
+        heroes = extract_heroes_from_room_summary(summary, join_event.state_key)
+        for hero in heroes:
+            membership_event_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.Member, hero))
+            if membership_event_id:
+                state_event_ids.add(membership_event_id)
 
     return state_event_ids
diff --git a/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py b/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py
index a6cb3ba58f..3ad483efe0 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py
@@ -353,21 +353,25 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
                 last_token = await self.store.get_federation_out_pos("events")
                 (
                     next_token,
-                    events,
                     event_to_received_ts,
-                ) = await self.store.get_all_new_events_stream(
+                ) = await self.store.get_all_new_event_ids_stream(
                     last_token, self._last_poked_id, limit=100
                 )
 
+                event_ids = event_to_received_ts.keys()
+                event_entries = await self.store.get_unredacted_events_from_cache_or_db(
+                    event_ids
+                )
+
                 logger.debug(
                     "Handling %i -> %i: %i events to send (current id %i)",
                     last_token,
                     next_token,
-                    len(events),
+                    len(event_entries),
                     self._last_poked_id,
                 )
 
-                if not events and next_token >= self._last_poked_id:
+                if not event_entries and next_token >= self._last_poked_id:
                     logger.debug("All events processed")
                     break
 
@@ -508,8 +512,14 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
                             await handle_event(event)
 
                 events_by_room: Dict[str, List[EventBase]] = {}
-                for event in events:
-                    events_by_room.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append(event)
+
+                for event_id in event_ids:
+                    # `event_entries` is unsorted, so we have to iterate over `event_ids`
+                    # to ensure the events are in the right order
+                    event_cache = event_entries.get(event_id)
+                    if event_cache:
+                        event = event_cache.event
+                        events_by_room.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append(event)
 
                 await make_deferred_yieldable(
                     defer.gatherResults(
@@ -524,9 +534,9 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
                 logger.debug("Successfully handled up to %i", next_token)
                 await self.store.update_federation_out_pos("events", next_token)
 
-                if events:
+                if event_entries:
                     now = self.clock.time_msec()
-                    ts = event_to_received_ts[events[-1].event_id]
+                    ts = max(t for t in event_to_received_ts.values() if t)
                     assert ts is not None
 
                     synapse.metrics.event_processing_lag.labels(
@@ -536,7 +546,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
                         "federation_sender"
                     ).set(ts)
 
-                    events_processed_counter.inc(len(events))
+                    events_processed_counter.inc(len(event_entries))
 
                     event_processing_loop_room_count.labels("federation_sender").inc(
                         len(events_by_room)
diff --git a/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py b/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
index 72bc935452..baeea3f1cd 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
@@ -646,10 +646,25 @@ class _TransactionQueueManager:
 
         # We start by fetching device related EDUs, i.e device updates and to
         # device messages. We have to keep 2 free slots for presence and rr_edus.
-        limit = MAX_EDUS_PER_TRANSACTION - 2
+        device_edu_limit = MAX_EDUS_PER_TRANSACTION - 2
+
+        # We prioritize to-device messages so that existing encryption channels
+        # work. We also keep a few slots spare (by reducing the limit) so that
+        # we can still trickle out some device list updates.
+        (
+            to_device_edus,
+            device_stream_id,
+        ) = await self.queue._get_to_device_message_edus(device_edu_limit - 10)
+
+        if to_device_edus:
+            self._device_stream_id = device_stream_id
+        else:
+            self.queue._last_device_stream_id = device_stream_id
+
+        device_edu_limit -= len(to_device_edus)
 
         device_update_edus, dev_list_id = await self.queue._get_device_update_edus(
-            limit
+            device_edu_limit
         )
 
         if device_update_edus:
@@ -657,18 +672,6 @@ class _TransactionQueueManager:
         else:
             self.queue._last_device_list_stream_id = dev_list_id
 
-        limit -= len(device_update_edus)
-
-        (
-            to_device_edus,
-            device_stream_id,
-        ) = await self.queue._get_to_device_message_edus(limit)
-
-        if to_device_edus:
-            self._device_stream_id = device_stream_id
-        else:
-            self.queue._last_device_stream_id = device_stream_id
-
         pending_edus = device_update_edus + to_device_edus
 
         # Now add the read receipt EDU.
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
index 32074b8ca6..a3cfc701cd 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ from synapse.federation.units import Transaction
 from synapse.http.matrixfederationclient import ByteParser
 from synapse.http.types import QueryParams
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
+from synapse.util import ExceptionBundle
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -279,12 +280,11 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
         Note that this does not append any events to any graphs.
 
         Args:
-            destination (str): address of remote homeserver
-            room_id (str): room to join/leave
-            user_id (str): user to be joined/left
-            membership (str): one of join/leave
-            params (dict[str, str|Iterable[str]]): Query parameters to include in the
-                request.
+            destination: address of remote homeserver
+            room_id: room to join/leave
+            user_id: user to be joined/left
+            membership: one of join/leave
+            params: Query parameters to include in the request.
 
         Returns:
             Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result
@@ -926,8 +926,7 @@ class SendJoinParser(ByteParser[SendJoinResponse]):
         return len(data)
 
     def finish(self) -> SendJoinResponse:
-        for c in self._coros:
-            c.close()
+        _close_coros(self._coros)
 
         if self._response.event_dict:
             self._response.event = make_event_from_dict(
@@ -970,6 +969,27 @@ class _StateParser(ByteParser[StateRequestResponse]):
         return len(data)
 
     def finish(self) -> StateRequestResponse:
-        for c in self._coros:
-            c.close()
+        _close_coros(self._coros)
         return self._response
+
+
+def _close_coros(coros: Iterable[Generator[None, bytes, None]]) -> None:
+    """Close each of the given coroutines.
+
+    Always calls .close() on each coroutine, even if doing so raises an exception.
+    Any exceptions raised are aggregated into an ExceptionBundle.
+
+    :raises ExceptionBundle: if at least one coroutine fails to close.
+    """
+    exceptions = []
+    for c in coros:
+        try:
+            c.close()
+        except Exception as e:
+            exceptions.append(e)
+
+    if exceptions:
+        # raise from the first exception so that the traceback has slightly more context
+        raise ExceptionBundle(
+            f"There were {len(exceptions)} errors closing coroutines", exceptions
+        ) from exceptions[0]
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/server/_base.py b/synapse/federation/transport/server/_base.py
index cba690e795..fd927e0af7 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server/_base.py
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ class BaseFederationServlet:
 
         With arguments:
 
-            origin (unicode|None): The authenticated server_name of the calling server,
+            origin (str|None): The authenticated server_name of the calling server,
                 unless REQUIRE_AUTH is set to False and authentication failed.
 
-            content (unicode|None): decoded json body of the request. None if the
+            content (str|None): decoded json body of the request. None if the
                 request was a GET.
 
             query (dict[bytes, list[bytes]]): Query params from the request. url-decoded
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/server/federation.py b/synapse/federation/transport/server/federation.py
index 6bb4659c4c..205fd16daa 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server/federation.py
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class FederationV2InviteServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
 
         room_version = content["room_version"]
         event = content["event"]
-        invite_room_state = content["invite_room_state"]
+        invite_room_state = content.get("invite_room_state", [])
 
         # Synapse expects invite_room_state to be in unsigned, as it is in v1
         # API
@@ -499,6 +499,11 @@ class FederationV2InviteServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
         result = await self.handler.on_invite_request(
             origin, event, room_version_id=room_version
         )
+
+        # We only store invite_room_state for internal use, so remove it before
+        # returning the event to the remote homeserver.
+        result["event"].get("unsigned", {}).pop("invite_room_state", None)
+
         return 200, result
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/account_data.py b/synapse/handlers/account_data.py
index 0478448b47..fc21d58001 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/account_data.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/account_data.py
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class AccountDataEventSource(EventSource[int, JsonDict]):
         self,
         user: UserID,
         from_key: int,
-        limit: Optional[int],
+        limit: int,
         room_ids: Collection[str],
         is_guest: bool,
         explicit_room_id: Optional[str] = None,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/admin.py b/synapse/handlers/admin.py
index cf9f19608a..5bf8e86387 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/admin.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/admin.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class AdminHandler:
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
         self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
         self._state_storage_controller = self._storage_controllers.state
+        self._msc3866_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
 
     async def get_whois(self, user: UserID) -> JsonDict:
         connections = []
@@ -75,6 +76,10 @@ class AdminHandler:
             "is_guest",
         }
 
+        if self._msc3866_enabled:
+            # Only include the approved flag if support for MSC3866 is enabled.
+            user_info_to_return.add("approved")
+
         # Restrict returned keys to a known set.
         user_info_dict = {
             key: value
@@ -95,6 +100,7 @@ class AdminHandler:
         user_info_dict["avatar_url"] = profile.avatar_url
         user_info_dict["threepids"] = threepids
         user_info_dict["external_ids"] = external_ids
+        user_info_dict["erased"] = await self.store.is_user_erased(user.to_string())
 
         return user_info_dict
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/appservice.py b/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
index 203b62e015..66f5b8d108 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
@@ -109,10 +109,13 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
                     last_token = await self.store.get_appservice_last_pos()
                     (
                         upper_bound,
-                        events,
                         event_to_received_ts,
-                    ) = await self.store.get_all_new_events_stream(
-                        last_token, self.current_max, limit=100, get_prev_content=True
+                    ) = await self.store.get_all_new_event_ids_stream(
+                        last_token, self.current_max, limit=100
+                    )
+
+                    events = await self.store.get_events_as_list(
+                        event_to_received_ts.keys(), get_prev_content=True
                     )
 
                     events_by_room: Dict[str, List[EventBase]] = {}
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/auth.py b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
index eacd631ee0..8b9ef25d29 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ from typing import (
 import attr
 import bcrypt
 import unpaddedbase64
+from prometheus_client import Counter
 
 from twisted.internet.defer import CancelledError
 from twisted.web.server import Request
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
     Codes,
     InteractiveAuthIncompleteError,
     LoginError,
+    NotFoundError,
     StoreError,
     SynapseError,
     UserDeactivatedError,
@@ -63,10 +65,14 @@ from synapse.http.server import finish_request, respond_with_html
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.context import defer_to_thread
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.registration import (
+    LoginTokenExpired,
+    LoginTokenLookupResult,
+    LoginTokenReused,
+)
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, Requester, UserID
 from synapse.util import stringutils as stringutils
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import delay_cancellation, maybe_awaitable
-from synapse.util.macaroons import LoginTokenAttributes
 from synapse.util.msisdn import phone_number_to_msisdn
 from synapse.util.stringutils import base62_encode
 from synapse.util.threepids import canonicalise_email
@@ -80,6 +86,12 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 INVALID_USERNAME_OR_PASSWORD = "Invalid username or password"
 
+invalid_login_token_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_user_login_invalid_login_tokens",
+    "Counts the number of rejected m.login.token on /login",
+    ["reason"],
+)
+
 
 def convert_client_dict_legacy_fields_to_identifier(
     submission: JsonDict,
@@ -883,6 +895,25 @@ class AuthHandler:
 
         return True
 
+    async def create_login_token_for_user_id(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        duration_ms: int = (2 * 60 * 1000),
+        auth_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        login_token = self.generate_login_token()
+        now = self._clock.time_msec()
+        expiry_ts = now + duration_ms
+        await self.store.add_login_token_to_user(
+            user_id=user_id,
+            token=login_token,
+            expiry_ts=expiry_ts,
+            auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
+            auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
+        )
+        return login_token
+
     async def create_refresh_token_for_user_id(
         self,
         user_id: str,
@@ -1009,6 +1040,17 @@ class AuthHandler:
             return res[0]
         return None
 
+    async def is_user_approved(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
+        """Checks if a user is approved and therefore can be allowed to log in.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user to check the approval status of.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean that is True if the user is approved, False otherwise.
+        """
+        return await self.store.is_user_approved(user_id)
+
     async def _find_user_id_and_pwd_hash(
         self, user_id: str
     ) -> Optional[Tuple[str, str]]:
@@ -1390,6 +1432,18 @@ class AuthHandler:
             return None
         return user_id
 
+    def generate_login_token(self) -> str:
+        """Generates an opaque string, for use as an short-term login token"""
+
+        # we use the following format for access tokens:
+        #    syl_<random string>_<base62 crc check>
+
+        random_string = stringutils.random_string(20)
+        base = f"syl_{random_string}"
+
+        crc = base62_encode(crc32(base.encode("ascii")), minwidth=6)
+        return f"{base}_{crc}"
+
     def generate_access_token(self, for_user: UserID) -> str:
         """Generates an opaque string, for use as an access token"""
 
@@ -1416,16 +1470,17 @@ class AuthHandler:
         crc = base62_encode(crc32(base.encode("ascii")), minwidth=6)
         return f"{base}_{crc}"
 
-    async def validate_short_term_login_token(
-        self, login_token: str
-    ) -> LoginTokenAttributes:
+    async def consume_login_token(self, login_token: str) -> LoginTokenLookupResult:
         try:
-            res = self.macaroon_gen.verify_short_term_login_token(login_token)
-        except Exception:
-            raise AuthError(403, "Invalid login token", errcode=Codes.FORBIDDEN)
+            return await self.store.consume_login_token(login_token)
+        except LoginTokenExpired:
+            invalid_login_token_counter.labels("expired").inc()
+        except LoginTokenReused:
+            invalid_login_token_counter.labels("reused").inc()
+        except NotFoundError:
+            invalid_login_token_counter.labels("not found").inc()
 
-        await self.auth_blocking.check_auth_blocking(res.user_id)
-        return res
+        raise AuthError(403, "Invalid login token", errcode=Codes.FORBIDDEN)
 
     async def delete_access_token(self, access_token: str) -> None:
         """Invalidate a single access token
@@ -1700,7 +1755,7 @@ class AuthHandler:
             )
 
         # Create a login token
-        login_token = self.macaroon_gen.generate_short_term_login_token(
+        login_token = await self.create_login_token_for_user_id(
             registered_user_id,
             auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
             auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/cas.py b/synapse/handlers/cas.py
index 7163af8004..fc467bc7c1 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/cas.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/cas.py
@@ -130,6 +130,9 @@ class CasHandler:
         except PartialDownloadError as pde:
             # Twisted raises this error if the connection is closed,
             # even if that's being used old-http style to signal end-of-data
+            # Assertion is for mypy's benefit. Error.response is Optional[bytes],
+            # but a PartialDownloadError should always have a non-None response.
+            assert pde.response is not None
             body = pde.response
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             description = (
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/device.py b/synapse/handlers/device.py
index 961f8eb186..2567954679 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/device.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/device.py
@@ -273,11 +273,9 @@ class DeviceWorkerHandler:
             possibly_left = possibly_changed | possibly_left
 
             # Double check if we still share rooms with the given user.
-            users_rooms = await self.store.get_rooms_for_users_with_stream_ordering(
-                possibly_left
-            )
+            users_rooms = await self.store.get_rooms_for_users(possibly_left)
             for changed_user_id, entries in users_rooms.items():
-                if any(e.room_id in room_ids for e in entries):
+                if any(rid in room_ids for rid in entries):
                     possibly_left.discard(changed_user_id)
                 else:
                     possibly_joined.discard(changed_user_id)
@@ -309,6 +307,17 @@ class DeviceWorkerHandler:
             "self_signing_key": self_signing_key,
         }
 
+    async def handle_room_un_partial_stated(self, room_id: str) -> None:
+        """Handles sending appropriate device list updates in a room that has
+        gone from partial to full state.
+        """
+
+        # TODO(faster_joins): worker mode support
+        #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12994
+        logger.error(
+            "Trying handling device list state for partial join: not supported on workers."
+        )
+
 
 class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
@@ -746,6 +755,95 @@ class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
         finally:
             self._handle_new_device_update_is_processing = False
 
+    async def handle_room_un_partial_stated(self, room_id: str) -> None:
+        """Handles sending appropriate device list updates in a room that has
+        gone from partial to full state.
+        """
+
+        # We defer to the device list updater to handle pending remote device
+        # list updates.
+        await self.device_list_updater.handle_room_un_partial_stated(room_id)
+
+        # Replay local updates.
+        (
+            join_event_id,
+            device_lists_stream_id,
+        ) = await self.store.get_join_event_id_and_device_lists_stream_id_for_partial_state(
+            room_id
+        )
+
+        # Get the local device list changes that have happened in the room since
+        # we started joining. If there are no updates there's nothing left to do.
+        changes = await self.store.get_device_list_changes_in_room(
+            room_id, device_lists_stream_id
+        )
+        local_changes = {(u, d) for u, d in changes if self.hs.is_mine_id(u)}
+        if not local_changes:
+            return
+
+        # Note: We have persisted the full state at this point, we just haven't
+        # cleared the `partial_room` flag.
+        join_state_ids = await self._state_storage.get_state_ids_for_event(
+            join_event_id, await_full_state=False
+        )
+        current_state_ids = await self.store.get_partial_current_state_ids(room_id)
+
+        # Now we need to work out all servers that might have been in the room
+        # at any point during our join.
+
+        # First we look for any membership states that have changed between the
+        # initial join and now...
+        all_keys = set(join_state_ids)
+        all_keys.update(current_state_ids)
+
+        potentially_changed_hosts = set()
+        for etype, state_key in all_keys:
+            if etype != EventTypes.Member:
+                continue
+
+            prev = join_state_ids.get((etype, state_key))
+            current = current_state_ids.get((etype, state_key))
+
+            if prev != current:
+                potentially_changed_hosts.add(get_domain_from_id(state_key))
+
+        # ... then we add all the hosts that are currently joined to the room...
+        current_hosts_in_room = await self.store.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
+        potentially_changed_hosts.update(current_hosts_in_room)
+
+        # ... and finally we remove any hosts that we were told about, as we
+        # will have sent device list updates to those hosts when they happened.
+        known_hosts_at_join = await self.store.get_partial_state_servers_at_join(
+            room_id
+        )
+        potentially_changed_hosts.difference_update(known_hosts_at_join)
+
+        potentially_changed_hosts.discard(self.server_name)
+
+        if not potentially_changed_hosts:
+            # Nothing to do.
+            return
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Found %d changed hosts to send device list updates to",
+            len(potentially_changed_hosts),
+        )
+
+        for user_id, device_id in local_changes:
+            await self.store.add_device_list_outbound_pokes(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                device_id=device_id,
+                room_id=room_id,
+                stream_id=None,
+                hosts=potentially_changed_hosts,
+                context=None,
+            )
+
+        # Notify things that device lists need to be sent out.
+        self.notifier.notify_replication()
+        for host in potentially_changed_hosts:
+            self.federation_sender.send_device_messages(host, immediate=False)
+
 
 def _update_device_from_client_ips(
     device: JsonDict, client_ips: Mapping[Tuple[str, str], Mapping[str, Any]]
@@ -836,6 +934,19 @@ class DeviceListUpdater:
             )
             return
 
+        # Check if we are partially joining any rooms. If so we need to store
+        # all device list updates so that we can handle them correctly once we
+        # know who is in the room.
+        # TODO(faster joins): this fetches and processes a bunch of data that we don't
+        # use. Could be replaced by a tighter query e.g.
+        #   SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM partial_state_rooms)
+        partial_rooms = await self.store.get_partial_state_room_resync_info()
+        if partial_rooms:
+            await self.store.add_remote_device_list_to_pending(
+                user_id,
+                device_id,
+            )
+
         room_ids = await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id)
         if not room_ids:
             # We don't share any rooms with this user. Ignore update, as we
@@ -1175,3 +1286,35 @@ class DeviceListUpdater:
             device_ids.append(verify_key.version)
 
         return device_ids
+
+    async def handle_room_un_partial_stated(self, room_id: str) -> None:
+        """Handles sending appropriate device list updates in a room that has
+        gone from partial to full state.
+        """
+
+        pending_updates = (
+            await self.store.get_pending_remote_device_list_updates_for_room(room_id)
+        )
+
+        for user_id, device_id in pending_updates:
+            logger.info(
+                "Got pending device list update in room %s: %s / %s",
+                room_id,
+                user_id,
+                device_id,
+            )
+            position = await self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
+                user_id,
+                [device_id],
+                room_ids=[room_id],
+            )
+
+            if not position:
+                # This should only happen if there are no updates, which
+                # shouldn't happen when we've passed in a non-empty set of
+                # device IDs.
+                continue
+
+            self.device_handler.notifier.on_new_event(
+                StreamKeyType.DEVICE_LIST, position, rooms=[room_id]
+            )
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/directory.py b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
index 7127d5aefc..2ea52257cb 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/directory.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import logging
 import string
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, List, Optional
 
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
 from synapse.api.constants import MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH, EventTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import (
     AuthError,
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
         # TODO(erikj): Add transactions.
         # TODO(erikj): Check if there is a current association.
         if not servers:
-            servers = await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room(
+            servers = await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room_or_partial_state_approximation(
                 room_id
             )
 
@@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
                 Codes.NOT_FOUND,
             )
 
-        extra_servers = await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room(
+        extra_servers = await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room_or_partial_state_approximation(
             room_id
         )
         servers_set = set(extra_servers) | set(servers)
@@ -429,7 +431,10 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
         return await self.auth.check_can_change_room_list(room_id, requester)
 
     async def edit_published_room_list(
-        self, requester: Requester, room_id: str, visibility: str
+        self,
+        requester: Requester,
+        room_id: str,
+        visibility: Literal["public", "private"],
     ) -> None:
         """Edit the entry of the room in the published room list.
 
@@ -451,9 +456,6 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
         if requester.is_guest:
             raise AuthError(403, "Guests cannot edit the published room list")
 
-        if visibility not in ["public", "private"]:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid visibility setting")
-
         if visibility == "public" and not self.enable_room_list_search:
             # The room list has been disabled.
             raise AuthError(
@@ -505,7 +507,11 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
         await self.store.set_room_is_public(room_id, making_public)
 
     async def edit_published_appservice_room_list(
-        self, appservice_id: str, network_id: str, room_id: str, visibility: str
+        self,
+        appservice_id: str,
+        network_id: str,
+        room_id: str,
+        visibility: Literal["public", "private"],
     ) -> None:
         """Add or remove a room from the appservice/network specific public
         room list.
@@ -516,9 +522,6 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
             room_id
             visibility: either "public" or "private"
         """
-        if visibility not in ["public", "private"]:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid visibility setting")
-
         await self.store.set_room_is_public_appservice(
             room_id, appservice_id, network_id, visibility == "public"
         )
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
index cf788a4a86..5f84f1769b 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class E2eKeysHandler:
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self.config = hs.config
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
         self.federation = hs.get_federation_client()
         self.device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
@@ -431,13 +432,17 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
     @trace
     @cancellable
     async def query_local_devices(
-        self, query: Mapping[str, Optional[List[str]]]
+        self,
+        query: Mapping[str, Optional[List[str]]],
+        include_displaynames: bool = True,
     ) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, dict]]:
         """Get E2E device keys for local users
 
         Args:
             query: map from user_id to a list
                  of devices to query (None for all devices)
+            include_displaynames: Whether to include device displaynames in the returned
+                device details.
 
         Returns:
             A map from user_id -> device_id -> device details
@@ -469,7 +474,9 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
             # make sure that each queried user appears in the result dict
             result_dict[user_id] = {}
 
-        results = await self.store.get_e2e_device_keys_for_cs_api(local_query)
+        results = await self.store.get_e2e_device_keys_for_cs_api(
+            local_query, include_displaynames
+        )
 
         # Build the result structure
         for user_id, device_keys in results.items():
@@ -482,11 +489,33 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
     async def on_federation_query_client_keys(
         self, query_body: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[List[str]]]]
     ) -> JsonDict:
-        """Handle a device key query from a federated server"""
+        """Handle a device key query from a federated server:
+
+        Handles the path: GET /_matrix/federation/v1/users/keys/query
+
+        Args:
+            query_body: The body of the query request. Should contain a key
+                "device_keys" that map to a dictionary of user ID's -> list of
+                device IDs. If the list of device IDs is empty, all devices of
+                that user will be queried.
+
+        Returns:
+            A json dictionary containing the following:
+                - device_keys: A dictionary containing the requested device information.
+                - master_keys: An optional dictionary of user ID -> master cross-signing
+                   key info.
+                - self_signing_key: An optional dictionary of user ID -> self-signing
+                    key info.
+        """
         device_keys_query: Dict[str, Optional[List[str]]] = query_body.get(
             "device_keys", {}
         )
-        res = await self.query_local_devices(device_keys_query)
+        res = await self.query_local_devices(
+            device_keys_query,
+            include_displaynames=(
+                self.config.federation.allow_device_name_lookup_over_federation
+            ),
+        )
         ret = {"device_keys": res}
 
         # add in the cross-signing keys
@@ -841,7 +870,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
         - signatures of the user's master key by the user's devices.
 
         Args:
-            user_id (string): the user uploading the keys
+            user_id: the user uploading the keys
             signatures (dict[string, dict]): map of devices to signed keys
 
         Returns:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
index 8786534e54..098288f058 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -377,8 +377,9 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler:
         """Deletes a given version of the user's e2e_room_keys backup
 
         Args:
-            user_id(str): the user whose current backup version we're deleting
-            version(str): the version id of the backup being deleted
+            user_id: the user whose current backup version we're deleting
+            version: Optional. the version ID of the backup version we're deleting
+                If missing, we delete the current backup version info.
         Raises:
             NotFoundError: if this backup version doesn't exist
         """
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/event_auth.py b/synapse/handlers/event_auth.py
index 8249ca1ed2..3bbad0271b 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/event_auth.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/event_auth.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Collection, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Collection, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
 
 from synapse import event_auth
 from synapse.api.constants import (
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ from synapse.event_auth import (
 )
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.events.builder import EventBuilder
-from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext
 from synapse.types import StateMap, get_domain_from_id
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -51,12 +50,21 @@ class EventAuthHandler:
     async def check_auth_rules_from_context(
         self,
         event: EventBase,
-        context: EventContext,
+        batched_auth_events: Optional[Mapping[str, EventBase]] = None,
     ) -> None:
-        """Check an event passes the auth rules at its own auth events"""
-        await check_state_independent_auth_rules(self._store, event)
+        """Check an event passes the auth rules at its own auth events
+        Args:
+            event: event to be authed
+            batched_auth_events: if the event being authed is part of a batch, any events
+            from the same batch that may be necessary to auth the current event
+        """
+        await check_state_independent_auth_rules(
+            self._store, event, batched_auth_events
+        )
         auth_event_ids = event.auth_event_ids()
         auth_events_by_id = await self._store.get_events(auth_event_ids)
+        if batched_auth_events:
+            auth_events_by_id.update(batched_auth_events)
         check_state_dependent_auth_rules(event, auth_events_by_id.values())
 
     def compute_auth_events(
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
index 73471fe041..79e792395f 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -38,13 +38,14 @@ from signedjson.sign import verify_signed_json
 from unpaddedbase64 import decode_base64
 
 from synapse import event_auth
-from synapse.api.constants import EventContentFields, EventTypes, Membership
+from synapse.api.constants import MAX_DEPTH, EventContentFields, EventTypes, Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import (
     AuthError,
     CodeMessageException,
     Codes,
     FederationDeniedError,
     FederationError,
+    FederationPullAttemptBackoffError,
     HttpResponseException,
     LimitExceededError,
     NotFoundError,
@@ -155,6 +156,8 @@ class FederationHandler:
         self.http_client = hs.get_proxied_blacklisted_http_client()
         self._replication = hs.get_replication_data_handler()
         self._federation_event_handler = hs.get_federation_event_handler()
+        self._device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
+        self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator = hs.get_bulk_push_rule_evaluator()
 
         self._clean_room_for_join_client = ReplicationCleanRoomRestServlet.make_client(
             hs
@@ -215,7 +218,7 @@ class FederationHandler:
         current_depth: int,
         limit: int,
         *,
-        processing_start_time: int,
+        processing_start_time: Optional[int],
     ) -> bool:
         """
         Checks whether the `current_depth` is at or approaching any backfill
@@ -227,12 +230,23 @@ class FederationHandler:
             room_id: The room to backfill in.
             current_depth: The depth to check at for any upcoming backfill points.
             limit: The max number of events to request from the remote federated server.
-            processing_start_time: The time when `maybe_backfill` started
-                processing. Only used for timing.
+            processing_start_time: The time when `maybe_backfill` started processing.
+                Only used for timing. If `None`, no timing observation will be made.
         """
         backwards_extremities = [
             _BackfillPoint(event_id, depth, _BackfillPointType.BACKWARDS_EXTREMITY)
-            for event_id, depth in await self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id)
+            for event_id, depth in await self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(
+                room_id=room_id,
+                current_depth=current_depth,
+                # We only need to end up with 5 extremities combined with the
+                # insertion event extremities to make the `/backfill` request
+                # but fetch an order of magnitude more to make sure there is
+                # enough even after we filter them by whether visible in the
+                # history. This isn't fool-proof as all backfill points within
+                # our limit could be filtered out but seems like a good amount
+                # to try with at least.
+                limit=50,
+            )
         ]
 
         insertion_events_to_be_backfilled: List[_BackfillPoint] = []
@@ -240,7 +254,12 @@ class FederationHandler:
             insertion_events_to_be_backfilled = [
                 _BackfillPoint(event_id, depth, _BackfillPointType.INSERTION_PONT)
                 for event_id, depth in await self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(
-                    room_id
+                    room_id=room_id,
+                    current_depth=current_depth,
+                    # We only need to end up with 5 extremities combined with
+                    # the backfill points to make the `/backfill` request ...
+                    # (see the other comment above for more context).
+                    limit=50,
                 )
             ]
         logger.debug(
@@ -249,10 +268,6 @@ class FederationHandler:
             insertion_events_to_be_backfilled,
         )
 
-        if not backwards_extremities and not insertion_events_to_be_backfilled:
-            logger.debug("Not backfilling as no extremeties found.")
-            return False
-
         # we now have a list of potential places to backpaginate from. We prefer to
         # start with the most recent (ie, max depth), so let's sort the list.
         sorted_backfill_points: List[_BackfillPoint] = sorted(
@@ -273,6 +288,33 @@ class FederationHandler:
             sorted_backfill_points,
         )
 
+        # If we have no backfill points lower than the `current_depth` then
+        # either we can a) bail or b) still attempt to backfill. We opt to try
+        # backfilling anyway just in case we do get relevant events.
+        if not sorted_backfill_points and current_depth != MAX_DEPTH:
+            logger.debug(
+                "_maybe_backfill_inner: all backfill points are *after* current depth. Trying again with later backfill points."
+            )
+            return await self._maybe_backfill_inner(
+                room_id=room_id,
+                # We use `MAX_DEPTH` so that we find all backfill points next
+                # time (all events are below the `MAX_DEPTH`)
+                current_depth=MAX_DEPTH,
+                limit=limit,
+                # We don't want to start another timing observation from this
+                # nested recursive call. The top-most call can record the time
+                # overall otherwise the smaller one will throw off the results.
+                processing_start_time=None,
+            )
+
+        # Even after recursing with `MAX_DEPTH`, we didn't find any
+        # backward extremities to backfill from.
+        if not sorted_backfill_points:
+            logger.debug(
+                "_maybe_backfill_inner: Not backfilling as no backward extremeties found."
+            )
+            return False
+
         # If we're approaching an extremity we trigger a backfill, otherwise we
         # no-op.
         #
@@ -282,47 +324,16 @@ class FederationHandler:
         # chose more than one times the limit in case of failure, but choosing a
         # much larger factor will result in triggering a backfill request much
         # earlier than necessary.
-        #
-        # XXX: shouldn't we do this *after* the filter by depth below? Again, we don't
-        # care about events that have happened after our current position.
-        #
-        max_depth = sorted_backfill_points[0].depth
-        if current_depth - 2 * limit > max_depth:
+        max_depth_of_backfill_points = sorted_backfill_points[0].depth
+        if current_depth - 2 * limit > max_depth_of_backfill_points:
             logger.debug(
                 "Not backfilling as we don't need to. %d < %d - 2 * %d",
-                max_depth,
+                max_depth_of_backfill_points,
                 current_depth,
                 limit,
             )
             return False
 
-        # We ignore extremities that have a greater depth than our current depth
-        # as:
-        #    1. we don't really care about getting events that have happened
-        #       after our current position; and
-        #    2. we have likely previously tried and failed to backfill from that
-        #       extremity, so to avoid getting "stuck" requesting the same
-        #       backfill repeatedly we drop those extremities.
-        #
-        # However, we need to check that the filtered extremities are non-empty.
-        # If they are empty then either we can a) bail or b) still attempt to
-        # backfill. We opt to try backfilling anyway just in case we do get
-        # relevant events.
-        #
-        filtered_sorted_backfill_points = [
-            t for t in sorted_backfill_points if t.depth <= current_depth
-        ]
-        if filtered_sorted_backfill_points:
-            logger.debug(
-                "_maybe_backfill_inner: backfill points before current depth: %s",
-                filtered_sorted_backfill_points,
-            )
-            sorted_backfill_points = filtered_sorted_backfill_points
-        else:
-            logger.debug(
-                "_maybe_backfill_inner: all backfill points are *after* current depth. Backfilling anyway."
-            )
-
         # For performance's sake, we only want to paginate from a particular extremity
         # if we can actually see the events we'll get. Otherwise, we'd just spend a lot
         # of resources to get redacted events. We check each extremity in turn and
@@ -413,11 +424,22 @@ class FederationHandler:
             # First we try hosts that are already in the room.
             # TODO: HEURISTIC ALERT.
             likely_domains = (
-                await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
+                await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered(
+                    room_id
+                )
             )
 
         async def try_backfill(domains: Collection[str]) -> bool:
             # TODO: Should we try multiple of these at a time?
+
+            # Number of contacted remote homeservers that have denied our backfill
+            # request with a 4xx code.
+            denied_count = 0
+
+            # Maximum number of contacted remote homeservers that can deny our
+            # backfill request with 4xx codes before we give up.
+            max_denied_count = 5
+
             for dom in domains:
                 # We don't want to ask our own server for information we don't have
                 if dom == self.server_name:
@@ -431,40 +453,68 @@ class FederationHandler:
                     # appropriate stuff.
                     # TODO: We can probably do something more intelligent here.
                     return True
+                except NotRetryingDestination as e:
+                    logger.info("_maybe_backfill_inner: %s", e)
+                    continue
+                except FederationDeniedError:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "_maybe_backfill_inner: Not attempting to backfill from %s because the homeserver is not on our federation whitelist",
+                        dom,
+                    )
+                    continue
                 except (SynapseError, InvalidResponseError) as e:
                     logger.info("Failed to backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
                 except HttpResponseException as e:
                     if 400 <= e.code < 500:
-                        raise e.to_synapse_error()
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Backfill denied from %s because %s [%d/%d]",
+                            dom,
+                            e,
+                            denied_count,
+                            max_denied_count,
+                        )
+                        denied_count += 1
+                        if denied_count >= max_denied_count:
+                            return False
+                        continue
 
                     logger.info("Failed to backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
                 except CodeMessageException as e:
                     if 400 <= e.code < 500:
-                        raise
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Backfill denied from %s because %s [%d/%d]",
+                            dom,
+                            e,
+                            denied_count,
+                            max_denied_count,
+                        )
+                        denied_count += 1
+                        if denied_count >= max_denied_count:
+                            return False
+                        continue
 
                     logger.info("Failed to backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
-                except NotRetryingDestination as e:
-                    logger.info(str(e))
-                    continue
                 except RequestSendFailed as e:
                     logger.info("Failed to get backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
-                except FederationDeniedError as e:
-                    logger.info(e)
-                    continue
                 except Exception as e:
                     logger.exception("Failed to backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
 
             return False
 
-        processing_end_time = self.clock.time_msec()
-        backfill_processing_before_timer.observe(
-            (processing_end_time - processing_start_time) / 1000
-        )
+        # If we have the `processing_start_time`, then we can make an
+        # observation. We wouldn't have the `processing_start_time` in the case
+        # where `_maybe_backfill_inner` is recursively called to find any
+        # backfill points regardless of `current_depth`.
+        if processing_start_time is not None:
+            processing_end_time = self.clock.time_msec()
+            backfill_processing_before_timer.observe(
+                (processing_end_time - processing_start_time) / 1000
+            )
 
         success = await try_backfill(likely_domains)
         if success:
@@ -592,7 +642,12 @@ class FederationHandler:
                 # Mark the room as having partial state.
                 # The background process is responsible for unmarking this flag,
                 # even if the join fails.
-                await self.store.store_partial_state_room(room_id, ret.servers_in_room)
+                await self.store.store_partial_state_room(
+                    room_id=room_id,
+                    servers=ret.servers_in_room,
+                    device_lists_stream_id=self.store.get_device_stream_token(),
+                    joined_via=origin,
+                )
 
             try:
                 max_stream_id = (
@@ -617,6 +672,14 @@ class FederationHandler:
                     room_id,
                 )
                 raise LimitExceededError(msg=e.msg, errcode=e.errcode, retry_after_ms=0)
+            else:
+                # Record the join event id for future use (when we finish the full
+                # join). We have to do this after persisting the event to keep foreign
+                # key constraints intact.
+                if ret.partial_state:
+                    await self.store.write_partial_state_rooms_join_event_id(
+                        room_id, event.event_id
+                    )
             finally:
                 # Always kick off the background process that asynchronously fetches
                 # state for the room.
@@ -734,15 +797,27 @@ class FederationHandler:
 
         # Send the signed event back to the room, and potentially receive some
         # further information about the room in the form of partial state events
-        stripped_room_state = await self.federation_client.send_knock(
-            target_hosts, event
-        )
+        knock_response = await self.federation_client.send_knock(target_hosts, event)
 
         # Store any stripped room state events in the "unsigned" key of the event.
         # This is a bit of a hack and is cribbing off of invites. Basically we
         # store the room state here and retrieve it again when this event appears
         # in the invitee's sync stream. It is stripped out for all other local users.
-        event.unsigned["knock_room_state"] = stripped_room_state["knock_state_events"]
+        stripped_room_state = (
+            knock_response.get("knock_room_state")
+            # Since v1.37, Synapse incorrectly used "knock_state_events" for this field.
+            # Thus, we also check for a 'knock_state_events' to support old instances.
+            # See https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14088.
+            or knock_response.get("knock_state_events")
+        )
+
+        if stripped_room_state is None:
+            raise KeyError(
+                "Missing 'knock_room_state' (or legacy 'knock_state_events') field in "
+                "send_knock response"
+            )
+
+        event.unsigned["knock_room_state"] = stripped_room_state
 
         context = EventContext.for_outlier(self._storage_controllers)
         stream_id = await self._federation_event_handler.persist_events_and_notify(
@@ -881,7 +956,7 @@ class FederationHandler:
 
         # The remote hasn't signed it yet, obviously. We'll do the full checks
         # when we get the event back in `on_send_join_request`
-        await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event, context)
+        await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event)
         return event
 
     async def on_invite_request(
@@ -955,9 +1030,17 @@ class FederationHandler:
         )
 
         context = EventContext.for_outlier(self._storage_controllers)
-        await self._federation_event_handler.persist_events_and_notify(
-            event.room_id, [(event, context)]
+
+        await self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator.action_for_events_by_user(
+            [(event, context)]
         )
+        try:
+            await self._federation_event_handler.persist_events_and_notify(
+                event.room_id, [(event, context)]
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            await self.store.remove_push_actions_from_staging(event.event_id)
+            raise
 
         return event
 
@@ -1056,7 +1139,7 @@ class FederationHandler:
         try:
             # The remote hasn't signed it yet, obviously. We'll do the full checks
             # when we get the event back in `on_send_leave_request`
-            await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event, context)
+            await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event)
         except AuthError as e:
             logger.warning("Failed to create new leave %r because %s", event, e)
             raise e
@@ -1115,7 +1198,7 @@ class FederationHandler:
         try:
             # The remote hasn't signed it yet, obviously. We'll do the full checks
             # when we get the event back in `on_send_knock_request`
-            await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event, context)
+            await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event)
         except AuthError as e:
             logger.warning("Failed to create new knock %r because %s", event, e)
             raise e
@@ -1281,9 +1364,7 @@ class FederationHandler:
 
             try:
                 validate_event_for_room_version(event)
-                await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(
-                    event, context
-                )
+                await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event)
             except AuthError as e:
                 logger.warning("Denying new third party invite %r because %s", event, e)
                 raise e
@@ -1333,7 +1414,7 @@ class FederationHandler:
 
         try:
             validate_event_for_room_version(event)
-            await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event, context)
+            await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(event)
         except AuthError as e:
             logger.warning("Denying third party invite %r because %s", event, e)
             raise e
@@ -1526,8 +1607,8 @@ class FederationHandler:
         Fetch the complexity of a remote room over federation.
 
         Args:
-            remote_room_hosts (list[str]): The remote servers to ask.
-            room_id (str): The room ID to ask about.
+            remote_room_hosts: The remote servers to ask.
+            room_id: The room ID to ask about.
 
         Returns:
             Dict contains the complexity
@@ -1549,13 +1630,13 @@ class FederationHandler:
         """Resumes resyncing of all partial-state rooms after a restart."""
         assert not self.config.worker.worker_app
 
-        partial_state_rooms = await self.store.get_partial_state_rooms_and_servers()
-        for room_id, servers_in_room in partial_state_rooms.items():
+        partial_state_rooms = await self.store.get_partial_state_room_resync_info()
+        for room_id, resync_info in partial_state_rooms.items():
             run_as_background_process(
                 desc="sync_partial_state_room",
                 func=self._sync_partial_state_room,
-                initial_destination=None,
-                other_destinations=servers_in_room,
+                initial_destination=resync_info.joined_via,
+                other_destinations=resync_info.servers_in_room,
                 room_id=room_id,
             )
 
@@ -1584,28 +1665,12 @@ class FederationHandler:
         #   really leave, that might mean we have difficulty getting the room state over
         #   federation.
         #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12802
-        #
-        # TODO(faster_joins): we need some way of prioritising which homeservers in
-        #   `other_destinations` to try first, otherwise we'll spend ages trying dead
-        #   homeservers for large rooms.
-        #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12999
-
-        if initial_destination is None and len(other_destinations) == 0:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Cannot resync state of {room_id}: no destinations provided"
-            )
 
         # Make an infinite iterator of destinations to try. Once we find a working
         # destination, we'll stick with it until it flakes.
-        destinations: Collection[str]
-        if initial_destination is not None:
-            # Move `initial_destination` to the front of the list.
-            destinations = list(other_destinations)
-            if initial_destination in destinations:
-                destinations.remove(initial_destination)
-            destinations = [initial_destination] + destinations
-        else:
-            destinations = other_destinations
+        destinations = _prioritise_destinations_for_partial_state_resync(
+            initial_destination, other_destinations, room_id
+        )
         destination_iter = itertools.cycle(destinations)
 
         # `destination` is the current remote homeserver we're pulling from.
@@ -1623,6 +1688,9 @@ class FederationHandler:
                 #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12994
                 await self.state_handler.update_current_state(room_id)
 
+                logger.info("Handling any pending device list updates")
+                await self._device_handler.handle_room_un_partial_stated(room_id)
+
                 logger.info("Clearing partial-state flag for %s", room_id)
                 success = await self.store.clear_partial_state_room(room_id)
                 if success:
@@ -1652,7 +1720,22 @@ class FederationHandler:
                             destination, event
                         )
                         break
+                    except FederationPullAttemptBackoffError as exc:
+                        # Log a warning about why we failed to process the event (the error message
+                        # for `FederationPullAttemptBackoffError` is pretty good)
+                        logger.warning("_sync_partial_state_room: %s", exc)
+                        # We do not record a failed pull attempt when we backoff fetching a missing
+                        # `prev_event` because not being able to fetch the `prev_events` just means
+                        # we won't be able to de-outlier the pulled event. But we can still use an
+                        # `outlier` in the state/auth chain for another event. So we shouldn't stop
+                        # a downstream event from trying to pull it.
+                        #
+                        # This avoids a cascade of backoff for all events in the DAG downstream from
+                        # one event backoff upstream.
                     except FederationError as e:
+                        # TODO: We should `record_event_failed_pull_attempt` here,
+                        #   see https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13700
+
                         if attempt == len(destinations) - 1:
                             # We have tried every remote server for this event. Give up.
                             # TODO(faster_joins) giving up isn't the right thing to do
@@ -1685,3 +1768,29 @@ class FederationHandler:
                             room_id,
                             destination,
                         )
+
+
+def _prioritise_destinations_for_partial_state_resync(
+    initial_destination: Optional[str],
+    other_destinations: Collection[str],
+    room_id: str,
+) -> Collection[str]:
+    """Work out the order in which we should ask servers to resync events.
+
+    If an `initial_destination` is given, it takes top priority. Otherwise
+    all servers are treated equally.
+
+    :raises ValueError: if no destination is provided at all.
+    """
+    if initial_destination is None and len(other_destinations) == 0:
+        raise ValueError(f"Cannot resync state of {room_id}: no destinations provided")
+
+    if initial_destination is None:
+        return other_destinations
+
+    # Move `initial_destination` to the front of the list.
+    destinations = list(other_destinations)
+    if initial_destination in destinations:
+        destinations.remove(initial_destination)
+    destinations = [initial_destination] + destinations
+    return destinations
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py b/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
index 00a8860ff3..378b863c5f 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
     AuthError,
     Codes,
     FederationError,
+    FederationPullAttemptBackoffError,
     HttpResponseException,
     RequestSendFailed,
     SynapseError,
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ from synapse.event_auth import (
 )
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext
-from synapse.federation.federation_client import InvalidResponseError
+from synapse.federation.federation_client import InvalidResponseError, PulledPduInfo
 from synapse.logging.context import nested_logging_context
 from synapse.logging.tracing import (
     SynapseTags,
@@ -414,7 +415,9 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
 
         # First, precalculate the joined hosts so that the federation sender doesn't
         # need to.
-        await self._event_creation_handler.cache_joined_hosts_for_event(event, context)
+        await self._event_creation_handler.cache_joined_hosts_for_events(
+            [(event, context)]
+        )
 
         await self._check_for_soft_fail(event, context=context, origin=origin)
         await self._run_push_actions_and_persist_event(event, context)
@@ -565,6 +568,9 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
             event: partial-state event to be de-partial-stated
 
         Raises:
+            FederationPullAttemptBackoffError if we are are deliberately not attempting
+                to pull the given event over federation because we've already done so
+                recently and are backing off.
             FederationError if we fail to request state from the remote server.
         """
         logger.info("Updating state for %s", event.event_id)
@@ -792,9 +798,42 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
             ],
         )
 
+        # Check if we already any of these have these events.
+        # Note: we currently make a lookup in the database directly here rather than
+        # checking the event cache, due to:
+        # https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13476
+        existing_events_map = await self._store._get_events_from_db(
+            [event.event_id for event in events]
+        )
+
+        new_events = []
+        for event in events:
+            event_id = event.event_id
+
+            # If we've already seen this event ID...
+            if event_id in existing_events_map:
+                existing_event = existing_events_map[event_id]
+
+                # ...and the event itself was not previously stored as an outlier...
+                if not existing_event.event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+                    # ...then there's no need to persist it. We have it already.
+                    logger.info(
+                        "_process_pulled_event: Ignoring received event %s which we "
+                        "have already seen",
+                        event.event_id,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # While we have seen this event before, it was stored as an outlier.
+                # We'll now persist it as a non-outlier.
+                logger.info("De-outliering event %s", event_id)
+
+            # Continue on with the events that are new to us.
+            new_events.append(event)
+
         # We want to sort these by depth so we process them and
         # tell clients about them in order.
-        sorted_events = sorted(events, key=lambda x: x.depth)
+        sorted_events = sorted(new_events, key=lambda x: x.depth)
         for ev in sorted_events:
             with nested_logging_context(ev.event_id):
                 await self._process_pulled_event(origin, ev, backfilled=backfilled)
@@ -846,18 +885,6 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
 
         event_id = event.event_id
 
-        existing = await self._store.get_event(
-            event_id, allow_none=True, allow_rejected=True
-        )
-        if existing:
-            if not existing.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
-                logger.info(
-                    "_process_pulled_event: Ignoring received event %s which we have already seen",
-                    event_id,
-                )
-                return
-            logger.info("De-outliering event %s", event_id)
-
         try:
             self._sanity_check_event(event)
         except SynapseError as err:
@@ -866,11 +893,6 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
                 event.room_id, event_id, str(err)
             )
             return
-        except Exception as exc:
-            await self._store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
-                event.room_id, event_id, str(exc)
-            )
-            raise exc
 
         try:
             try:
@@ -904,6 +926,18 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
                     context,
                     backfilled=backfilled,
                 )
+        except FederationPullAttemptBackoffError as exc:
+            # Log a warning about why we failed to process the event (the error message
+            # for `FederationPullAttemptBackoffError` is pretty good)
+            logger.warning("_process_pulled_event: %s", exc)
+            # We do not record a failed pull attempt when we backoff fetching a missing
+            # `prev_event` because not being able to fetch the `prev_events` just means
+            # we won't be able to de-outlier the pulled event. But we can still use an
+            # `outlier` in the state/auth chain for another event. So we shouldn't stop
+            # a downstream event from trying to pull it.
+            #
+            # This avoids a cascade of backoff for all events in the DAG downstream from
+            # one event backoff upstream.
         except FederationError as e:
             await self._store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
                 event.room_id, event_id, str(e)
@@ -913,11 +947,6 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
                 logger.warning("Pulled event %s failed history check.", event_id)
             else:
                 raise
-        except Exception as exc:
-            await self._store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
-                event.room_id, event_id, str(exc)
-            )
-            raise exc
 
     @trace
     async def _compute_event_context_with_maybe_missing_prevs(
@@ -955,6 +984,9 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
             The event context.
 
         Raises:
+            FederationPullAttemptBackoffError if we are are deliberately not attempting
+                to pull the given event over federation because we've already done so
+                recently and are backing off.
             FederationError if we fail to get the state from the remote server after any
                 missing `prev_event`s.
         """
@@ -965,6 +997,18 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         seen = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(prevs)
         missing_prevs = prevs - seen
 
+        # If we've already recently attempted to pull this missing event, don't
+        # try it again so soon. Since we have to fetch all of the prev_events, we can
+        # bail early here if we find any to ignore.
+        prevs_to_ignore = await self._store.get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+            room_id, missing_prevs
+        )
+        if len(prevs_to_ignore) > 0:
+            raise FederationPullAttemptBackoffError(
+                event_ids=prevs_to_ignore,
+                message=f"While computing context for event={event_id}, not attempting to pull missing prev_event={prevs_to_ignore[0]} because we already tried to pull recently (backing off).",
+            )
+
         if not missing_prevs:
             return await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(event)
 
@@ -1021,10 +1065,9 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
                 state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(self._store),
             )
 
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.warning(
-                "Error attempting to resolve state at missing prev_events",
-                exc_info=True,
+                "Error attempting to resolve state at missing prev_events: %s", e
             )
             raise FederationError(
                 "ERROR",
@@ -1478,8 +1521,8 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         )
 
     async def backfill_event_id(
-        self, destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
-    ) -> EventBase:
+        self, destinations: List[str], room_id: str, event_id: str
+    ) -> PulledPduInfo:
         """Backfill a single event and persist it as a non-outlier which means
         we also pull in all of the state and auth events necessary for it.
 
@@ -1491,24 +1534,21 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         Raises:
             FederationError if we are unable to find the event from the destination
         """
-        logger.info(
-            "backfill_event_id: event_id=%s from destination=%s", event_id, destination
-        )
+        logger.info("backfill_event_id: event_id=%s", event_id)
 
         room_version = await self._store.get_room_version(room_id)
 
-        event_from_response = await self._federation_client.get_pdu(
-            [destination],
+        pulled_pdu_info = await self._federation_client.get_pdu(
+            destinations,
             event_id,
             room_version,
         )
 
-        if not event_from_response:
+        if not pulled_pdu_info:
             raise FederationError(
                 "ERROR",
                 404,
-                "Unable to find event_id=%s from destination=%s to backfill."
-                % (event_id, destination),
+                f"Unable to find event_id={event_id} from remote servers to backfill.",
                 affected=event_id,
             )
 
@@ -1516,13 +1556,13 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         # and auth events to de-outlier it. This also sets up the necessary
         # `state_groups` for the event.
         await self._process_pulled_events(
-            destination,
-            [event_from_response],
+            pulled_pdu_info.pull_origin,
+            [pulled_pdu_info.pdu],
             # Prevent notifications going to clients
             backfilled=True,
         )
 
-        return event_from_response
+        return pulled_pdu_info
 
     @trace
     @tag_args
@@ -1545,19 +1585,19 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         async def get_event(event_id: str) -> None:
             with nested_logging_context(event_id):
                 try:
-                    event = await self._federation_client.get_pdu(
+                    pulled_pdu_info = await self._federation_client.get_pdu(
                         [destination],
                         event_id,
                         room_version,
                     )
-                    if event is None:
+                    if pulled_pdu_info is None:
                         logger.warning(
                             "Server %s didn't return event %s",
                             destination,
                             event_id,
                         )
                         return
-                    events.append(event)
+                    events.append(pulled_pdu_info.pdu)
 
                 except Exception as e:
                     logger.warning(
@@ -2132,8 +2172,8 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
                     min_depth,
                 )
             else:
-                await self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator.action_for_event_by_user(
-                    event, context
+                await self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator.action_for_events_by_user(
+                    [(event, context)]
                 )
 
         try:
@@ -2175,6 +2215,7 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         if instance != self._instance_name:
             # Limit the number of events sent over replication. We choose 200
             # here as that is what we default to in `max_request_body_size(..)`
+            result = {}
             try:
                 for batch in batch_iter(event_and_contexts, 200):
                     result = await self._send_events(
@@ -2254,8 +2295,8 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         event_pos = PersistedEventPosition(
             self._instance_name, event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
         )
-        await self._notifier.on_new_room_event(
-            event, event_pos, max_stream_token, extra_users=extra_users
+        await self._notifier.on_new_room_events(
+            [(event, event_pos)], max_stream_token, extra_users=extra_users
         )
 
         if event.type == EventTypes.Member and event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/identity.py b/synapse/handlers/identity.py
index 93d09e9939..848e46eb9b 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/identity.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/identity.py
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ class IdentityHandler:
             inviter_display_name: The current display name of the
                 inviter.
             inviter_avatar_url: The URL of the inviter's avatar.
-            id_access_token (str): The access token to authenticate to the identity
+            id_access_token: The access token to authenticate to the identity
                 server with
 
         Returns:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py b/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
index 860c82c110..9c335e6863 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
@@ -57,13 +57,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
         self.validator = EventValidator()
         self.snapshot_cache: ResponseCache[
             Tuple[
-                str,
-                Optional[StreamToken],
-                Optional[StreamToken],
-                str,
-                Optional[int],
-                bool,
-                bool,
+                str, Optional[StreamToken], Optional[StreamToken], str, int, bool, bool
             ]
         ] = ResponseCache(hs.get_clock(), "initial_sync_cache")
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
@@ -154,11 +148,6 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
 
         public_room_ids = await self.store.get_public_room_ids()
 
-        if pagin_config.limit is not None:
-            limit = pagin_config.limit
-        else:
-            limit = 10
-
         serializer_options = SerializeEventConfig(as_client_event=as_client_event)
 
         async def handle_room(event: RoomsForUser) -> None:
@@ -210,7 +199,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
                             run_in_background(
                                 self.store.get_recent_events_for_room,
                                 event.room_id,
-                                limit=limit,
+                                limit=pagin_config.limit,
                                 end_token=room_end_token,
                             ),
                             deferred_room_state,
@@ -360,15 +349,11 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
             member_event_id
         )
 
-        limit = pagin_config.limit if pagin_config else None
-        if limit is None:
-            limit = 10
-
         leave_position = await self.store.get_position_for_event(member_event_id)
         stream_token = leave_position.to_room_stream_token()
 
         messages, token = await self.store.get_recent_events_for_room(
-            room_id, limit=limit, end_token=stream_token
+            room_id, limit=pagin_config.limit, end_token=stream_token
         )
 
         messages = await filter_events_for_client(
@@ -420,10 +405,6 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
 
         now_token = self.hs.get_event_sources().get_current_token()
 
-        limit = pagin_config.limit if pagin_config else None
-        if limit is None:
-            limit = 10
-
         room_members = [
             m
             for m in current_state.values()
@@ -467,7 +448,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
                     run_in_background(
                         self.store.get_recent_events_for_room,
                         room_id,
-                        limit=limit,
+                        limit=pagin_config.limit,
                         end_token=now_token.room_key,
                     ),
                 ),
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/message.py b/synapse/handlers/message.py
index 10b5dad030..f2a0101733 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -56,13 +56,16 @@ from synapse.logging import tracing
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable, run_in_background
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.replication.http.send_event import ReplicationSendEventRestServlet
+from synapse.replication.http.send_events import ReplicationSendEventsRestServlet
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.events import PartialStateConflictError
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventRedactBehaviour
 from synapse.storage.state import StateFilter
 from synapse.types import (
     MutableStateMap,
+    PersistedEventPosition,
     Requester,
     RoomAlias,
+    StateMap,
     StreamToken,
     UserID,
     create_requester,
@@ -492,6 +495,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
             self.membership_types_to_include_profile_data_in.add(Membership.INVITE)
 
         self.send_event = ReplicationSendEventRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+        self.send_events = ReplicationSendEventsRestServlet.make_client(hs)
 
         self.request_ratelimiter = hs.get_request_ratelimiter()
 
@@ -567,9 +571,17 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
         outlier: bool = False,
         historical: bool = False,
         depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        state_map: Optional[StateMap[str]] = None,
+        for_batch: bool = False,
+        current_state_group: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]:
         """
-        Given a dict from a client, create a new event.
+        Given a dict from a client, create a new event. If bool for_batch is true, will
+        create an event using the prev_event_ids, and will create an event context for
+        the event using the parameters state_map and current_state_group, thus these parameters
+        must be provided in this case if for_batch is True. The subsequently created event
+        and context are suitable for being batched up and bulk persisted to the database
+        with other similarly created events.
 
         Creates an FrozenEvent object, filling out auth_events, prev_events,
         etc.
@@ -612,16 +624,27 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
             outlier: Indicates whether the event is an `outlier`, i.e. if
                 it's from an arbitrary point and floating in the DAG as
                 opposed to being inline with the current DAG.
+
             historical: Indicates whether the message is being inserted
                 back in time around some existing events. This is used to skip
                 a few checks and mark the event as backfilled.
+
             depth: Override the depth used to order the event in the DAG.
                 Should normally be set to None, which will cause the depth to be calculated
                 based on the prev_events.
 
+            state_map: A state map of previously created events, used only when creating events
+                for batch persisting
+
+            for_batch: whether the event is being created for batch persisting to the db
+
+            current_state_group: the current state group, used only for creating events for
+                batch persisting
+
         Raises:
             ResourceLimitError if server is blocked to some resource being
             exceeded
+
         Returns:
             Tuple of created event, Context
         """
@@ -693,6 +716,9 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
             auth_event_ids=auth_event_ids,
             state_event_ids=state_event_ids,
             depth=depth,
+            state_map=state_map,
+            for_batch=for_batch,
+            current_state_group=current_state_group,
         )
 
         # In an ideal world we wouldn't need the second part of this condition. However,
@@ -707,10 +733,14 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
             # federation as well as those created locally. As of room v3, aliases events
             # can be created by users that are not in the room, therefore we have to
             # tolerate them in event_auth.check().
-            prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids(
-                StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Member, None)])
-            )
-            prev_event_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.Member, event.sender))
+            if for_batch:
+                assert state_map is not None
+                prev_event_id = state_map.get((EventTypes.Member, event.sender))
+            else:
+                prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids(
+                    StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Member, None)])
+                )
+                prev_event_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.Member, event.sender))
             prev_event = (
                 await self.store.get_event(prev_event_id, allow_none=True)
                 if prev_event_id
@@ -847,6 +877,36 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                 return prev_event
         return None
 
+    async def get_event_from_transaction(
+        self,
+        requester: Requester,
+        txn_id: str,
+        room_id: str,
+    ) -> Optional[EventBase]:
+        """For the given transaction ID and room ID, check if there is a matching event.
+        If so, fetch it and return it.
+
+        Args:
+            requester: The requester making the request in the context of which we want
+                to fetch the event.
+            txn_id: The transaction ID.
+            room_id: The room ID.
+
+        Returns:
+            An event if one could be found, None otherwise.
+        """
+        if requester.access_token_id:
+            existing_event_id = await self.store.get_event_id_from_transaction_id(
+                room_id,
+                requester.user.to_string(),
+                requester.access_token_id,
+                txn_id,
+            )
+            if existing_event_id:
+                return await self.store.get_event(existing_event_id)
+
+        return None
+
     async def create_and_send_nonmember_event(
         self,
         requester: Requester,
@@ -926,18 +986,17 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
         # extremities to pile up, which in turn leads to state resolution
         # taking longer.
         async with self.limiter.queue(event_dict["room_id"]):
-            if txn_id and requester.access_token_id:
-                existing_event_id = await self.store.get_event_id_from_transaction_id(
-                    event_dict["room_id"],
-                    requester.user.to_string(),
-                    requester.access_token_id,
-                    txn_id,
+            if txn_id:
+                event = await self.get_event_from_transaction(
+                    requester, txn_id, event_dict["room_id"]
                 )
-                if existing_event_id:
-                    event = await self.store.get_event(existing_event_id)
+                if event:
                     # we know it was persisted, so must have a stream ordering
                     assert event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
-                    return event, event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
+                    return (
+                        event,
+                        event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering,
+                    )
 
             event, context = await self.create_event(
                 requester,
@@ -989,8 +1048,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
 
             ev = await self.handle_new_client_event(
                 requester=requester,
-                event=event,
-                context=context,
+                events_and_context=[(event, context)],
                 ratelimit=ratelimit,
                 ignore_shadow_ban=ignore_shadow_ban,
             )
@@ -1009,8 +1067,16 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
         auth_event_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         state_event_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        state_map: Optional[StateMap[str]] = None,
+        for_batch: bool = False,
+        current_state_group: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]:
-        """Create a new event for a local client
+        """Create a new event for a local client. If bool for_batch is true, will
+        create an event using the prev_event_ids, and will create an event context for
+        the event using the parameters state_map and current_state_group, thus these parameters
+        must be provided in this case if for_batch is True. The subsequently created event
+        and context are suitable for being batched up and bulk persisted to the database
+        with other similarly created events.
 
         Args:
             builder:
@@ -1043,6 +1109,14 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                 Should normally be set to None, which will cause the depth to be calculated
                 based on the prev_events.
 
+            state_map: A state map of previously created events, used only when creating events
+                for batch persisting
+
+            for_batch: whether the event is being created for batch persisting to the db
+
+            current_state_group: the current state group, used only for creating events for
+                batch persisting
+
         Returns:
             Tuple of created event, context
         """
@@ -1095,64 +1169,76 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                 builder.type == EventTypes.Create or prev_event_ids
             ), "Attempting to create a non-m.room.create event with no prev_events"
 
-        event = await builder.build(
-            prev_event_ids=prev_event_ids,
-            auth_event_ids=auth_event_ids,
-            depth=depth,
-        )
-
-        # Pass on the outlier property from the builder to the event
-        # after it is created
-        if builder.internal_metadata.outlier:
-            event.internal_metadata.outlier = True
-            context = EventContext.for_outlier(self._storage_controllers)
-        elif (
-            event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_INSERTION
-            and state_event_ids
-            and builder.internal_metadata.is_historical()
-        ):
-            # Add explicit state to the insertion event so it has state to derive
-            # from even though it's floating with no `prev_events`. The rest of
-            # the batch can derive from this state and state_group.
-            #
-            # TODO(faster_joins): figure out how this works, and make sure that the
-            #   old state is complete.
-            #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13003
-            metadata = await self.store.get_metadata_for_events(state_event_ids)
-
-            state_map_for_event: MutableStateMap[str] = {}
-            for state_id in state_event_ids:
-                data = metadata.get(state_id)
-                if data is None:
-                    # We're trying to persist a new historical batch of events
-                    # with the given state, e.g. via
-                    # `RoomBatchSendEventRestServlet`. The state can be inferred
-                    # by Synapse or set directly by the client.
-                    #
-                    # Either way, we should have persisted all the state before
-                    # getting here.
-                    raise Exception(
-                        f"State event {state_id} not found in DB,"
-                        " Synapse should have persisted it before using it."
-                    )
-
-                if data.state_key is None:
-                    raise Exception(
-                        f"Trying to set non-state event {state_id} as state"
-                    )
-
-                state_map_for_event[(data.event_type, data.state_key)] = state_id
-
-            context = await self.state.compute_event_context(
-                event,
-                state_ids_before_event=state_map_for_event,
-                # TODO(faster_joins): check how MSC2716 works and whether we can have
-                #   partial state here
-                #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13003
-                partial_state=False,
+        if for_batch:
+            assert prev_event_ids is not None
+            assert state_map is not None
+            assert current_state_group is not None
+            auth_ids = self._event_auth_handler.compute_auth_events(builder, state_map)
+            event = await builder.build(
+                prev_event_ids=prev_event_ids, auth_event_ids=auth_ids, depth=depth
+            )
+            context = await self.state.compute_event_context_for_batched(
+                event, state_map, current_state_group
             )
         else:
-            context = await self.state.compute_event_context(event)
+            event = await builder.build(
+                prev_event_ids=prev_event_ids,
+                auth_event_ids=auth_event_ids,
+                depth=depth,
+            )
+
+            # Pass on the outlier property from the builder to the event
+            # after it is created
+            if builder.internal_metadata.outlier:
+                event.internal_metadata.outlier = True
+                context = EventContext.for_outlier(self._storage_controllers)
+            elif (
+                event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_INSERTION
+                and state_event_ids
+                and builder.internal_metadata.is_historical()
+            ):
+                # Add explicit state to the insertion event so it has state to derive
+                # from even though it's floating with no `prev_events`. The rest of
+                # the batch can derive from this state and state_group.
+                #
+                # TODO(faster_joins): figure out how this works, and make sure that the
+                #   old state is complete.
+                #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13003
+                metadata = await self.store.get_metadata_for_events(state_event_ids)
+
+                state_map_for_event: MutableStateMap[str] = {}
+                for state_id in state_event_ids:
+                    data = metadata.get(state_id)
+                    if data is None:
+                        # We're trying to persist a new historical batch of events
+                        # with the given state, e.g. via
+                        # `RoomBatchSendEventRestServlet`. The state can be inferred
+                        # by Synapse or set directly by the client.
+                        #
+                        # Either way, we should have persisted all the state before
+                        # getting here.
+                        raise Exception(
+                            f"State event {state_id} not found in DB,"
+                            " Synapse should have persisted it before using it."
+                        )
+
+                    if data.state_key is None:
+                        raise Exception(
+                            f"Trying to set non-state event {state_id} as state"
+                        )
+
+                    state_map_for_event[(data.event_type, data.state_key)] = state_id
+
+                context = await self.state.compute_event_context(
+                    event,
+                    state_ids_before_event=state_map_for_event,
+                    # TODO(faster_joins): check how MSC2716 works and whether we can have
+                    #   partial state here
+                    #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13003
+                    partial_state=False,
+                )
+            else:
+                context = await self.state.compute_event_context(event)
 
         if requester:
             context.app_service = requester.app_service
@@ -1238,13 +1324,13 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
     async def handle_new_client_event(
         self,
         requester: Requester,
-        event: EventBase,
-        context: EventContext,
+        events_and_context: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]],
         ratelimit: bool = True,
         extra_users: Optional[List[UserID]] = None,
         ignore_shadow_ban: bool = False,
     ) -> EventBase:
-        """Processes a new event.
+        """Processes new events. Please note that if batch persisting events, an error in
+        handling any one of these events will result in all of the events being dropped.
 
         This includes deduplicating, checking auth, persisting,
         notifying users, sending to remote servers, etc.
@@ -1254,8 +1340,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
 
         Args:
             requester
-            event
-            context
+            events_and_context: A list of one or more tuples of event, context to be persisted
             ratelimit
             extra_users: Any extra users to notify about event
 
@@ -1273,67 +1358,76 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
         """
         extra_users = extra_users or []
 
-        # we don't apply shadow-banning to membership events here. Invites are blocked
-        # higher up the stack, and we allow shadow-banned users to send join and leave
-        # events as normal.
-        if (
-            event.type != EventTypes.Member
-            and not ignore_shadow_ban
-            and requester.shadow_banned
-        ):
-            # We randomly sleep a bit just to annoy the requester.
-            await self.clock.sleep(random.randint(1, 10))
-            raise ShadowBanError()
+        for event, context in events_and_context:
+            # we don't apply shadow-banning to membership events here. Invites are blocked
+            # higher up the stack, and we allow shadow-banned users to send join and leave
+            # events as normal.
+            if (
+                event.type != EventTypes.Member
+                and not ignore_shadow_ban
+                and requester.shadow_banned
+            ):
+                # We randomly sleep a bit just to annoy the requester.
+                await self.clock.sleep(random.randint(1, 10))
+                raise ShadowBanError()
 
-        if event.is_state():
-            prev_event = await self.deduplicate_state_event(event, context)
-            if prev_event is not None:
-                logger.info(
-                    "Not bothering to persist state event %s duplicated by %s",
-                    event.event_id,
-                    prev_event.event_id,
-                )
-                return prev_event
+            if event.is_state():
+                prev_event = await self.deduplicate_state_event(event, context)
+                if prev_event is not None:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Not bothering to persist state event %s duplicated by %s",
+                        event.event_id,
+                        prev_event.event_id,
+                    )
+                    return prev_event
 
-        if event.internal_metadata.is_out_of_band_membership():
-            # the only sort of out-of-band-membership events we expect to see here are
-            # invite rejections and rescinded knocks that we have generated ourselves.
-            assert event.type == EventTypes.Member
-            assert event.content["membership"] == Membership.LEAVE
-        else:
+            if event.internal_metadata.is_out_of_band_membership():
+                # the only sort of out-of-band-membership events we expect to see here are
+                # invite rejections and rescinded knocks that we have generated ourselves.
+                assert event.type == EventTypes.Member
+                assert event.content["membership"] == Membership.LEAVE
+            else:
+                try:
+                    validate_event_for_room_version(event)
+                    # If we are persisting a batch of events the event(s) needed to auth the
+                    # current event may be part of the batch and will not be in the DB yet
+                    event_id_to_event = {e.event_id: e for e, _ in events_and_context}
+                    batched_auth_events = {}
+                    for event_id in event.auth_event_ids():
+                        auth_event = event_id_to_event.get(event_id)
+                        if auth_event:
+                            batched_auth_events[event_id] = auth_event
+                    await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(
+                        event, batched_auth_events
+                    )
+                except AuthError as err:
+                    logger.warning("Denying new event %r because %s", event, err)
+                    raise err
+
+            # Ensure that we can round trip before trying to persist in db
             try:
-                validate_event_for_room_version(event)
-                await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(
-                    event, context
-                )
-            except AuthError as err:
-                logger.warning("Denying new event %r because %s", event, err)
-                raise err
-
-        # Ensure that we can round trip before trying to persist in db
-        try:
-            dump = json_encoder.encode(event.content)
-            json_decoder.decode(dump)
-        except Exception:
-            logger.exception("Failed to encode content: %r", event.content)
-            raise
+                dump = json_encoder.encode(event.content)
+                json_decoder.decode(dump)
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception("Failed to encode content: %r", event.content)
+                raise
 
         # We now persist the event (and update the cache in parallel, since we
         # don't want to block on it).
+        event, context = events_and_context[0]
         try:
             result, _ = await make_deferred_yieldable(
                 gather_results(
                     (
                         run_in_background(
-                            self._persist_event,
+                            self._persist_events,
                             requester=requester,
-                            event=event,
-                            context=context,
+                            events_and_context=events_and_context,
                             ratelimit=ratelimit,
                             extra_users=extra_users,
                         ),
                         run_in_background(
-                            self.cache_joined_hosts_for_event, event, context
+                            self.cache_joined_hosts_for_events, events_and_context
                         ).addErrback(
                             log_failure, "cache_joined_hosts_for_event failed"
                         ),
@@ -1352,45 +1446,40 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
 
         return result
 
-    async def _persist_event(
+    async def _persist_events(
         self,
         requester: Requester,
-        event: EventBase,
-        context: EventContext,
+        events_and_context: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]],
         ratelimit: bool = True,
         extra_users: Optional[List[UserID]] = None,
     ) -> EventBase:
-        """Actually persists the event. Should only be called by
+        """Actually persists new events. Should only be called by
         `handle_new_client_event`, and see its docstring for documentation of
-        the arguments.
+        the arguments. Please note that if batch persisting events, an error in
+        handling any one of these events will result in all of the events being dropped.
 
         PartialStateConflictError: if attempting to persist a partial state event in
             a room that has been un-partial stated.
         """
 
-        # Skip push notification actions for historical messages
-        # because we don't want to notify people about old history back in time.
-        # The historical messages also do not have the proper `context.current_state_ids`
-        # and `state_groups` because they have `prev_events` that aren't persisted yet
-        # (historical messages persisted in reverse-chronological order).
-        if not event.internal_metadata.is_historical():
-            with tracing.start_active_span("calculate_push_actions"):
-                await self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator.action_for_event_by_user(
-                    event, context
-                )
+        with tracing.start_active_span("calculate_push_actions"):
+            await self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator.action_for_events_by_user(
+                events_and_context
+            )
 
         try:
             # If we're a worker we need to hit out to the master.
-            writer_instance = self._events_shard_config.get_instance(event.room_id)
+            first_event, _ = events_and_context[0]
+            writer_instance = self._events_shard_config.get_instance(
+                first_event.room_id
+            )
             if writer_instance != self._instance_name:
                 try:
-                    result = await self.send_event(
+                    result = await self.send_events(
                         instance_name=writer_instance,
-                        event_id=event.event_id,
+                        events_and_context=events_and_context,
                         store=self.store,
                         requester=requester,
-                        event=event,
-                        context=context,
                         ratelimit=ratelimit,
                         extra_users=extra_users,
                     )
@@ -1400,6 +1489,11 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                     raise
                 stream_id = result["stream_id"]
                 event_id = result["event_id"]
+
+                # If we batch persisted events we return the last persisted event, otherwise
+                # we return the one event that was persisted
+                event, _ = events_and_context[-1]
+
                 if event_id != event.event_id:
                     # If we get a different event back then it means that its
                     # been de-duplicated, so we replace the given event with the
@@ -1412,73 +1506,80 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                     event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering = stream_id
                 return event
 
-            event = await self.persist_and_notify_client_event(
-                requester, event, context, ratelimit=ratelimit, extra_users=extra_users
+            event = await self.persist_and_notify_client_events(
+                requester,
+                events_and_context,
+                ratelimit=ratelimit,
+                extra_users=extra_users,
             )
 
             return event
         except Exception:
-            # Ensure that we actually remove the entries in the push actions
-            # staging area, if we calculated them.
-            await self.store.remove_push_actions_from_staging(event.event_id)
+            for event, _ in events_and_context:
+                # Ensure that we actually remove the entries in the push actions
+                # staging area, if we calculated them.
+                await self.store.remove_push_actions_from_staging(event.event_id)
             raise
 
-    async def cache_joined_hosts_for_event(
-        self, event: EventBase, context: EventContext
+    async def cache_joined_hosts_for_events(
+        self, events_and_context: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]]
     ) -> None:
-        """Precalculate the joined hosts at the event, when using Redis, so that
+        """Precalculate the joined hosts at each of the given events, when using Redis, so that
         external federation senders don't have to recalculate it themselves.
         """
 
-        if not self._external_cache.is_enabled():
-            return
-
-        # If external cache is enabled we should always have this.
-        assert self._external_cache_joined_hosts_updates is not None
-
-        # We actually store two mappings, event ID -> prev state group,
-        # state group -> joined hosts, which is much more space efficient
-        # than event ID -> joined hosts.
-        #
-        # Note: We have to cache event ID -> prev state group, as we don't
-        # store that in the DB.
-        #
-        # Note: We set the state group -> joined hosts cache if it hasn't been
-        # set for a while, so that the expiry time is reset.
-
-        state_entry = await self.state.resolve_state_groups_for_events(
-            event.room_id, event_ids=event.prev_event_ids()
-        )
-
-        if state_entry.state_group:
-            await self._external_cache.set(
-                "event_to_prev_state_group",
-                event.event_id,
-                state_entry.state_group,
-                expiry_ms=60 * 60 * 1000,
-            )
-
-            if state_entry.state_group in self._external_cache_joined_hosts_updates:
+        for event, _ in events_and_context:
+            if not self._external_cache.is_enabled():
                 return
 
-            state = await state_entry.get_state(
-                self._storage_controllers.state, StateFilter.all()
+            # If external cache is enabled we should always have this.
+            assert self._external_cache_joined_hosts_updates is not None
+
+            # We actually store two mappings, event ID -> prev state group,
+            # state group -> joined hosts, which is much more space efficient
+            # than event ID -> joined hosts.
+            #
+            # Note: We have to cache event ID -> prev state group, as we don't
+            # store that in the DB.
+            #
+            # Note: We set the state group -> joined hosts cache if it hasn't been
+            # set for a while, so that the expiry time is reset.
+
+            state_entry = await self.state.resolve_state_groups_for_events(
+                event.room_id, event_ids=event.prev_event_ids()
             )
-            with tracing.start_active_span("get_joined_hosts"):
-                joined_hosts = await self.store.get_joined_hosts(
-                    event.room_id, state, state_entry
+
+            if state_entry.state_group:
+                await self._external_cache.set(
+                    "event_to_prev_state_group",
+                    event.event_id,
+                    state_entry.state_group,
+                    expiry_ms=60 * 60 * 1000,
                 )
 
-            # Note that the expiry times must be larger than the expiry time in
-            # _external_cache_joined_hosts_updates.
-            await self._external_cache.set(
-                "get_joined_hosts",
-                str(state_entry.state_group),
-                list(joined_hosts),
-                expiry_ms=60 * 60 * 1000,
-            )
+                if state_entry.state_group in self._external_cache_joined_hosts_updates:
+                    return
 
-            self._external_cache_joined_hosts_updates[state_entry.state_group] = None
+                state = await state_entry.get_state(
+                    self._storage_controllers.state, StateFilter.all()
+                )
+                with tracing.start_active_span("get_joined_hosts"):
+                    joined_hosts = await self.store.get_joined_hosts(
+                        event.room_id, state, state_entry
+                    )
+
+                # Note that the expiry times must be larger than the expiry time in
+                # _external_cache_joined_hosts_updates.
+                await self._external_cache.set(
+                    "get_joined_hosts",
+                    str(state_entry.state_group),
+                    list(joined_hosts),
+                    expiry_ms=60 * 60 * 1000,
+                )
+
+                self._external_cache_joined_hosts_updates[
+                    state_entry.state_group
+                ] = None
 
     async def _validate_canonical_alias(
         self,
@@ -1514,23 +1615,26 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                 Codes.BAD_ALIAS,
             )
 
-    async def persist_and_notify_client_event(
+    async def persist_and_notify_client_events(
         self,
         requester: Requester,
-        event: EventBase,
-        context: EventContext,
+        events_and_context: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]],
         ratelimit: bool = True,
         extra_users: Optional[List[UserID]] = None,
     ) -> EventBase:
-        """Called when we have fully built the event, have already
-        calculated the push actions for the event, and checked auth.
+        """Called when we have fully built the events, have already
+        calculated the push actions for the events, and checked auth.
 
         This should only be run on the instance in charge of persisting events.
 
+        Please note that if batch persisting events, an error in
+        handling any one of these events will result in all of the events being dropped.
+
         Returns:
-            The persisted event. This may be different than the given event if
-            it was de-duplicated (e.g. because we had already persisted an
-            event with the same transaction ID.)
+            The persisted event, if one event is passed in, or the last event in the
+            list in the case of batch persisting. If only one event was persisted, the
+            returned event may be different than the given event if it was de-duplicated
+            (e.g. because we had already persisted an event with the same transaction ID.)
 
         Raises:
             PartialStateConflictError: if attempting to persist a partial state event in
@@ -1538,17 +1642,132 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
         """
         extra_users = extra_users or []
 
-        assert self._storage_controllers.persistence is not None
-        assert self._events_shard_config.should_handle(
-            self._instance_name, event.room_id
-        )
+        for event, context in events_and_context:
+            assert self._events_shard_config.should_handle(
+                self._instance_name, event.room_id
+            )
+
+            if ratelimit:
+                # We check if this is a room admin redacting an event so that we
+                # can apply different ratelimiting. We do this by simply checking
+                # it's not a self-redaction (to avoid having to look up whether the
+                # user is actually admin or not).
+                is_admin_redaction = False
+                if event.type == EventTypes.Redaction:
+                    assert event.redacts is not None
+
+                    original_event = await self.store.get_event(
+                        event.redacts,
+                        redact_behaviour=EventRedactBehaviour.as_is,
+                        get_prev_content=False,
+                        allow_rejected=False,
+                        allow_none=True,
+                    )
+
+                    is_admin_redaction = bool(
+                        original_event and event.sender != original_event.sender
+                    )
+
+                await self.request_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
+                    requester, is_admin_redaction=is_admin_redaction
+                )
+
+            # run checks/actions on event based on type
+            if event.type == EventTypes.Member and event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
+                (
+                    current_membership,
+                    _,
+                ) = await self.store.get_local_current_membership_for_user_in_room(
+                    event.state_key, event.room_id
+                )
+                if current_membership != Membership.JOIN:
+                    self._notifier.notify_user_joined_room(
+                        event.event_id, event.room_id
+                    )
+
+            await self._maybe_kick_guest_users(event, context)
+
+            if event.type == EventTypes.CanonicalAlias:
+                # Validate a newly added alias or newly added alt_aliases.
+
+                original_alias = None
+                original_alt_aliases: object = []
+
+                original_event_id = event.unsigned.get("replaces_state")
+                if original_event_id:
+                    original_alias_event = await self.store.get_event(original_event_id)
+
+                    if original_alias_event:
+                        original_alias = original_alias_event.content.get("alias", None)
+                        original_alt_aliases = original_alias_event.content.get(
+                            "alt_aliases", []
+                        )
+
+                # Check the alias is currently valid (if it has changed).
+                room_alias_str = event.content.get("alias", None)
+                directory_handler = self.hs.get_directory_handler()
+                if room_alias_str and room_alias_str != original_alias:
+                    await self._validate_canonical_alias(
+                        directory_handler, room_alias_str, event.room_id
+                    )
+
+                # Check that alt_aliases is the proper form.
+                alt_aliases = event.content.get("alt_aliases", [])
+                if not isinstance(alt_aliases, (list, tuple)):
+                    raise SynapseError(
+                        400,
+                        "The alt_aliases property must be a list.",
+                        Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
+                    )
+
+                # If the old version of alt_aliases is of an unknown form,
+                # completely replace it.
+                if not isinstance(original_alt_aliases, (list, tuple)):
+                    # TODO: check that the original_alt_aliases' entries are all strings
+                    original_alt_aliases = []
+
+                # Check that each alias is currently valid.
+                new_alt_aliases = set(alt_aliases) - set(original_alt_aliases)
+                if new_alt_aliases:
+                    for alias_str in new_alt_aliases:
+                        await self._validate_canonical_alias(
+                            directory_handler, alias_str, event.room_id
+                        )
+
+            federation_handler = self.hs.get_federation_handler()
+
+            if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
+                if event.content["membership"] == Membership.INVITE:
+                    event.unsigned[
+                        "invite_room_state"
+                    ] = await self.store.get_stripped_room_state_from_event_context(
+                        context,
+                        self.room_prejoin_state_types,
+                        membership_user_id=event.sender,
+                    )
+
+                    invitee = UserID.from_string(event.state_key)
+                    if not self.hs.is_mine(invitee):
+                        # TODO: Can we add signature from remote server in a nicer
+                        # way? If we have been invited by a remote server, we need
+                        # to get them to sign the event.
+
+                        returned_invite = await federation_handler.send_invite(
+                            invitee.domain, event
+                        )
+                        event.unsigned.pop("room_state", None)
+
+                        # TODO: Make sure the signatures actually are correct.
+                        event.signatures.update(returned_invite.signatures)
+
+                if event.content["membership"] == Membership.KNOCK:
+                    event.unsigned[
+                        "knock_room_state"
+                    ] = await self.store.get_stripped_room_state_from_event_context(
+                        context,
+                        self.room_prejoin_state_types,
+                    )
 
-        if ratelimit:
-            # We check if this is a room admin redacting an event so that we
-            # can apply different ratelimiting. We do this by simply checking
-            # it's not a self-redaction (to avoid having to look up whether the
-            # user is actually admin or not).
-            is_admin_redaction = False
             if event.type == EventTypes.Redaction:
                 assert event.redacts is not None
 
@@ -1560,255 +1779,159 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                     allow_none=True,
                 )
 
-                is_admin_redaction = bool(
-                    original_event and event.sender != original_event.sender
-                )
-
-            await self.request_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-                requester, is_admin_redaction=is_admin_redaction
-            )
-
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Member and event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
-            (
-                current_membership,
-                _,
-            ) = await self.store.get_local_current_membership_for_user_in_room(
-                event.state_key, event.room_id
-            )
-            if current_membership != Membership.JOIN:
-                self._notifier.notify_user_joined_room(event.event_id, event.room_id)
-
-        await self._maybe_kick_guest_users(event, context)
-
-        if event.type == EventTypes.CanonicalAlias:
-            # Validate a newly added alias or newly added alt_aliases.
-
-            original_alias = None
-            original_alt_aliases: object = []
-
-            original_event_id = event.unsigned.get("replaces_state")
-            if original_event_id:
-                original_event = await self.store.get_event(original_event_id)
+                room_version = await self.store.get_room_version_id(event.room_id)
+                room_version_obj = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS[room_version]
 
+                # we can make some additional checks now if we have the original event.
                 if original_event:
-                    original_alias = original_event.content.get("alias", None)
-                    original_alt_aliases = original_event.content.get("alt_aliases", [])
+                    if original_event.type == EventTypes.Create:
+                        raise AuthError(403, "Redacting create events is not permitted")
 
-            # Check the alias is currently valid (if it has changed).
-            room_alias_str = event.content.get("alias", None)
-            directory_handler = self.hs.get_directory_handler()
-            if room_alias_str and room_alias_str != original_alias:
-                await self._validate_canonical_alias(
-                    directory_handler, room_alias_str, event.room_id
-                )
-
-            # Check that alt_aliases is the proper form.
-            alt_aliases = event.content.get("alt_aliases", [])
-            if not isinstance(alt_aliases, (list, tuple)):
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    400, "The alt_aliases property must be a list.", Codes.INVALID_PARAM
-                )
-
-            # If the old version of alt_aliases is of an unknown form,
-            # completely replace it.
-            if not isinstance(original_alt_aliases, (list, tuple)):
-                # TODO: check that the original_alt_aliases' entries are all strings
-                original_alt_aliases = []
-
-            # Check that each alias is currently valid.
-            new_alt_aliases = set(alt_aliases) - set(original_alt_aliases)
-            if new_alt_aliases:
-                for alias_str in new_alt_aliases:
-                    await self._validate_canonical_alias(
-                        directory_handler, alias_str, event.room_id
-                    )
-
-        federation_handler = self.hs.get_federation_handler()
-
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
-            if event.content["membership"] == Membership.INVITE:
-                event.unsigned[
-                    "invite_room_state"
-                ] = await self.store.get_stripped_room_state_from_event_context(
-                    context,
-                    self.room_prejoin_state_types,
-                    membership_user_id=event.sender,
-                )
-
-                invitee = UserID.from_string(event.state_key)
-                if not self.hs.is_mine(invitee):
-                    # TODO: Can we add signature from remote server in a nicer
-                    # way? If we have been invited by a remote server, we need
-                    # to get them to sign the event.
-
-                    returned_invite = await federation_handler.send_invite(
-                        invitee.domain, event
-                    )
-                    event.unsigned.pop("room_state", None)
-
-                    # TODO: Make sure the signatures actually are correct.
-                    event.signatures.update(returned_invite.signatures)
-
-            if event.content["membership"] == Membership.KNOCK:
-                event.unsigned[
-                    "knock_room_state"
-                ] = await self.store.get_stripped_room_state_from_event_context(
-                    context,
-                    self.room_prejoin_state_types,
-                )
-
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Redaction:
-            assert event.redacts is not None
-
-            original_event = await self.store.get_event(
-                event.redacts,
-                redact_behaviour=EventRedactBehaviour.as_is,
-                get_prev_content=False,
-                allow_rejected=False,
-                allow_none=True,
-            )
-
-            room_version = await self.store.get_room_version_id(event.room_id)
-            room_version_obj = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS[room_version]
-
-            # we can make some additional checks now if we have the original event.
-            if original_event:
-                if original_event.type == EventTypes.Create:
-                    raise AuthError(403, "Redacting create events is not permitted")
-
-                if original_event.room_id != event.room_id:
-                    raise SynapseError(400, "Cannot redact event from a different room")
-
-                if original_event.type == EventTypes.ServerACL:
-                    raise AuthError(403, "Redacting server ACL events is not permitted")
-
-                # Add a little safety stop-gap to prevent people from trying to
-                # redact MSC2716 related events when they're in a room version
-                # which does not support it yet. We allow people to use MSC2716
-                # events in existing room versions but only from the room
-                # creator since it does not require any changes to the auth
-                # rules and in effect, the redaction algorithm . In the
-                # supported room version, we add the `historical` power level to
-                # auth the MSC2716 related events and adjust the redaction
-                # algorthim to keep the `historical` field around (redacting an
-                # event should only strip fields which don't affect the
-                # structural protocol level).
-                is_msc2716_event = (
-                    original_event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_INSERTION
-                    or original_event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_BATCH
-                    or original_event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_MARKER
-                )
-                if not room_version_obj.msc2716_historical and is_msc2716_event:
-                    raise AuthError(
-                        403,
-                        "Redacting MSC2716 events is not supported in this room version",
-                    )
-
-            event_types = event_auth.auth_types_for_event(event.room_version, event)
-            prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids(
-                StateFilter.from_types(event_types)
-            )
-
-            auth_events_ids = self._event_auth_handler.compute_auth_events(
-                event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True
-            )
-            auth_events_map = await self.store.get_events(auth_events_ids)
-            auth_events = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_events_map.values()}
-
-            if event_auth.check_redaction(
-                room_version_obj, event, auth_events=auth_events
-            ):
-                # this user doesn't have 'redact' rights, so we need to do some more
-                # checks on the original event. Let's start by checking the original
-                # event exists.
-                if not original_event:
-                    raise NotFoundError("Could not find event %s" % (event.redacts,))
-
-                if event.user_id != original_event.user_id:
-                    raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to redact events")
-
-                # all the checks are done.
-                event.internal_metadata.recheck_redaction = False
-
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Create:
-            prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids()
-            if prev_state_ids:
-                raise AuthError(403, "Changing the room create event is forbidden")
-
-        if event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_INSERTION:
-            room_version = await self.store.get_room_version_id(event.room_id)
-            room_version_obj = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS[room_version]
-
-            create_event = await self.store.get_create_event_for_room(event.room_id)
-            room_creator = create_event.content.get(EventContentFields.ROOM_CREATOR)
-
-            # Only check an insertion event if the room version
-            # supports it or the event is from the room creator.
-            if room_version_obj.msc2716_historical or (
-                self.config.experimental.msc2716_enabled
-                and event.sender == room_creator
-            ):
-                next_batch_id = event.content.get(
-                    EventContentFields.MSC2716_NEXT_BATCH_ID
-                )
-                conflicting_insertion_event_id = None
-                if next_batch_id:
-                    conflicting_insertion_event_id = (
-                        await self.store.get_insertion_event_id_by_batch_id(
-                            event.room_id, next_batch_id
+                    if original_event.room_id != event.room_id:
+                        raise SynapseError(
+                            400, "Cannot redact event from a different room"
                         )
-                    )
-                if conflicting_insertion_event_id is not None:
-                    # The current insertion event that we're processing is invalid
-                    # because an insertion event already exists in the room with the
-                    # same next_batch_id. We can't allow multiple because the batch
-                    # pointing will get weird, e.g. we can't determine which insertion
-                    # event the batch event is pointing to.
-                    raise SynapseError(
-                        HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
-                        "Another insertion event already exists with the same next_batch_id",
-                        errcode=Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
-                    )
 
-        # Mark any `m.historical` messages as backfilled so they don't appear
-        # in `/sync` and have the proper decrementing `stream_ordering` as we import
-        backfilled = False
-        if event.internal_metadata.is_historical():
-            backfilled = True
+                    if original_event.type == EventTypes.ServerACL:
+                        raise AuthError(
+                            403, "Redacting server ACL events is not permitted"
+                        )
 
-        # Note that this returns the event that was persisted, which may not be
-        # the same as we passed in if it was deduplicated due transaction IDs.
+                    # Add a little safety stop-gap to prevent people from trying to
+                    # redact MSC2716 related events when they're in a room version
+                    # which does not support it yet. We allow people to use MSC2716
+                    # events in existing room versions but only from the room
+                    # creator since it does not require any changes to the auth
+                    # rules and in effect, the redaction algorithm . In the
+                    # supported room version, we add the `historical` power level to
+                    # auth the MSC2716 related events and adjust the redaction
+                    # algorthim to keep the `historical` field around (redacting an
+                    # event should only strip fields which don't affect the
+                    # structural protocol level).
+                    is_msc2716_event = (
+                        original_event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_INSERTION
+                        or original_event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_BATCH
+                        or original_event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_MARKER
+                    )
+                    if not room_version_obj.msc2716_historical and is_msc2716_event:
+                        raise AuthError(
+                            403,
+                            "Redacting MSC2716 events is not supported in this room version",
+                        )
+
+                event_types = event_auth.auth_types_for_event(event.room_version, event)
+                prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids(
+                    StateFilter.from_types(event_types)
+                )
+
+                auth_events_ids = self._event_auth_handler.compute_auth_events(
+                    event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True
+                )
+                auth_events_map = await self.store.get_events(auth_events_ids)
+                auth_events = {
+                    (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_events_map.values()
+                }
+
+                if event_auth.check_redaction(
+                    room_version_obj, event, auth_events=auth_events
+                ):
+                    # this user doesn't have 'redact' rights, so we need to do some more
+                    # checks on the original event. Let's start by checking the original
+                    # event exists.
+                    if not original_event:
+                        raise NotFoundError(
+                            "Could not find event %s" % (event.redacts,)
+                        )
+
+                    if event.user_id != original_event.user_id:
+                        raise AuthError(
+                            403, "You don't have permission to redact events"
+                        )
+
+                    # all the checks are done.
+                    event.internal_metadata.recheck_redaction = False
+
+            if event.type == EventTypes.Create:
+                prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids()
+                if prev_state_ids:
+                    raise AuthError(403, "Changing the room create event is forbidden")
+
+            if event.type == EventTypes.MSC2716_INSERTION:
+                room_version = await self.store.get_room_version_id(event.room_id)
+                room_version_obj = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS[room_version]
+
+                create_event = await self.store.get_create_event_for_room(event.room_id)
+                room_creator = create_event.content.get(EventContentFields.ROOM_CREATOR)
+
+                # Only check an insertion event if the room version
+                # supports it or the event is from the room creator.
+                if room_version_obj.msc2716_historical or (
+                    self.config.experimental.msc2716_enabled
+                    and event.sender == room_creator
+                ):
+                    next_batch_id = event.content.get(
+                        EventContentFields.MSC2716_NEXT_BATCH_ID
+                    )
+                    conflicting_insertion_event_id = None
+                    if next_batch_id:
+                        conflicting_insertion_event_id = (
+                            await self.store.get_insertion_event_id_by_batch_id(
+                                event.room_id, next_batch_id
+                            )
+                        )
+                    if conflicting_insertion_event_id is not None:
+                        # The current insertion event that we're processing is invalid
+                        # because an insertion event already exists in the room with the
+                        # same next_batch_id. We can't allow multiple because the batch
+                        # pointing will get weird, e.g. we can't determine which insertion
+                        # event the batch event is pointing to.
+                        raise SynapseError(
+                            HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
+                            "Another insertion event already exists with the same next_batch_id",
+                            errcode=Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
+                        )
+
+            # Mark any `m.historical` messages as backfilled so they don't appear
+            # in `/sync` and have the proper decrementing `stream_ordering` as we import
+            backfilled = False
+            if event.internal_metadata.is_historical():
+                backfilled = True
+
+        assert self._storage_controllers.persistence is not None
         (
-            event,
-            event_pos,
+            persisted_events,
             max_stream_token,
-        ) = await self._storage_controllers.persistence.persist_event(
-            event, context=context, backfilled=backfilled
+        ) = await self._storage_controllers.persistence.persist_events(
+            events_and_context, backfilled=backfilled
         )
 
-        if self._ephemeral_events_enabled:
-            # If there's an expiry timestamp on the event, schedule its expiry.
-            self._message_handler.maybe_schedule_expiry(event)
+        events_and_pos = []
+        for event in persisted_events:
+            if self._ephemeral_events_enabled:
+                # If there's an expiry timestamp on the event, schedule its expiry.
+                self._message_handler.maybe_schedule_expiry(event)
+
+            stream_ordering = event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
+            assert stream_ordering is not None
+            pos = PersistedEventPosition(self._instance_name, stream_ordering)
+            events_and_pos.append((event, pos))
+
+            if event.type == EventTypes.Message:
+                # We don't want to block sending messages on any presence code. This
+                # matters as sometimes presence code can take a while.
+                run_in_background(self._bump_active_time, requester.user)
 
         async def _notify() -> None:
             try:
-                await self.notifier.on_new_room_event(
-                    event, event_pos, max_stream_token, extra_users=extra_users
+                await self.notifier.on_new_room_events(
+                    events_and_pos, max_stream_token, extra_users=extra_users
                 )
             except Exception:
-                logger.exception(
-                    "Error notifying about new room event %s",
-                    event.event_id,
-                )
+                logger.exception("Error notifying about new room events")
 
         run_in_background(_notify)
 
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Message:
-            # We don't want to block sending messages on any presence code. This
-            # matters as sometimes presence code can take a while.
-            run_in_background(self._bump_active_time, requester.user)
-
-        return event
+        return persisted_events[-1]
 
     async def _maybe_kick_guest_users(
         self, event: EventBase, context: EventContext
@@ -1897,8 +2020,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                 # shadow-banned user.
                 await self.handle_new_client_event(
                     requester,
-                    event,
-                    context,
+                    events_and_context=[(event, context)],
                     ratelimit=False,
                     ignore_shadow_ban=True,
                 )
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/oidc.py b/synapse/handlers/oidc.py
index d7a8226900..41c675f408 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/oidc.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/oidc.py
@@ -12,14 +12,28 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+import binascii
 import inspect
+import json
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Generic, List, Optional, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse
 
 import attr
+import unpaddedbase64
 from authlib.common.security import generate_token
-from authlib.jose import JsonWebToken, jwt
+from authlib.jose import JsonWebToken, JWTClaims
+from authlib.jose.errors import InvalidClaimError, JoseError, MissingClaimError
 from authlib.oauth2.auth import ClientAuth
 from authlib.oauth2.rfc6749.parameters import prepare_grant_uri
 from authlib.oidc.core import CodeIDToken, UserInfo
@@ -35,9 +49,12 @@ from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 from twisted.web.client import readBody
 from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
 
+from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.config import ConfigError
 from synapse.config.oidc import OidcProviderClientSecretJwtKey, OidcProviderConfig
 from synapse.handlers.sso import MappingException, UserAttributes
+from synapse.http.server import finish_request
+from synapse.http.servlet import parse_string
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID, map_username_to_mxid_localpart
@@ -88,6 +105,8 @@ class Token(TypedDict):
 #: there is no real point of doing this in our case.
 JWK = Dict[str, str]
 
+C = TypeVar("C")
+
 
 #: A JWK Set, as per RFC7517 sec 5.
 class JWKS(TypedDict):
@@ -247,6 +266,80 @@ class OidcHandler:
 
         await oidc_provider.handle_oidc_callback(request, session_data, code)
 
+    async def handle_backchannel_logout(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
+        """Handle an incoming request to /_synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout
+
+        This extracts the logout_token from the request and tries to figure out
+        which OpenID Provider it is comming from. This works by matching the iss claim
+        with the issuer and the aud claim with the client_id.
+
+        Since at this point we don't know who signed the JWT, we can't just
+        decode it using authlib since it will always verifies the signature. We
+        have to decode it manually without validating the signature. The actual JWT
+        verification is done in the `OidcProvider.handler_backchannel_logout` method,
+        once we figured out which provider sent the request.
+
+        Args:
+            request: the incoming request from the browser.
+        """
+        logout_token = parse_string(request, "logout_token")
+        if logout_token is None:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Missing logout_token in request")
+
+        # A JWT looks like this:
+        #    header.payload.signature
+        # where all parts are encoded with urlsafe base64.
+        # The aud and iss claims we care about are in the payload part, which
+        # is a JSON object.
+        try:
+            # By destructuring the list after splitting, we ensure that we have
+            # exactly 3 segments
+            _, payload, _ = logout_token.split(".")
+        except ValueError:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid logout_token in request")
+
+        try:
+            payload_bytes = unpaddedbase64.decode_base64(payload)
+            claims = json_decoder.decode(payload_bytes.decode("utf-8"))
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, binascii.Error, UnicodeError):
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid logout_token payload in request")
+
+        try:
+            # Let's extract the iss and aud claims
+            iss = claims["iss"]
+            aud = claims["aud"]
+            # The aud claim can be either a string or a list of string. Here we
+            # normalize it as a list of strings.
+            if isinstance(aud, str):
+                aud = [aud]
+
+            # Check that we have the right types for the aud and the iss claims
+            if not isinstance(iss, str) or not isinstance(aud, list):
+                raise TypeError()
+            for a in aud:
+                if not isinstance(a, str):
+                    raise TypeError()
+
+            # At this point we properly checked both claims types
+            issuer: str = iss
+            audience: List[str] = aud
+        except (TypeError, KeyError):
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid issuer/audience in logout_token")
+
+        # Now that we know the audience and the issuer, we can figure out from
+        # what provider it is coming from
+        oidc_provider: Optional[OidcProvider] = None
+        for provider in self._providers.values():
+            if provider.issuer == issuer and provider.client_id in audience:
+                oidc_provider = provider
+                break
+
+        if oidc_provider is None:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Could not find the OP that issued this event")
+
+        # Ask the provider to handle the logout request.
+        await oidc_provider.handle_backchannel_logout(request, logout_token)
+
 
 class OidcError(Exception):
     """Used to catch errors when calling the token_endpoint"""
@@ -275,6 +368,7 @@ class OidcProvider:
         provider: OidcProviderConfig,
     ):
         self._store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
 
         self._macaroon_generaton = macaroon_generator
 
@@ -341,6 +435,7 @@ class OidcProvider:
         self.idp_brand = provider.idp_brand
 
         self._sso_handler = hs.get_sso_handler()
+        self._device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
 
         self._sso_handler.register_identity_provider(self)
 
@@ -399,6 +494,41 @@ class OidcProvider:
             # If we're not using userinfo, we need a valid jwks to validate the ID token
             m.validate_jwks_uri()
 
+        if self._config.backchannel_logout_enabled:
+            if not m.get("backchannel_logout_supported", False):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "OIDC Back-Channel Logout is enabled for issuer %r"
+                    "but it does not advertise support for it",
+                    self.issuer,
+                )
+
+            elif not m.get("backchannel_logout_session_supported", False):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "OIDC Back-Channel Logout is enabled and supported "
+                    "by issuer %r but it might not send a session ID with "
+                    "logout tokens, which is required for the logouts to work",
+                    self.issuer,
+                )
+
+            if not self._config.backchannel_logout_ignore_sub:
+                # If OIDC backchannel logouts are enabled, the provider mapping provider
+                # should use the `sub` claim. We verify that by mapping a dumb user and
+                # see if we get back the sub claim
+                user = UserInfo({"sub": "thisisasubject"})
+                try:
+                    subject = self._user_mapping_provider.get_remote_user_id(user)
+                    if subject != user["sub"]:
+                        raise ValueError("Unexpected subject")
+                except Exception:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"OIDC Back-Channel Logout is enabled for issuer {self.issuer!r} "
+                        "but it looks like the configured `user_mapping_provider` "
+                        "does not use the `sub` claim as subject. If it is the case, "
+                        "and you want Synapse to ignore the `sub` claim in OIDC "
+                        "Back-Channel Logouts, set `backchannel_logout_ignore_sub` "
+                        "to `true` in the issuer config."
+                    )
+
     @property
     def _uses_userinfo(self) -> bool:
         """Returns True if the ``userinfo_endpoint`` should be used.
@@ -414,6 +544,16 @@ class OidcProvider:
             or self._user_profile_method == "userinfo_endpoint"
         )
 
+    @property
+    def issuer(self) -> str:
+        """The issuer identifying this provider."""
+        return self._config.issuer
+
+    @property
+    def client_id(self) -> str:
+        """The client_id used when interacting with this provider."""
+        return self._config.client_id
+
     async def load_metadata(self, force: bool = False) -> OpenIDProviderMetadata:
         """Return the provider metadata.
 
@@ -647,7 +787,7 @@ class OidcProvider:
                 Must include an ``access_token`` field.
 
         Returns:
-            UserInfo: an object representing the user.
+            an object representing the user.
         """
         logger.debug("Using the OAuth2 access_token to request userinfo")
         metadata = await self.load_metadata()
@@ -661,6 +801,59 @@ class OidcProvider:
 
         return UserInfo(resp)
 
+    async def _verify_jwt(
+        self,
+        alg_values: List[str],
+        token: str,
+        claims_cls: Type[C],
+        claims_options: Optional[dict] = None,
+        claims_params: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> C:
+        """Decode and validate a JWT, re-fetching the JWKS as needed.
+
+        Args:
+            alg_values: list of `alg` values allowed when verifying the JWT.
+            token: the JWT.
+            claims_cls: the JWTClaims class to use to validate the claims.
+            claims_options: dict of options passed to the `claims_cls` constructor.
+            claims_params: dict of params passed to the `claims_cls` constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            The decoded claims in the JWT.
+        """
+        jwt = JsonWebToken(alg_values)
+
+        logger.debug("Attempting to decode JWT (%s) %r", claims_cls.__name__, token)
+
+        # Try to decode the keys in cache first, then retry by forcing the keys
+        # to be reloaded
+        jwk_set = await self.load_jwks()
+        try:
+            claims = jwt.decode(
+                token,
+                key=jwk_set,
+                claims_cls=claims_cls,
+                claims_options=claims_options,
+                claims_params=claims_params,
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            logger.info("Reloading JWKS after decode error")
+            jwk_set = await self.load_jwks(force=True)  # try reloading the jwks
+            claims = jwt.decode(
+                token,
+                key=jwk_set,
+                claims_cls=claims_cls,
+                claims_options=claims_options,
+                claims_params=claims_params,
+            )
+
+        logger.debug("Decoded JWT (%s) %r; validating", claims_cls.__name__, claims)
+
+        claims.validate(
+            now=self._clock.time(), leeway=120
+        )  # allows 2 min of clock skew
+        return claims
+
     async def _parse_id_token(self, token: Token, nonce: str) -> CodeIDToken:
         """Return an instance of UserInfo from token's ``id_token``.
 
@@ -673,7 +866,14 @@ class OidcProvider:
         Returns:
             The decoded claims in the ID token.
         """
+        id_token = token.get("id_token")
+
+        # That has been theoritically been checked by the caller, so even though
+        # assertion are not enabled in production, it is mainly here to appease mypy
+        assert id_token is not None
+
         metadata = await self.load_metadata()
+
         claims_params = {
             "nonce": nonce,
             "client_id": self._client_auth.client_id,
@@ -683,39 +883,17 @@ class OidcProvider:
             # in the `id_token` that we can check against.
             claims_params["access_token"] = token["access_token"]
 
+        claims_options = {"iss": {"values": [metadata["issuer"]]}}
+
         alg_values = metadata.get("id_token_signing_alg_values_supported", ["RS256"])
-        jwt = JsonWebToken(alg_values)
 
-        claim_options = {"iss": {"values": [metadata["issuer"]]}}
-
-        id_token = token["id_token"]
-        logger.debug("Attempting to decode JWT id_token %r", id_token)
-
-        # Try to decode the keys in cache first, then retry by forcing the keys
-        # to be reloaded
-        jwk_set = await self.load_jwks()
-        try:
-            claims = jwt.decode(
-                id_token,
-                key=jwk_set,
-                claims_cls=CodeIDToken,
-                claims_options=claim_options,
-                claims_params=claims_params,
-            )
-        except ValueError:
-            logger.info("Reloading JWKS after decode error")
-            jwk_set = await self.load_jwks(force=True)  # try reloading the jwks
-            claims = jwt.decode(
-                id_token,
-                key=jwk_set,
-                claims_cls=CodeIDToken,
-                claims_options=claim_options,
-                claims_params=claims_params,
-            )
-
-        logger.debug("Decoded id_token JWT %r; validating", claims)
-
-        claims.validate(leeway=120)  # allows 2 min of clock skew
+        claims = await self._verify_jwt(
+            alg_values=alg_values,
+            token=id_token,
+            claims_cls=CodeIDToken,
+            claims_options=claims_options,
+            claims_params=claims_params,
+        )
 
         return claims
 
@@ -1036,6 +1214,146 @@ class OidcProvider:
         # to be strings.
         return str(remote_user_id)
 
+    async def handle_backchannel_logout(
+        self, request: SynapseRequest, logout_token: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Handle an incoming request to /_synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout
+
+        The OIDC Provider posts a logout token to this endpoint when a user
+        session ends. That token is a JWT signed with the same keys as
+        ID tokens. The OpenID Connect Back-Channel Logout draft explains how to
+        validate the JWT and figure out what session to end.
+
+        Args:
+            request: The request to respond to
+            logout_token: The logout token (a JWT) extracted from the request body
+        """
+        # Back-Channel Logout can be disabled in the config, hence this check.
+        # This is not that important for now since Synapse is registered
+        # manually to the OP, so not specifying the backchannel-logout URI is
+        # as effective than disabling it here. It might make more sense if we
+        # support dynamic registration in Synapse at some point.
+        if not self._config.backchannel_logout_enabled:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Received an OIDC Back-Channel Logout request from issuer {self.issuer!r} but it is disabled in config"
+            )
+
+            # TODO: this responds with a 400 status code, which is what the OIDC
+            # Back-Channel Logout spec expects, but spec also suggests answering with
+            # a JSON object, with the `error` and `error_description` fields set, which
+            # we are not doing here.
+            # See https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-backchannel-1_0.html#BCResponse
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "OpenID Connect Back-Channel Logout is disabled for this provider"
+            )
+
+        metadata = await self.load_metadata()
+
+        # As per OIDC Back-Channel Logout 1.0 sec. 2.4:
+        #   A Logout Token MUST be signed and MAY also be encrypted. The same
+        #   keys are used to sign and encrypt Logout Tokens as are used for ID
+        #   Tokens. If the Logout Token is encrypted, it SHOULD replicate the
+        #   iss (issuer) claim in the JWT Header Parameters, as specified in
+        #   Section 5.3 of [JWT].
+        alg_values = metadata.get("id_token_signing_alg_values_supported", ["RS256"])
+
+        # As per sec. 2.6:
+        #    3. Validate the iss, aud, and iat Claims in the same way they are
+        #       validated in ID Tokens.
+        # Which means the audience should contain Synapse's client_id and the
+        # issuer should be the IdP issuer
+        claims_options = {
+            "iss": {"values": [metadata["issuer"]]},
+            "aud": {"values": [self.client_id]},
+        }
+
+        try:
+            claims = await self._verify_jwt(
+                alg_values=alg_values,
+                token=logout_token,
+                claims_cls=LogoutToken,
+                claims_options=claims_options,
+            )
+        except JoseError:
+            logger.exception("Invalid logout_token")
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid logout_token")
+
+        # As per sec. 2.6:
+        #    4. Verify that the Logout Token contains a sub Claim, a sid Claim,
+        #       or both.
+        #    5. Verify that the Logout Token contains an events Claim whose
+        #       value is JSON object containing the member name
+        #       http://schemas.openid.net/event/backchannel-logout.
+        #    6. Verify that the Logout Token does not contain a nonce Claim.
+        # This is all verified by the LogoutToken claims class, so at this
+        # point the `sid` claim exists and is a string.
+        sid: str = claims.get("sid")
+
+        # If the `sub` claim was included in the logout token, we check that it matches
+        # that it matches the right user. We can have cases where the `sub` claim is not
+        # the ID saved in database, so we let admins disable this check in config.
+        sub: Optional[str] = claims.get("sub")
+        expected_user_id: Optional[str] = None
+        if sub is not None and not self._config.backchannel_logout_ignore_sub:
+            expected_user_id = await self._store.get_user_by_external_id(
+                self.idp_id, sub
+            )
+
+        # Invalidate any running user-mapping sessions, in-flight login tokens and
+        # active devices
+        await self._sso_handler.revoke_sessions_for_provider_session_id(
+            auth_provider_id=self.idp_id,
+            auth_provider_session_id=sid,
+            expected_user_id=expected_user_id,
+        )
+
+        request.setResponseCode(200)
+        request.setHeader(b"Cache-Control", b"no-cache, no-store")
+        request.setHeader(b"Pragma", b"no-cache")
+        finish_request(request)
+
+
+class LogoutToken(JWTClaims):
+    """
+    Holds and verify claims of a logout token, as per
+    https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-backchannel-1_0.html#LogoutToken
+    """
+
+    REGISTERED_CLAIMS = ["iss", "sub", "aud", "iat", "jti", "events", "sid"]
+
+    def validate(self, now: Optional[int] = None, leeway: int = 0) -> None:
+        """Validate everything in claims payload."""
+        super().validate(now, leeway)
+        self.validate_sid()
+        self.validate_events()
+        self.validate_nonce()
+
+    def validate_sid(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure the sid claim is present"""
+        sid = self.get("sid")
+        if not sid:
+            raise MissingClaimError("sid")
+
+        if not isinstance(sid, str):
+            raise InvalidClaimError("sid")
+
+    def validate_nonce(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure the nonce claim is absent"""
+        if "nonce" in self:
+            raise InvalidClaimError("nonce")
+
+    def validate_events(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure the events claim is present and with the right value"""
+        events = self.get("events")
+        if not events:
+            raise MissingClaimError("events")
+
+        if not isinstance(events, dict):
+            raise InvalidClaimError("events")
+
+        if "http://schemas.openid.net/event/backchannel-logout" not in events:
+            raise InvalidClaimError("events")
+
 
 # number of seconds a newly-generated client secret should be valid for
 CLIENT_SECRET_VALIDITY_SECONDS = 3600
@@ -1105,6 +1423,7 @@ class JwtClientSecret:
         logger.info(
             "Generating new JWT for %s: %s %s", self._oauth_issuer, header, payload
         )
+        jwt = JsonWebToken(header["alg"])
         self._cached_secret = jwt.encode(header, payload, self._key.key)
         self._cached_secret_replacement_time = (
             expires_at - CLIENT_SECRET_MIN_VALIDITY_SECONDS
@@ -1119,9 +1438,6 @@ class UserAttributeDict(TypedDict):
     emails: List[str]
 
 
-C = TypeVar("C")
-
-
 class OidcMappingProvider(Generic[C]):
     """A mapping provider maps a UserInfo object to user attributes.
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/pagination.py b/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
index d865ee6e73..fcb8572348 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
@@ -458,11 +458,6 @@ class PaginationHandler:
             # `/messages` should still works with live tokens when manually provided.
             assert from_token.room_key.topological is not None
 
-        if pagin_config.limit is None:
-            # This shouldn't happen as we've set a default limit before this
-            # gets called.
-            raise Exception("limit not set")
-
         room_token = from_token.room_key
 
         async with self.pagination_lock.read(room_id):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/presence.py b/synapse/handlers/presence.py
index 4e575ffbaa..cf08737d11 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/presence.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/presence.py
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class BasePresenceHandler(abc.ABC):
         """Get the current presence state for multiple users.
 
         Returns:
-            dict: `user_id` -> `UserPresenceState`
+            A mapping of `user_id` -> `UserPresenceState`
         """
         states = {}
         missing = []
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class BasePresenceHandler(abc.ABC):
         with the app.
         """
 
-    async def update_external_syncs_row(
+    async def update_external_syncs_row(  # noqa: B027 (no-op by design)
         self, process_id: str, user_id: str, is_syncing: bool, sync_time_msec: int
     ) -> None:
         """Update the syncing users for an external process as a delta.
@@ -272,7 +272,9 @@ class BasePresenceHandler(abc.ABC):
             sync_time_msec: Time in ms when the user was last syncing
         """
 
-    async def update_external_syncs_clear(self, process_id: str) -> None:
+    async def update_external_syncs_clear(  # noqa: B027 (no-op by design)
+        self, process_id: str
+    ) -> None:
         """Marks all users that had been marked as syncing by a given process
         as offline.
 
@@ -476,7 +478,7 @@ class WorkerPresenceHandler(BasePresenceHandler):
             return _NullContextManager()
 
         prev_state = await self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
-        if prev_state != PresenceState.BUSY:
+        if prev_state.state != PresenceState.BUSY:
             # We set state here but pass ignore_status_msg = True as we don't want to
             # cause the status message to be cleared.
             # Note that this causes last_active_ts to be incremented which is not
@@ -1596,7 +1598,9 @@ class PresenceEventSource(EventSource[int, UserPresenceState]):
         self,
         user: UserID,
         from_key: Optional[int],
-        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        # Having a default limit doesn't match the EventSource API, but some
+        # callers do not provide it. It is unused in this class.
+        limit: int = 0,
         room_ids: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
         is_guest: bool = False,
         explicit_room_id: Optional[str] = None,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/profile.py b/synapse/handlers/profile.py
index d8ff5289b5..4bf9a047a3 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/profile.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/profile.py
@@ -307,7 +307,11 @@ class ProfileHandler:
         if not self.max_avatar_size and not self.allowed_avatar_mimetypes:
             return True
 
-        server_name, _, media_id = parse_and_validate_mxc_uri(mxc)
+        host, port, media_id = parse_and_validate_mxc_uri(mxc)
+        if port is not None:
+            server_name = host + ":" + str(port)
+        else:
+            server_name = host
 
         if server_name == self.server_name:
             media_info = await self.store.get_local_media(media_id)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/receipts.py b/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
index 4768a34c07..ac01582442 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
@@ -63,8 +63,6 @@ class ReceiptsHandler:
         self.clock = self.hs.get_clock()
         self.state = hs.get_state_handler()
 
-        self._msc3771_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3771_enabled
-
     async def _received_remote_receipt(self, origin: str, content: JsonDict) -> None:
         """Called when we receive an EDU of type m.receipt from a remote HS."""
         receipts = []
@@ -96,11 +94,10 @@ class ReceiptsHandler:
                     # Check if these receipts apply to a thread.
                     thread_id = None
                     data = user_values.get("data", {})
-                    if self._msc3771_enabled and isinstance(data, dict):
-                        thread_id = data.get("thread_id")
-                        # If the thread ID is invalid, consider it missing.
-                        if not isinstance(thread_id, str):
-                            thread_id = None
+                    thread_id = data.get("thread_id")
+                    # If the thread ID is invalid, consider it missing.
+                    if not isinstance(thread_id, str):
+                        thread_id = None
 
                     receipts.append(
                         ReadReceipt(
@@ -260,7 +257,7 @@ class ReceiptEventSource(EventSource[int, JsonDict]):
         self,
         user: UserID,
         from_key: int,
-        limit: Optional[int],
+        limit: int,
         room_ids: Iterable[str],
         is_guest: bool,
         explicit_room_id: Optional[str] = None,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/register.py b/synapse/handlers/register.py
index cfcadb34db..ca1c7a1866 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/register.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/register.py
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
         by_admin: bool = False,
         user_agent_ips: Optional[List[Tuple[str, str]]] = None,
         auth_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        approved: bool = False,
     ) -> str:
         """Registers a new client on the server.
 
@@ -246,6 +247,8 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
             user_agent_ips: Tuples of user-agents and IP addresses used
                 during the registration process.
             auth_provider_id: The SSO IdP the user used, if any.
+            approved: True if the new user should be considered already
+                approved by an administrator.
         Returns:
             The registered user_id.
         Raises:
@@ -307,6 +310,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
                 user_type=user_type,
                 address=address,
                 shadow_banned=shadow_banned,
+                approved=approved,
             )
 
             profile = await self.store.get_profileinfo(localpart)
@@ -695,6 +699,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
         user_type: Optional[str] = None,
         address: Optional[str] = None,
         shadow_banned: bool = False,
+        approved: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """Register user in the datastore.
 
@@ -713,6 +718,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
                 api.constants.UserTypes, or None for a normal user.
             address: the IP address used to perform the registration.
             shadow_banned: Whether to shadow-ban the user
+            approved: Whether to mark the user as approved by an administrator
         """
         if self.hs.config.worker.worker_app:
             await self._register_client(
@@ -726,6 +732,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
                 user_type=user_type,
                 address=address,
                 shadow_banned=shadow_banned,
+                approved=approved,
             )
         else:
             await self.store.register_user(
@@ -738,6 +745,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
                 admin=admin,
                 user_type=user_type,
                 shadow_banned=shadow_banned,
+                approved=approved,
             )
 
             # Only call the account validity module(s) on the main process, to avoid
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/relations.py b/synapse/handlers/relations.py
index 48cc9c1ac5..64d373e9d7 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/relations.py
@@ -11,16 +11,18 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+import enum
 import logging
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, FrozenSet, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import attr
 
-from synapse.api.constants import RelationTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, RelationTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.events import EventBase, relation_from_event
 from synapse.logging.tracing import SynapseTags, set_attribute, trace
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.relations import _RelatedEvent
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.relations import ThreadsNextBatch, _RelatedEvent
+from synapse.streams.config import PaginationConfig
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, Requester, StreamToken, UserID
 from synapse.visibility import filter_events_for_client
 
@@ -31,6 +33,13 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+class ThreadsListInclude(str, enum.Enum):
+    """Valid values for the 'include' flag of /threads."""
+
+    all = "all"
+    participated = "participated"
+
+
 @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
 class _ThreadAggregation:
     # The latest event in the thread.
@@ -66,18 +75,17 @@ class RelationsHandler:
         self._clock = hs.get_clock()
         self._event_handler = hs.get_event_handler()
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
+        self._event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
 
     async def get_relations(
         self,
         requester: Requester,
         event_id: str,
         room_id: str,
+        pagin_config: PaginationConfig,
+        include_original_event: bool,
         relation_type: Optional[str] = None,
         event_type: Optional[str] = None,
-        limit: int = 5,
-        direction: str = "b",
-        from_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
-        to_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Get related events of a event, ordered by topological ordering.
 
@@ -87,13 +95,10 @@ class RelationsHandler:
             requester: The user requesting the relations.
             event_id: Fetch events that relate to this event ID.
             room_id: The room the event belongs to.
+            pagin_config: The pagination config rules to apply, if any.
+            include_original_event: Whether to include the parent event.
             relation_type: Only fetch events with this relation type, if given.
             event_type: Only fetch events with this event type, if given.
-            limit: Only fetch the most recent `limit` events.
-            direction: Whether to fetch the most recent first (`"b"`) or the
-                oldest first (`"f"`).
-            from_token: Fetch rows from the given token, or from the start if None.
-            to_token: Fetch rows up to the given token, or up to the end if None.
 
         Returns:
             The pagination chunk.
@@ -121,10 +126,10 @@ class RelationsHandler:
             room_id=room_id,
             relation_type=relation_type,
             event_type=event_type,
-            limit=limit,
-            direction=direction,
-            from_token=from_token,
-            to_token=to_token,
+            limit=pagin_config.limit,
+            direction=pagin_config.direction,
+            from_token=pagin_config.from_token,
+            to_token=pagin_config.to_token,
         )
 
         events = await self._main_store.get_events_as_list(
@@ -138,31 +143,32 @@ class RelationsHandler:
             is_peeking=(member_event_id is None),
         )
 
-        now = self._clock.time_msec()
-        # Do not bundle aggregations when retrieving the original event because
-        # we want the content before relations are applied to it.
-        original_event = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-            event, now, bundle_aggregations=None
-        )
         # The relations returned for the requested event do include their
         # bundled aggregations.
         aggregations = await self.get_bundled_aggregations(
             events, requester.user.to_string()
         )
-        serialized_events = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            events, now, bundle_aggregations=aggregations
-        )
 
-        return_value = {
-            "chunk": serialized_events,
-            "original_event": original_event,
+        now = self._clock.time_msec()
+        return_value: JsonDict = {
+            "chunk": self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+                events, now, bundle_aggregations=aggregations
+            ),
         }
+        if include_original_event:
+            # Do not bundle aggregations when retrieving the original event because
+            # we want the content before relations are applied to it.
+            return_value["original_event"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+                event, now, bundle_aggregations=None
+            )
 
         if next_token:
             return_value["next_batch"] = await next_token.to_string(self._main_store)
 
-        if from_token:
-            return_value["prev_batch"] = await from_token.to_string(self._main_store)
+        if pagin_config.from_token:
+            return_value["prev_batch"] = await pagin_config.from_token.to_string(
+                self._main_store
+            )
 
         return return_value
 
@@ -201,6 +207,59 @@ class RelationsHandler:
 
         return related_events, next_token
 
+    async def redact_events_related_to(
+        self,
+        requester: Requester,
+        event_id: str,
+        initial_redaction_event: EventBase,
+        relation_types: List[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Redacts all events related to the given event ID with one of the given
+        relation types.
+
+        This method is expected to be called when redacting the event referred to by
+        the given event ID.
+
+        If an event cannot be redacted (e.g. because of insufficient permissions), log
+        the error and try to redact the next one.
+
+        Args:
+            requester: The requester to redact events on behalf of.
+            event_id: The event IDs to look and redact relations of.
+            initial_redaction_event: The redaction for the event referred to by
+                event_id.
+            relation_types: The types of relations to look for.
+
+        Raises:
+            ShadowBanError if the requester is shadow-banned
+        """
+        related_event_ids = (
+            await self._main_store.get_all_relations_for_event_with_types(
+                event_id, relation_types
+            )
+        )
+
+        for related_event_id in related_event_ids:
+            try:
+                await self._event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+                    requester,
+                    {
+                        "type": EventTypes.Redaction,
+                        "content": initial_redaction_event.content,
+                        "room_id": initial_redaction_event.room_id,
+                        "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                        "redacts": related_event_id,
+                    },
+                    ratelimit=False,
+                )
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Failed to redact event %s (related to event %s): %s",
+                    related_event_id,
+                    event_id,
+                    e.msg,
+                )
+
     @trace
     async def get_annotations_for_event(
         self,
@@ -490,3 +549,79 @@ class RelationsHandler:
             results.setdefault(event_id, BundledAggregations()).replace = edit
 
         return results
+
+    async def get_threads(
+        self,
+        requester: Requester,
+        room_id: str,
+        include: ThreadsListInclude,
+        limit: int = 5,
+        from_token: Optional[ThreadsNextBatch] = None,
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Get related events of a event, ordered by topological ordering.
+
+        Args:
+            requester: The user requesting the relations.
+            room_id: The room the event belongs to.
+            include: One of "all" or "participated" to indicate which threads should
+                be returned.
+            limit: Only fetch the most recent `limit` events.
+            from_token: Fetch rows from the given token, or from the start if None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The pagination chunk.
+        """
+
+        user_id = requester.user.to_string()
+
+        # TODO Properly handle a user leaving a room.
+        (_, member_event_id) = await self._auth.check_user_in_room_or_world_readable(
+            room_id, requester, allow_departed_users=True
+        )
+
+        # Note that ignored users are not passed into get_relations_for_event
+        # below. Ignored users are handled in filter_events_for_client (and by
+        # not passing them in here we should get a better cache hit rate).
+        thread_roots, next_batch = await self._main_store.get_threads(
+            room_id=room_id, limit=limit, from_token=from_token
+        )
+
+        events = await self._main_store.get_events_as_list(thread_roots)
+
+        if include == ThreadsListInclude.participated:
+            # Pre-seed thread participation with whether the requester sent the event.
+            participated = {event.event_id: event.sender == user_id for event in events}
+            # For events the requester did not send, check the database for whether
+            # the requester sent a threaded reply.
+            participated.update(
+                await self._main_store.get_threads_participated(
+                    [eid for eid, p in participated.items() if not p],
+                    user_id,
+                )
+            )
+
+            # Limit the returned threads to those the user has participated in.
+            events = [event for event in events if participated[event.event_id]]
+
+        events = await filter_events_for_client(
+            self._storage_controllers,
+            user_id,
+            events,
+            is_peeking=(member_event_id is None),
+        )
+
+        aggregations = await self.get_bundled_aggregations(
+            events, requester.user.to_string()
+        )
+
+        now = self._clock.time_msec()
+        serialized_events = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            events, now, bundle_aggregations=aggregations
+        )
+
+        return_value: JsonDict = {"chunk": serialized_events}
+
+        if next_batch:
+            return_value["next_batch"] = str(next_batch)
+
+        return return_value
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room.py b/synapse/handlers/room.py
index 33e9a87002..6dcfd86fdf 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room.py
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ from synapse.api.constants import (
 from synapse.api.errors import (
     AuthError,
     Codes,
-    HttpResponseException,
     LimitExceededError,
     NotFoundError,
     StoreError,
@@ -60,7 +59,6 @@ from synapse.api.room_versions import KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS, RoomVersion
 from synapse.event_auth import validate_event_for_room_version
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.events.utils import copy_and_fixup_power_levels_contents
-from synapse.federation.federation_client import InvalidResponseError
 from synapse.handlers.relations import BundledAggregations
 from synapse.module_api import NOT_SPAM
 from synapse.rest.admin._base import assert_user_is_admin
@@ -229,9 +227,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
             },
         )
         validate_event_for_room_version(tombstone_event)
-        await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(
-            tombstone_event, tombstone_context
-        )
+        await self._event_auth_handler.check_auth_rules_from_context(tombstone_event)
 
         # Upgrade the room
         #
@@ -301,8 +297,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
         # now send the tombstone
         await self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
             requester=requester,
-            event=tombstone_event,
-            context=tombstone_context,
+            events_and_context=[(tombstone_event, tombstone_context)],
         )
 
         state_filter = StateFilter.from_types(
@@ -562,7 +557,6 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
             invite_list=[],
             initial_state=initial_state,
             creation_content=creation_content,
-            ratelimit=False,
         )
 
         # Transfer membership events
@@ -716,7 +710,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
 
         if (
             self._server_notices_mxid is not None
-            and requester.user.to_string() == self._server_notices_mxid
+            and user_id == self._server_notices_mxid
         ):
             # allow the server notices mxid to create rooms
             is_requester_admin = True
@@ -756,6 +750,10 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
                 )
 
         if ratelimit:
+            # Rate limit once in advance, but don't rate limit the individual
+            # events in the room — room creation isn't atomic and it's very
+            # janky if half the events in the initial state don't make it because
+            # of rate limiting.
             await self.request_ratelimiter.ratelimit(requester)
 
         room_version_id = config.get(
@@ -916,7 +914,6 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
             room_alias=room_alias,
             power_level_content_override=power_level_content_override,
             creator_join_profile=creator_join_profile,
-            ratelimit=ratelimit,
         )
 
         if "name" in config:
@@ -1040,26 +1037,36 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
         room_alias: Optional[RoomAlias] = None,
         power_level_content_override: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
         creator_join_profile: Optional[JsonDict] = None,
-        ratelimit: bool = True,
     ) -> Tuple[int, str, int]:
-        """Sends the initial events into a new room.
+        """Sends the initial events into a new room. Sends the room creation, membership,
+        and power level events into the room sequentially, then creates and batches up the
+        rest of the events to persist as a batch to the DB.
 
         `power_level_content_override` doesn't apply when initial state has
         power level state event content.
 
+        Rate limiting should already have been applied by this point.
+
         Returns:
             A tuple containing the stream ID, event ID and depth of the last
             event sent to the room.
         """
 
         creator_id = creator.user.to_string()
-
         event_keys = {"room_id": room_id, "sender": creator_id, "state_key": ""}
-
         depth = 1
-        last_sent_event_id: Optional[str] = None
 
-        def create(etype: str, content: JsonDict, **kwargs: Any) -> JsonDict:
+        # the most recently created event
+        prev_event: List[str] = []
+        # a map of event types, state keys -> event_ids. We collect these mappings this as events are
+        # created (but not persisted to the db) to determine state for future created events
+        # (as this info can't be pulled from the db)
+        state_map: MutableStateMap[str] = {}
+        # current_state_group of last event created. Used for computing event context of
+        # events to be batched
+        current_state_group = None
+
+        def create_event_dict(etype: str, content: JsonDict, **kwargs: Any) -> JsonDict:
             e = {"type": etype, "content": content}
 
             e.update(event_keys)
@@ -1067,32 +1074,44 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
 
             return e
 
-        async def send(etype: str, content: JsonDict, **kwargs: Any) -> int:
-            nonlocal last_sent_event_id
+        async def create_event(
+            etype: str,
+            content: JsonDict,
+            for_batch: bool,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> Tuple[EventBase, synapse.events.snapshot.EventContext]:
+            """
+            Creates an event and associated event context.
+            Args:
+                etype: the type of event to be created
+                content: content of the event
+                for_batch: whether the event is being created for batch persisting. If
+                bool for_batch is true, this will create an event using the prev_event_ids,
+                and will create an event context for the event using the parameters state_map
+                and current_state_group, thus these parameters must be provided in this
+                case if for_batch is True. The subsequently created event and context
+                are suitable for being batched up and bulk persisted to the database
+                with other similarly created events.
+            """
             nonlocal depth
+            nonlocal prev_event
 
-            event = create(etype, content, **kwargs)
-            logger.debug("Sending %s in new room", etype)
-            # Allow these events to be sent even if the user is shadow-banned to
-            # allow the room creation to complete.
-            (
-                sent_event,
-                last_stream_id,
-            ) = await self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+            event_dict = create_event_dict(etype, content, **kwargs)
+
+            new_event, new_context = await self.event_creation_handler.create_event(
                 creator,
-                event,
-                ratelimit=False,
-                ignore_shadow_ban=True,
-                # Note: we don't pass state_event_ids here because this triggers
-                # an additional query per event to look them up from the events table.
-                prev_event_ids=[last_sent_event_id] if last_sent_event_id else [],
+                event_dict,
+                prev_event_ids=prev_event,
                 depth=depth,
+                state_map=state_map,
+                for_batch=for_batch,
+                current_state_group=current_state_group,
             )
-
-            last_sent_event_id = sent_event.event_id
             depth += 1
+            prev_event = [new_event.event_id]
+            state_map[(new_event.type, new_event.state_key)] = new_event.event_id
 
-            return last_stream_id
+            return new_event, new_context
 
         try:
             config = self._presets_dict[preset_config]
@@ -1102,31 +1121,55 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
             )
 
         creation_content.update({"creator": creator_id})
-        await send(etype=EventTypes.Create, content=creation_content)
+        creation_event, creation_context = await create_event(
+            EventTypes.Create, creation_content, False
+        )
 
         logger.debug("Sending %s in new room", EventTypes.Member)
-        # Room create event must exist at this point
-        assert last_sent_event_id is not None
+        ev = await self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
+            requester=creator,
+            events_and_context=[(creation_event, creation_context)],
+            ratelimit=False,
+            ignore_shadow_ban=True,
+        )
+        last_sent_event_id = ev.event_id
+
         member_event_id, _ = await self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
             creator,
             creator.user,
             room_id,
             "join",
-            ratelimit=ratelimit,
+            ratelimit=False,
             content=creator_join_profile,
             new_room=True,
             prev_event_ids=[last_sent_event_id],
             depth=depth,
         )
-        last_sent_event_id = member_event_id
+        prev_event = [member_event_id]
 
+        # update the depth and state map here as the membership event has been created
+        # through a different code path
+        depth += 1
+        state_map[(EventTypes.Member, creator.user.to_string())] = member_event_id
+
+        # we need the state group of the membership event as it is the current state group
+        event_to_state = (
+            await self._storage_controllers.state.get_state_group_for_events(
+                [member_event_id]
+            )
+        )
+        current_state_group = event_to_state[member_event_id]
+
+        events_to_send = []
         # We treat the power levels override specially as this needs to be one
         # of the first events that get sent into a room.
         pl_content = initial_state.pop((EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""), None)
         if pl_content is not None:
-            last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels, content=pl_content
+            power_event, power_context = await create_event(
+                EventTypes.PowerLevels, pl_content, True
             )
+            current_state_group = power_context._state_group
+            events_to_send.append((power_event, power_context))
         else:
             power_level_content: JsonDict = {
                 "users": {creator_id: 100},
@@ -1169,48 +1212,73 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
             # apply those.
             if power_level_content_override:
                 power_level_content.update(power_level_content_override)
-
-            last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels, content=power_level_content
+            pl_event, pl_context = await create_event(
+                EventTypes.PowerLevels,
+                power_level_content,
+                True,
             )
+            current_state_group = pl_context._state_group
+            events_to_send.append((pl_event, pl_context))
 
         if room_alias and (EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, "") not in initial_state:
-            last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                etype=EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
-                content={"alias": room_alias.to_string()},
+            room_alias_event, room_alias_context = await create_event(
+                EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, {"alias": room_alias.to_string()}, True
             )
+            current_state_group = room_alias_context._state_group
+            events_to_send.append((room_alias_event, room_alias_context))
 
         if (EventTypes.JoinRules, "") not in initial_state:
-            last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                etype=EventTypes.JoinRules, content={"join_rule": config["join_rules"]}
+            join_rules_event, join_rules_context = await create_event(
+                EventTypes.JoinRules,
+                {"join_rule": config["join_rules"]},
+                True,
             )
+            current_state_group = join_rules_context._state_group
+            events_to_send.append((join_rules_event, join_rules_context))
 
         if (EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, "") not in initial_state:
-            last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                etype=EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
-                content={"history_visibility": config["history_visibility"]},
+            visibility_event, visibility_context = await create_event(
+                EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
+                {"history_visibility": config["history_visibility"]},
+                True,
             )
+            current_state_group = visibility_context._state_group
+            events_to_send.append((visibility_event, visibility_context))
 
         if config["guest_can_join"]:
             if (EventTypes.GuestAccess, "") not in initial_state:
-                last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                    etype=EventTypes.GuestAccess,
-                    content={EventContentFields.GUEST_ACCESS: GuestAccess.CAN_JOIN},
+                guest_access_event, guest_access_context = await create_event(
+                    EventTypes.GuestAccess,
+                    {EventContentFields.GUEST_ACCESS: GuestAccess.CAN_JOIN},
+                    True,
                 )
+                current_state_group = guest_access_context._state_group
+                events_to_send.append((guest_access_event, guest_access_context))
 
         for (etype, state_key), content in initial_state.items():
-            last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                etype=etype, state_key=state_key, content=content
+            event, context = await create_event(
+                etype, content, True, state_key=state_key
             )
+            current_state_group = context._state_group
+            events_to_send.append((event, context))
 
         if config["encrypted"]:
-            last_sent_stream_id = await send(
-                etype=EventTypes.RoomEncryption,
+            encryption_event, encryption_context = await create_event(
+                EventTypes.RoomEncryption,
+                {"algorithm": RoomEncryptionAlgorithms.DEFAULT},
+                True,
                 state_key="",
-                content={"algorithm": RoomEncryptionAlgorithms.DEFAULT},
             )
+            events_to_send.append((encryption_event, encryption_context))
 
-        return last_sent_stream_id, last_sent_event_id, depth
+        last_event = await self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
+            creator,
+            events_to_send,
+            ignore_shadow_ban=True,
+            ratelimit=False,
+        )
+        assert last_event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering is not None
+        return last_event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering, last_event.event_id, depth
 
     def _generate_room_id(self) -> str:
         """Generates a random room ID.
@@ -1383,7 +1451,7 @@ class RoomContextHandler:
             events_before=events_before,
             event=event,
             events_after=events_after,
-            state=await filter_evts(state_events),
+            state=state_events,
             aggregations=aggregations,
             start=await token.copy_and_replace(
                 StreamKeyType.ROOM, results.start
@@ -1429,7 +1497,12 @@ class TimestampLookupHandler:
         Raises:
             SynapseError if unable to find any event locally in the given direction
         """
-
+        logger.debug(
+            "get_event_for_timestamp(room_id=%s, timestamp=%s, direction=%s) Finding closest event...",
+            room_id,
+            timestamp,
+            direction,
+        )
         local_event_id = await self.store.get_event_id_for_timestamp(
             room_id, timestamp, direction
         )
@@ -1476,88 +1549,59 @@ class TimestampLookupHandler:
             )
 
             likely_domains = (
-                await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
+                await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered(
+                    room_id
+                )
             )
 
-            # Loop through each homeserver candidate until we get a succesful response
-            for domain in likely_domains:
-                # We don't want to ask our own server for information we don't have
-                if domain == self.server_name:
-                    continue
+            remote_response = await self.federation_client.timestamp_to_event(
+                destinations=likely_domains,
+                room_id=room_id,
+                timestamp=timestamp,
+                direction=direction,
+            )
+            if remote_response is not None:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "get_event_for_timestamp: remote_response=%s",
+                    remote_response,
+                )
 
-                try:
-                    remote_response = await self.federation_client.timestamp_to_event(
-                        domain, room_id, timestamp, direction
-                    )
-                    logger.debug(
-                        "get_event_for_timestamp: response from domain(%s)=%s",
-                        domain,
-                        remote_response,
+                remote_event_id = remote_response.event_id
+                remote_origin_server_ts = remote_response.origin_server_ts
+
+                # Backfill this event so we can get a pagination token for
+                # it with `/context` and paginate `/messages` from this
+                # point.
+                pulled_pdu_info = await self.federation_event_handler.backfill_event_id(
+                    likely_domains, room_id, remote_event_id
+                )
+                remote_event = pulled_pdu_info.pdu
+
+                # XXX: When we see that the remote server is not trustworthy,
+                # maybe we should not ask them first in the future.
+                if remote_origin_server_ts != remote_event.origin_server_ts:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "get_event_for_timestamp: Remote server (%s) claimed that remote_event_id=%s occured at remote_origin_server_ts=%s but that isn't true (actually occured at %s). Their claims are dubious and we should consider not trusting them.",
+                        pulled_pdu_info.pull_origin,
+                        remote_event_id,
+                        remote_origin_server_ts,
+                        remote_event.origin_server_ts,
                     )
 
-                    remote_event_id = remote_response.event_id
-                    remote_origin_server_ts = remote_response.origin_server_ts
-
-                    # Backfill this event so we can get a pagination token for
-                    # it with `/context` and paginate `/messages` from this
-                    # point.
-                    #
-                    # TODO: The requested timestamp may lie in a part of the
-                    #   event graph that the remote server *also* didn't have,
-                    #   in which case they will have returned another event
-                    #   which may be nowhere near the requested timestamp. In
-                    #   the future, we may need to reconcile that gap and ask
-                    #   other homeservers, and/or extend `/timestamp_to_event`
-                    #   to return events on *both* sides of the timestamp to
-                    #   help reconcile the gap faster.
-                    remote_event = (
-                        await self.federation_event_handler.backfill_event_id(
-                            domain, room_id, remote_event_id
-                        )
-                    )
-
-                    # XXX: When we see that the remote server is not trustworthy,
-                    # maybe we should not ask them first in the future.
-                    if remote_origin_server_ts != remote_event.origin_server_ts:
-                        logger.info(
-                            "get_event_for_timestamp: Remote server (%s) claimed that remote_event_id=%s occured at remote_origin_server_ts=%s but that isn't true (actually occured at %s). Their claims are dubious and we should consider not trusting them.",
-                            domain,
-                            remote_event_id,
-                            remote_origin_server_ts,
-                            remote_event.origin_server_ts,
-                        )
-
-                    # Only return the remote event if it's closer than the local event
-                    if not local_event or (
-                        abs(remote_event.origin_server_ts - timestamp)
-                        < abs(local_event.origin_server_ts - timestamp)
-                    ):
-                        logger.info(
-                            "get_event_for_timestamp: returning remote_event_id=%s (%s) since it's closer to timestamp=%s than local_event=%s (%s)",
-                            remote_event_id,
-                            remote_event.origin_server_ts,
-                            timestamp,
-                            local_event.event_id if local_event else None,
-                            local_event.origin_server_ts if local_event else None,
-                        )
-                        return remote_event_id, remote_origin_server_ts
-                except (HttpResponseException, InvalidResponseError) as ex:
-                    # Let's not put a high priority on some other homeserver
-                    # failing to respond or giving a random response
-                    logger.debug(
-                        "get_event_for_timestamp: Failed to fetch /timestamp_to_event from %s because of exception(%s) %s args=%s",
-                        domain,
-                        type(ex).__name__,
-                        ex,
-                        ex.args,
-                    )
-                except Exception:
-                    # But we do want to see some exceptions in our code
-                    logger.warning(
-                        "get_event_for_timestamp: Failed to fetch /timestamp_to_event from %s because of exception",
-                        domain,
-                        exc_info=True,
+                # Only return the remote event if it's closer than the local event
+                if not local_event or (
+                    abs(remote_event.origin_server_ts - timestamp)
+                    < abs(local_event.origin_server_ts - timestamp)
+                ):
+                    logger.info(
+                        "get_event_for_timestamp: returning remote_event_id=%s (%s) since it's closer to timestamp=%s than local_event=%s (%s)",
+                        remote_event_id,
+                        remote_event.origin_server_ts,
+                        timestamp,
+                        local_event.event_id if local_event else None,
+                        local_event.origin_server_ts if local_event else None,
                     )
+                    return remote_event_id, remote_origin_server_ts
 
         # To appease mypy, we have to add both of these conditions to check for
         # `None`. We only expect `local_event` to be `None` when
@@ -1580,7 +1624,7 @@ class RoomEventSource(EventSource[RoomStreamToken, EventBase]):
         self,
         user: UserID,
         from_key: RoomStreamToken,
-        limit: Optional[int],
+        limit: int,
         room_ids: Collection[str],
         is_guest: bool,
         explicit_room_id: Optional[str] = None,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room_batch.py b/synapse/handlers/room_batch.py
index 1414e575d6..411a6fb22f 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room_batch.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room_batch.py
@@ -379,8 +379,7 @@ class RoomBatchHandler:
                 await self.create_requester_for_user_id_from_app_service(
                     event.sender, app_service_requester.app_service
                 ),
-                event=event,
-                context=context,
+                events_and_context=[(event, context)],
             )
 
         return event_ids
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room_member.py b/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
index e0d0a8941c..2ebd2e6eb7 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         require_consent: bool = True,
         outlier: bool = False,
         historical: bool = False,
+        origin_server_ts: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[str, int]:
         """
         Internal membership update function to get an existing event or create
@@ -361,6 +362,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             historical: Indicates whether the message is being inserted
                 back in time around some existing events. This is used to skip
                 a few checks and mark the event as backfilled.
+            origin_server_ts: The origin_server_ts to use if a new event is created. Uses
+                the current timestamp if set to None.
 
         Returns:
             Tuple of event ID and stream ordering position
@@ -399,6 +402,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                 "state_key": user_id,
                 # For backwards compatibility:
                 "membership": membership,
+                "origin_server_ts": origin_server_ts,
             },
             txn_id=txn_id,
             allow_no_prev_events=allow_no_prev_events,
@@ -432,8 +436,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         with tracing.start_active_span("handle_new_client_event"):
             result_event = await self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
                 requester,
-                event,
-                context,
+                events_and_context=[(event, context)],
                 extra_users=[target],
                 ratelimit=ratelimit,
             )
@@ -505,6 +508,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         prev_event_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         state_event_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        origin_server_ts: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[str, int]:
         """Update a user's membership in a room.
 
@@ -543,6 +547,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             depth: Override the depth used to order the event in the DAG.
                 Should normally be set to None, which will cause the depth to be calculated
                 based on the prev_events.
+            origin_server_ts: The origin_server_ts to use if a new event is created. Uses
+                the current timestamp if set to None.
 
         Returns:
             A tuple of the new event ID and stream ID.
@@ -584,6 +590,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                         prev_event_ids=prev_event_ids,
                         state_event_ids=state_event_ids,
                         depth=depth,
+                        origin_server_ts=origin_server_ts,
                     )
 
         return result
@@ -607,6 +614,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         prev_event_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         state_event_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        origin_server_ts: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[str, int]:
         """Helper for update_membership.
 
@@ -647,6 +655,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             depth: Override the depth used to order the event in the DAG.
                 Should normally be set to None, which will cause the depth to be calculated
                 based on the prev_events.
+            origin_server_ts: The origin_server_ts to use if a new event is created. Uses
+                the current timestamp if set to None.
 
         Returns:
             A tuple of the new event ID and stream ID.
@@ -786,6 +796,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                 require_consent=require_consent,
                 outlier=outlier,
                 historical=historical,
+                origin_server_ts=origin_server_ts,
             )
 
         latest_event_ids = await self.store.get_prev_events_for_room(room_id)
@@ -1031,6 +1042,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             content=content,
             require_consent=require_consent,
             outlier=outlier,
+            origin_server_ts=origin_server_ts,
         )
 
     async def _should_perform_remote_join(
@@ -1151,8 +1163,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         logger.info("Transferring room state from %s to %s", old_room_id, room_id)
 
         # Find all local users that were in the old room and copy over each user's state
-        users = await self.store.get_users_in_room(old_room_id)
-        await self.copy_user_state_on_room_upgrade(old_room_id, room_id, users)
+        local_users = await self.store.get_local_users_in_room(old_room_id)
+        await self.copy_user_state_on_room_upgrade(old_room_id, room_id, local_users)
 
         # Add new room to the room directory if the old room was there
         # Remove old room from the room directory
@@ -1252,7 +1264,10 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                 raise SynapseError(403, "This room has been blocked on this server")
 
         event = await self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
-            requester, event, context, extra_users=[target_user], ratelimit=ratelimit
+            requester,
+            events_and_context=[(event, context)],
+            extra_users=[target_user],
+            ratelimit=ratelimit,
         )
 
         prev_member_event_id = prev_state_ids.get(
@@ -1860,8 +1875,7 @@ class RoomMemberMasterHandler(RoomMemberHandler):
 
         result_event = await self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
             requester,
-            event,
-            context,
+            events_and_context=[(event, context)],
             extra_users=[UserID.from_string(target_user)],
         )
         # we know it was persisted, so must have a stream ordering
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/saml.py b/synapse/handlers/saml.py
index 9602f0d0bb..874860d461 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/saml.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/saml.py
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ class DefaultSamlMappingProvider:
             client_redirect_url: where the client wants to redirect to
 
         Returns:
-            dict: A dict containing new user attributes. Possible keys:
+            A dict containing new user attributes. Possible keys:
                 * mxid_localpart (str): Required. The localpart of the user's mxid
                 * displayname (str): The displayname of the user
                 * emails (list[str]): Any emails for the user
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ class DefaultSamlMappingProvider:
         Args:
             config: A dictionary containing configuration options for this provider
         Returns:
-            SamlConfig: A custom config object for this module
+            A custom config object for this module
         """
         # Parse config options and use defaults where necessary
         mxid_source_attribute = config.get("mxid_source_attribute", "uid")
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/send_email.py b/synapse/handlers/send_email.py
index e2844799e8..804cc6e81e 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/send_email.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/send_email.py
@@ -187,6 +187,19 @@ class SendEmailHandler:
         multipart_msg["To"] = email_address
         multipart_msg["Date"] = email.utils.formatdate()
         multipart_msg["Message-ID"] = email.utils.make_msgid()
+        # Discourage automatic responses to Synapse's emails.
+        # Per RFC 3834, automatic responses should not be sent if the "Auto-Submitted"
+        # header is present with any value other than "no". See
+        #     https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3834.html#section-5.1
+        multipart_msg["Auto-Submitted"] = "auto-generated"
+        # Also include a Microsoft-Exchange specific header:
+        #    https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/exchange_server_protocols/ms-oxcmail/ced68690-498a-4567-9d14-5c01f974d8b1
+        # which suggests it can take the value "All" to "suppress all auto-replies",
+        # or a comma separated list of auto-reply classes to suppress.
+        # The following stack overflow question has a little more context:
+        #    https://stackoverflow.com/a/25324691/5252017
+        #    https://stackoverflow.com/a/61646381/5252017
+        multipart_msg["X-Auto-Response-Suppress"] = "All"
         multipart_msg.attach(text_part)
         multipart_msg.attach(html_part)
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/sso.py b/synapse/handlers/sso.py
index 6bc1cbd787..749d7e93b0 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/sso.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/sso.py
@@ -147,6 +147,9 @@ class UsernameMappingSession:
     # A unique identifier for this SSO provider, e.g.  "oidc" or "saml".
     auth_provider_id: str
 
+    # An optional session ID from the IdP.
+    auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str]
+
     # user ID on the IdP server
     remote_user_id: str
 
@@ -188,6 +191,7 @@ class SsoHandler:
         self._server_name = hs.hostname
         self._registration_handler = hs.get_registration_handler()
         self._auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
+        self._device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
         self._error_template = hs.config.sso.sso_error_template
         self._bad_user_template = hs.config.sso.sso_auth_bad_user_template
         self._profile_handler = hs.get_profile_handler()
@@ -464,6 +468,7 @@ class SsoHandler:
                         client_redirect_url,
                         next_step_url,
                         extra_login_attributes,
+                        auth_provider_session_id,
                     )
 
                 user_id = await self._register_mapped_user(
@@ -585,6 +590,7 @@ class SsoHandler:
         client_redirect_url: str,
         next_step_url: bytes,
         extra_login_attributes: Optional[JsonDict],
+        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str],
     ) -> NoReturn:
         """Creates a UsernameMappingSession and redirects the browser
 
@@ -607,6 +613,8 @@ class SsoHandler:
             extra_login_attributes: An optional dictionary of extra
                 attributes to be provided to the client in the login response.
 
+            auth_provider_session_id: An optional session ID from the IdP.
+
         Raises:
             RedirectException
         """
@@ -615,6 +623,7 @@ class SsoHandler:
         now = self._clock.time_msec()
         session = UsernameMappingSession(
             auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
+            auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
             remote_user_id=remote_user_id,
             display_name=attributes.display_name,
             emails=attributes.emails,
@@ -866,7 +875,7 @@ class SsoHandler:
         )
 
     async def handle_terms_accepted(
-        self, request: Request, session_id: str, terms_version: str
+        self, request: SynapseRequest, session_id: str, terms_version: str
     ) -> None:
         """Handle a request to the new-user 'consent' endpoint
 
@@ -968,6 +977,7 @@ class SsoHandler:
             session.client_redirect_url,
             session.extra_login_attributes,
             new_user=True,
+            auth_provider_session_id=session.auth_provider_session_id,
         )
 
     def _expire_old_sessions(self) -> None:
@@ -1017,6 +1027,76 @@ class SsoHandler:
 
         return True
 
+    async def revoke_sessions_for_provider_session_id(
+        self,
+        auth_provider_id: str,
+        auth_provider_session_id: str,
+        expected_user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Revoke any devices and in-flight logins tied to a provider session.
+
+        Args:
+            auth_provider_id: A unique identifier for this SSO provider, e.g.
+                "oidc" or "saml".
+            auth_provider_session_id: The session ID from the provider to logout
+            expected_user_id: The user we're expecting to logout. If set, it will ignore
+                sessions belonging to other users and log an error.
+        """
+        # Invalidate any running user-mapping sessions
+        to_delete = []
+        for session_id, session in self._username_mapping_sessions.items():
+            if (
+                session.auth_provider_id == auth_provider_id
+                and session.auth_provider_session_id == auth_provider_session_id
+            ):
+                to_delete.append(session_id)
+
+        for session_id in to_delete:
+            logger.info("Revoking mapping session %s", session_id)
+            del self._username_mapping_sessions[session_id]
+
+        # Invalidate any in-flight login tokens
+        await self._store.invalidate_login_tokens_by_session_id(
+            auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
+            auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
+        )
+
+        # Fetch any device(s) in the store associated with the session ID.
+        devices = await self._store.get_devices_by_auth_provider_session_id(
+            auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
+            auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
+        )
+
+        # We have no guarantee that all the devices of that session are for the same
+        # `user_id`. Hence, we have to iterate over the list of devices and log them out
+        # one by one.
+        for device in devices:
+            user_id = device["user_id"]
+            device_id = device["device_id"]
+
+            # If the user_id associated with that device/session is not the one we got
+            # out of the `sub` claim, skip that device and show log an error.
+            if expected_user_id is not None and user_id != expected_user_id:
+                logger.error(
+                    "Received a logout notification from SSO provider "
+                    f"{auth_provider_id!r} for the user {expected_user_id!r}, but with "
+                    f"a session ID ({auth_provider_session_id!r}) which belongs to "
+                    f"{user_id!r}. This may happen when the SSO provider user mapper "
+                    "uses something else than the standard attribute as mapping ID. "
+                    "For OIDC providers, set `backchannel_logout_ignore_sub` to `true` "
+                    "in the provider config if that is the case."
+                )
+                continue
+
+            logger.info(
+                "Logging out %r (device %r) via SSO (%r) logout notification (session %r).",
+                user_id,
+                device_id,
+                auth_provider_id,
+                auth_provider_session_id,
+            )
+            await self._device_handler.delete_devices(user_id, [device_id])
+
 
 def get_username_mapping_session_cookie_from_request(request: IRequest) -> str:
     """Extract the session ID from the cookie
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/sync.py b/synapse/handlers/sync.py
index f7fd6d7933..c00f30518a 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/sync.py
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ from synapse.logging.tracing import (
     start_active_span,
 )
 from synapse.push.clientformat import format_push_rules_for_user
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import NotifCounts
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import RoomNotifCounts
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import extract_heroes_from_room_summary
 from synapse.storage.roommember import MemberSummary
 from synapse.storage.state import StateFilter
 from synapse.types import (
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ class JoinedSyncResult:
     ephemeral: List[JsonDict]
     account_data: List[JsonDict]
     unread_notifications: JsonDict
+    unread_thread_notifications: JsonDict
     summary: Optional[JsonDict]
     unread_count: int
 
@@ -809,18 +811,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
             if canonical_alias and canonical_alias.content.get("alias"):
                 return summary
 
-        me = sync_config.user.to_string()
-
-        joined_user_ids = [
-            r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.JOIN, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
-        ]
-        invited_user_ids = [
-            r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.INVITE, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
-        ]
-        gone_user_ids = [
-            r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.LEAVE, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
-        ] + [r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.BAN, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me]
-
         # FIXME: only build up a member_ids list for our heroes
         member_ids = {}
         for membership in (
@@ -832,11 +822,8 @@ class SyncHandler:
             for user_id, event_id in details.get(membership, empty_ms).members:
                 member_ids[user_id] = event_id
 
-        # FIXME: order by stream ordering rather than as returned by SQL
-        if joined_user_ids or invited_user_ids:
-            summary["m.heroes"] = sorted(joined_user_ids + invited_user_ids)[0:5]
-        else:
-            summary["m.heroes"] = sorted(gone_user_ids)[0:5]
+        me = sync_config.user.to_string()
+        summary["m.heroes"] = extract_heroes_from_room_summary(details, me)
 
         if not sync_config.filter_collection.lazy_load_members():
             return summary
@@ -1196,7 +1183,9 @@ class SyncHandler:
             room_id: The partial state room to find the remaining memberships for.
             members_to_fetch: The memberships to find.
             events_with_membership_auth: A mapping from user IDs to events whose auth
-                events are known to contain their membership.
+                events would contain their prior membership, if one exists.
+                Note that join events will not cite a prior membership if a user has
+                never been in a room before.
             found_state_ids: A dict from (type, state_key) -> state_event_id, containing
                 memberships that have been previously found. Entries in
                 `members_to_fetch` that have a membership in `found_state_ids` are
@@ -1206,6 +1195,10 @@ class SyncHandler:
             A dict from ("m.room.member", state_key) -> state_event_id, containing the
             memberships missing from `found_state_ids`.
 
+            When `events_with_membership_auth` contains a join event for a given user
+            which does not cite a prior membership, no membership is returned for that
+            user.
+
         Raises:
             KeyError: if `events_with_membership_auth` does not have an entry for a
                 missing membership. Memberships in `found_state_ids` do not need an
@@ -1223,8 +1216,18 @@ class SyncHandler:
             if (EventTypes.Member, member) in found_state_ids:
                 continue
 
-            missing_members.add(member)
             event_with_membership_auth = events_with_membership_auth[member]
+            is_join = (
+                event_with_membership_auth.is_state()
+                and event_with_membership_auth.type == EventTypes.Member
+                and event_with_membership_auth.state_key == member
+                and event_with_membership_auth.content.get("membership")
+                == Membership.JOIN
+            )
+            if not is_join:
+                # The event must include the desired membership as an auth event, unless
+                # it's the first join event for a given user.
+                missing_members.add(member)
             auth_event_ids.update(event_with_membership_auth.auth_event_ids())
 
         auth_events = await self.store.get_events(auth_event_ids)
@@ -1248,7 +1251,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
                     auth_event.type == EventTypes.Member
                     and auth_event.state_key == member
                 ):
-                    missing_members.remove(member)
+                    missing_members.discard(member)
                     additional_state_ids[
                         (EventTypes.Member, member)
                     ] = auth_event.event_id
@@ -1277,7 +1280,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
 
     async def unread_notifs_for_room_id(
         self, room_id: str, sync_config: SyncConfig
-    ) -> NotifCounts:
+    ) -> RoomNotifCounts:
         with Measure(self.clock, "unread_notifs_for_room_id"):
 
             return await self.store.get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user(
@@ -1303,6 +1306,19 @@ class SyncHandler:
         At the end, we transfer data from the `sync_result_builder` to a new `SyncResult`
         instance to signify that the sync calculation is complete.
         """
+
+        user_id = sync_config.user.to_string()
+        app_service = self.store.get_app_service_by_user_id(user_id)
+        if app_service:
+            # We no longer support AS users using /sync directly.
+            # See https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/1144
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        # Note: we get the users room list *before* we get the current token, this
+        # avoids checking back in history if rooms are joined after the token is fetched.
+        token_before_rooms = self.event_sources.get_current_token()
+        mutable_joined_room_ids = set(await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id))
+
         # NB: The now_token gets changed by some of the generate_sync_* methods,
         # this is due to some of the underlying streams not supporting the ability
         # to query up to a given point.
@@ -1310,6 +1326,57 @@ class SyncHandler:
         now_token = self.event_sources.get_current_token()
         log_kv({"now_token": str(now_token)})
 
+        # Since we fetched the users room list before the token, there's a small window
+        # during which membership events may have been persisted, so we fetch these now
+        # and modify the joined room list for any changes between the get_rooms_for_user
+        # call and the get_current_token call.
+        membership_change_events = []
+        if since_token:
+            membership_change_events = await self.store.get_membership_changes_for_user(
+                user_id, since_token.room_key, now_token.room_key, self.rooms_to_exclude
+            )
+
+            mem_last_change_by_room_id: Dict[str, EventBase] = {}
+            for event in membership_change_events:
+                mem_last_change_by_room_id[event.room_id] = event
+
+            # For the latest membership event in each room found, add/remove the room ID
+            # from the joined room list accordingly. In this case we only care if the
+            # latest change is JOIN.
+
+            for room_id, event in mem_last_change_by_room_id.items():
+                assert event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
+                if (
+                    event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
+                    < token_before_rooms.room_key.stream
+                ):
+                    continue
+
+                logger.info(
+                    "User membership change between getting rooms and current token: %s %s %s",
+                    user_id,
+                    event.membership,
+                    room_id,
+                )
+                # User joined a room - we have to then check the room state to ensure we
+                # respect any bans if there's a race between the join and ban events.
+                if event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
+                    user_ids_in_room = await self.store.get_users_in_room(room_id)
+                    if user_id in user_ids_in_room:
+                        mutable_joined_room_ids.add(room_id)
+                # The user left the room, or left and was re-invited but not joined yet
+                else:
+                    mutable_joined_room_ids.discard(room_id)
+
+        # Now we have our list of joined room IDs, exclude as configured and freeze
+        joined_room_ids = frozenset(
+            (
+                room_id
+                for room_id in mutable_joined_room_ids
+                if room_id not in self.rooms_to_exclude
+            )
+        )
+
         logger.debug(
             "Calculating sync response for %r between %s and %s",
             sync_config.user,
@@ -1317,22 +1384,13 @@ class SyncHandler:
             now_token,
         )
 
-        user_id = sync_config.user.to_string()
-        app_service = self.store.get_app_service_by_user_id(user_id)
-        if app_service:
-            # We no longer support AS users using /sync directly.
-            # See https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/1144
-            raise NotImplementedError()
-        else:
-            joined_room_ids = await self.get_rooms_for_user_at(
-                user_id, now_token.room_key
-            )
         sync_result_builder = SyncResultBuilder(
             sync_config,
             full_state,
             since_token=since_token,
             now_token=now_token,
             joined_room_ids=joined_room_ids,
+            membership_change_events=membership_change_events,
         )
 
         logger.debug("Fetching account data")
@@ -1479,16 +1537,14 @@ class SyncHandler:
                 since_token.device_list_key
             )
             if changed_users is not None:
-                result = await self.store.get_rooms_for_users_with_stream_ordering(
-                    changed_users
-                )
+                result = await self.store.get_rooms_for_users(changed_users)
 
                 for changed_user_id, entries in result.items():
                     # Check if the changed user shares any rooms with the user,
                     # or if the changed user is the syncing user (as we always
                     # want to include device list updates of their own devices).
                     if user_id == changed_user_id or any(
-                        e.room_id in joined_rooms for e in entries
+                        rid in joined_rooms for rid in entries
                     ):
                         users_that_have_changed.add(changed_user_id)
             else:
@@ -1522,13 +1578,9 @@ class SyncHandler:
                 newly_left_users.update(left_users)
 
             # Remove any users that we still share a room with.
-            left_users_rooms = (
-                await self.store.get_rooms_for_users_with_stream_ordering(
-                    newly_left_users
-                )
-            )
+            left_users_rooms = await self.store.get_rooms_for_users(newly_left_users)
             for user_id, entries in left_users_rooms.items():
-                if any(e.room_id in joined_rooms for e in entries):
+                if any(rid in joined_rooms for rid in entries):
                     newly_left_users.discard(user_id)
 
             return DeviceListUpdates(
@@ -1819,19 +1871,12 @@ class SyncHandler:
 
         Does not modify the `sync_result_builder`.
         """
-        user_id = sync_result_builder.sync_config.user.to_string()
         since_token = sync_result_builder.since_token
-        now_token = sync_result_builder.now_token
+        membership_change_events = sync_result_builder.membership_change_events
 
         assert since_token
 
-        # Get a list of membership change events that have happened to the user
-        # requesting the sync.
-        membership_changes = await self.store.get_membership_changes_for_user(
-            user_id, since_token.room_key, now_token.room_key
-        )
-
-        if membership_changes:
+        if membership_change_events:
             return True
 
         stream_id = since_token.room_key.stream
@@ -1870,16 +1915,10 @@ class SyncHandler:
         since_token = sync_result_builder.since_token
         now_token = sync_result_builder.now_token
         sync_config = sync_result_builder.sync_config
+        membership_change_events = sync_result_builder.membership_change_events
 
         assert since_token
 
-        # TODO: we've already called this function and ran this query in
-        #       _have_rooms_changed. We could keep the results in memory to avoid a
-        #       second query, at the cost of more complicated source code.
-        membership_change_events = await self.store.get_membership_changes_for_user(
-            user_id, since_token.room_key, now_token.room_key, self.rooms_to_exclude
-        )
-
         mem_change_events_by_room_id: Dict[str, List[EventBase]] = {}
         for event in membership_change_events:
             mem_change_events_by_room_id.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append(event)
@@ -2348,6 +2387,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
                     ephemeral=ephemeral,
                     account_data=account_data_events,
                     unread_notifications=unread_notifications,
+                    unread_thread_notifications={},
                     summary=summary,
                     unread_count=0,
                 )
@@ -2355,10 +2395,33 @@ class SyncHandler:
                 if room_sync or always_include:
                     notifs = await self.unread_notifs_for_room_id(room_id, sync_config)
 
-                    unread_notifications["notification_count"] = notifs.notify_count
-                    unread_notifications["highlight_count"] = notifs.highlight_count
+                    # Notifications for the main timeline.
+                    notify_count = notifs.main_timeline.notify_count
+                    highlight_count = notifs.main_timeline.highlight_count
+                    unread_count = notifs.main_timeline.unread_count
 
-                    room_sync.unread_count = notifs.unread_count
+                    # Check the sync configuration.
+                    if sync_config.filter_collection.unread_thread_notifications():
+                        # And add info for each thread.
+                        room_sync.unread_thread_notifications = {
+                            thread_id: {
+                                "notification_count": thread_notifs.notify_count,
+                                "highlight_count": thread_notifs.highlight_count,
+                            }
+                            for thread_id, thread_notifs in notifs.threads.items()
+                            if thread_id is not None
+                        }
+
+                    else:
+                        # Combine the unread counts for all threads and main timeline.
+                        for thread_notifs in notifs.threads.values():
+                            notify_count += thread_notifs.notify_count
+                            highlight_count += thread_notifs.highlight_count
+                            unread_count += thread_notifs.unread_count
+
+                    unread_notifications["notification_count"] = notify_count
+                    unread_notifications["highlight_count"] = highlight_count
+                    room_sync.unread_count = unread_count
 
                     sync_result_builder.joined.append(room_sync)
 
@@ -2380,60 +2443,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
             else:
                 raise Exception("Unrecognized rtype: %r", room_builder.rtype)
 
-    async def get_rooms_for_user_at(
-        self,
-        user_id: str,
-        room_key: RoomStreamToken,
-    ) -> FrozenSet[str]:
-        """Get set of joined rooms for a user at the given stream ordering.
-
-        The stream ordering *must* be recent, otherwise this may throw an
-        exception if older than a month. (This function is called with the
-        current token, which should be perfectly fine).
-
-        Args:
-            user_id
-            stream_ordering
-
-        ReturnValue:
-            Set of room_ids the user is in at given stream_ordering.
-        """
-        joined_rooms = await self.store.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering(user_id)
-
-        joined_room_ids = set()
-
-        # We need to check that the stream ordering of the join for each room
-        # is before the stream_ordering asked for. This might not be the case
-        # if the user joins a room between us getting the current token and
-        # calling `get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering`.
-        # If the membership's stream ordering is after the given stream
-        # ordering, we need to go and work out if the user was in the room
-        # before.
-        # We also need to check whether the room should be excluded from sync
-        # responses as per the homeserver config.
-        for joined_room in joined_rooms:
-            if joined_room.room_id in self.rooms_to_exclude:
-                continue
-
-            if not joined_room.event_pos.persisted_after(room_key):
-                joined_room_ids.add(joined_room.room_id)
-                continue
-
-            logger.info("User joined room after current token: %s", joined_room.room_id)
-
-            extrems = (
-                await self.store.get_forward_extremities_for_room_at_stream_ordering(
-                    joined_room.room_id, joined_room.event_pos.stream
-                )
-            )
-            user_ids_in_room = await self.state.get_current_user_ids_in_room(
-                joined_room.room_id, extrems
-            )
-            if user_id in user_ids_in_room:
-                joined_room_ids.add(joined_room.room_id)
-
-        return frozenset(joined_room_ids)
-
 
 def _action_has_highlight(actions: List[JsonDict]) -> bool:
     for action in actions:
@@ -2530,6 +2539,7 @@ class SyncResultBuilder:
     since_token: Optional[StreamToken]
     now_token: StreamToken
     joined_room_ids: FrozenSet[str]
+    membership_change_events: List[EventBase]
 
     presence: List[UserPresenceState] = attr.Factory(list)
     account_data: List[JsonDict] = attr.Factory(list)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/typing.py b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
index f953691669..a0ea719430 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/typing.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ class TypingNotificationEventSource(EventSource[int, JsonDict]):
         self,
         user: UserID,
         from_key: int,
-        limit: Optional[int],
+        limit: int,
         room_ids: Iterable[str],
         is_guest: bool,
         explicit_room_id: Optional[str] = None,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/ui_auth/checkers.py b/synapse/handlers/ui_auth/checkers.py
index a744d68c64..332edcca24 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/ui_auth/checkers.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/ui_auth/checkers.py
@@ -119,6 +119,9 @@ class RecaptchaAuthChecker(UserInteractiveAuthChecker):
         except PartialDownloadError as pde:
             # Twisted is silly
             data = pde.response
+            # For mypy's benefit. A general Error.response is Optional[bytes], but
+            # a PartialDownloadError.response should be bytes AFAICS.
+            assert data is not None
             resp_body = json_decoder.decode(data.decode("utf-8"))
 
         if "success" in resp_body:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/user_directory.py b/synapse/handlers/user_directory.py
index 8c3c52e1ca..3610b6bf78 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/user_directory.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/user_directory.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
 
 import synapse.metrics
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, HistoryVisibility, JoinRules, Membership
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class UserDirectoryHandler(StateDeltasHandler):
             user_id, event.content.get("displayname"), event.content.get("avatar_url")
         )
 
-    async def _track_user_joined_room(self, room_id: str, user_id: str) -> None:
+    async def _track_user_joined_room(self, room_id: str, joining_user_id: str) -> None:
         """Someone's just joined a room. Update `users_in_public_rooms` or
         `users_who_share_private_rooms` as appropriate.
 
@@ -390,32 +390,44 @@ class UserDirectoryHandler(StateDeltasHandler):
             room_id
         )
         if is_public:
-            await self.store.add_users_in_public_rooms(room_id, (user_id,))
+            await self.store.add_users_in_public_rooms(room_id, (joining_user_id,))
         else:
             users_in_room = await self.store.get_users_in_room(room_id)
             other_users_in_room = [
                 other
                 for other in users_in_room
-                if other != user_id
+                if other != joining_user_id
                 and (
+                    # We can't apply any special rules to remote users so
+                    # they're always included
                     not self.is_mine_id(other)
+                    # Check the special rules whether the local user should be
+                    # included in the user directory
                     or await self.store.should_include_local_user_in_dir(other)
                 )
             ]
-            to_insert = set()
+            updates_to_users_who_share_rooms: Set[Tuple[str, str]] = set()
 
-            # First, if they're our user then we need to update for every user
-            if self.is_mine_id(user_id):
+            # First, if the joining user is our local user then we need an
+            # update for every other user in the room.
+            if self.is_mine_id(joining_user_id):
                 for other_user_id in other_users_in_room:
-                    to_insert.add((user_id, other_user_id))
+                    updates_to_users_who_share_rooms.add(
+                        (joining_user_id, other_user_id)
+                    )
 
-            # Next we need to update for every local user in the room
+            # Next, we need an update for every other local user in the room
+            # that they now share a room with the joining user.
             for other_user_id in other_users_in_room:
                 if self.is_mine_id(other_user_id):
-                    to_insert.add((other_user_id, user_id))
+                    updates_to_users_who_share_rooms.add(
+                        (other_user_id, joining_user_id)
+                    )
 
-            if to_insert:
-                await self.store.add_users_who_share_private_room(room_id, to_insert)
+            if updates_to_users_who_share_rooms:
+                await self.store.add_users_who_share_private_room(
+                    room_id, updates_to_users_who_share_rooms
+                )
 
     async def _handle_remove_user(self, room_id: str, user_id: str) -> None:
         """Called when when someone leaves a room. The user may be local or remote.
diff --git a/synapse/http/additional_resource.py b/synapse/http/additional_resource.py
index 6a9f6635d2..8729630581 100644
--- a/synapse/http/additional_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/http/additional_resource.py
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ class AdditionalResource(DirectServeJsonResource):
 
         Args:
             hs: homeserver
-            handler ((twisted.web.server.Request) -> twisted.internet.defer.Deferred):
-                function to be called to handle the request.
+            handler: function to be called to handle the request.
         """
         super().__init__()
         self._handler = handler
diff --git a/synapse/http/client.py b/synapse/http/client.py
index 89bd403312..a7f93a2989 100644
--- a/synapse/http/client.py
+++ b/synapse/http/client.py
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ from typing import (
     List,
     Mapping,
     Optional,
-    Sequence,
     Tuple,
     Union,
 )
@@ -96,14 +95,29 @@ incoming_responses_counter = Counter(
     "synapse_http_client_responses", "", ["method", "code"]
 )
 
-# the type of the headers list, to be passed to the t.w.h.Headers.
-# Actually we can mix str and bytes keys, but Mapping treats 'key' as invariant so
-# we simplify.
+# the type of the headers map, to be passed to the t.w.h.Headers.
+#
+# The actual type accepted by Twisted is
+#   Mapping[Union[str, bytes], Sequence[Union[str, bytes]] ,
+# allowing us to mix and match str and bytes freely. However: any str is also a
+# Sequence[str]; passing a header string value which is a
+# standalone str is interpreted as a sequence of 1-codepoint strings. This is a disastrous footgun.
+# We use a narrower value type (RawHeaderValue) to avoid this footgun.
+#
+# We also simplify the keys to be either all str or all bytes. This helps because
+# Dict[K, V] is invariant in K (and indeed V).
 RawHeaders = Union[Mapping[str, "RawHeaderValue"], Mapping[bytes, "RawHeaderValue"]]
 
 # the value actually has to be a List, but List is invariant so we can't specify that
 # the entries can either be Lists or bytes.
-RawHeaderValue = Sequence[Union[str, bytes]]
+RawHeaderValue = Union[
+    List[str],
+    List[bytes],
+    List[Union[str, bytes]],
+    Tuple[str, ...],
+    Tuple[bytes, ...],
+    Tuple[Union[str, bytes], ...],
+]
 
 
 def check_against_blacklist(
diff --git a/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py b/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py
index 2f0177f1e2..0359231e7d 100644
--- a/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py
+++ b/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py
@@ -155,11 +155,10 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent:
                 a file for a file upload).  Or None if the request is to have
                 no body.
         Returns:
-            Deferred[twisted.web.iweb.IResponse]:
-                fires when the header of the response has been received (regardless of the
-                response status code). Fails if there is any problem which prevents that
-                response from being received (including problems that prevent the request
-                from being sent).
+            A deferred which fires when the header of the response has been received
+            (regardless of the response status code). Fails if there is any problem
+            which prevents that response from being received (including problems that
+            prevent the request from being sent).
         """
         # We use urlparse as that will set `port` to None if there is no
         # explicit port.
diff --git a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
index 00704a6a7c..c35a5a12d5 100644
--- a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
+++ b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
@@ -957,8 +957,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
 
             args: query params
         Returns:
-            dict|list: Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The
-            result will be the decoded JSON body.
+            Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result will be the decoded JSON body.
 
         Raises:
             HttpResponseException: If we get an HTTP response code >= 300
diff --git a/synapse/http/proxyagent.py b/synapse/http/proxyagent.py
index 1f8227896f..18899bc6d1 100644
--- a/synapse/http/proxyagent.py
+++ b/synapse/http/proxyagent.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ from twisted.web.client import (
 )
 from twisted.web.error import SchemeNotSupported
 from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
-from twisted.web.iweb import IAgent, IBodyProducer, IPolicyForHTTPS
+from twisted.web.iweb import IAgent, IBodyProducer, IPolicyForHTTPS, IResponse
 
 from synapse.http import redact_uri
 from synapse.http.connectproxyclient import HTTPConnectProxyEndpoint, ProxyCredentials
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class ProxyAgent(_AgentBase):
         uri: bytes,
         headers: Optional[Headers] = None,
         bodyProducer: Optional[IBodyProducer] = None,
-    ) -> defer.Deferred:
+    ) -> "defer.Deferred[IResponse]":
         """
         Issue a request to the server indicated by the given uri.
 
@@ -157,17 +157,17 @@ class ProxyAgent(_AgentBase):
                 a file upload). Or, None if the request is to have no body.
 
         Returns:
-            Deferred[IResponse]: completes when the header of the response has
-                 been received (regardless of the response status code).
+            A deferred which completes when the header of the response has
+            been received (regardless of the response status code).
 
-                 Can fail with:
-                    SchemeNotSupported: if the uri is not http or https
+            Can fail with:
+                SchemeNotSupported: if the uri is not http or https
 
-                    twisted.internet.error.TimeoutError if the server we are connecting
-                        to (proxy or destination) does not accept a connection before
-                        connectTimeout.
+                twisted.internet.error.TimeoutError if the server we are connecting
+                    to (proxy or destination) does not accept a connection before
+                    connectTimeout.
 
-                    ... other things too.
+                ... other things too.
         """
         uri = uri.strip()
         if not _VALID_URI.match(uri):
diff --git a/synapse/http/server.py b/synapse/http/server.py
index be551483bb..69e7147a2d 100644
--- a/synapse/http/server.py
+++ b/synapse/http/server.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import logging
 import types
 import urllib
 from http import HTTPStatus
+from http.client import FOUND
 from inspect import isawaitable
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@ class HttpServer(Protocol):
                 request. The first argument will be the request object and
                 subsequent arguments will be any matched groups from the regex.
                 This should return either tuple of (code, response), or None.
-            servlet_classname (str): The name of the handler to be used in prometheus
+            servlet_classname: The name of the handler to be used in prometheus
                 and tracing logs.
         """
 
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ class _AsyncResource(resource.Resource, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
             return callback_return
 
-        _unrecognised_request_handler(request)
+        return _unrecognised_request_handler(request)
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def _send_response(
@@ -598,7 +599,7 @@ class RootRedirect(resource.Resource):
 class OptionsResource(resource.Resource):
     """Responds to OPTION requests for itself and all children."""
 
-    def render_OPTIONS(self, request: Request) -> bytes:
+    def render_OPTIONS(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> bytes:
         request.setResponseCode(204)
         request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"0")
 
@@ -763,7 +764,7 @@ def respond_with_json(
 
 
 def respond_with_json_bytes(
-    request: Request,
+    request: SynapseRequest,
     code: int,
     json_bytes: bytes,
     send_cors: bool = False,
@@ -859,7 +860,7 @@ def _write_bytes_to_request(request: Request, bytes_to_write: bytes) -> None:
     _ByteProducer(request, bytes_generator)
 
 
-def set_cors_headers(request: Request) -> None:
+def set_cors_headers(request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
     """Set the CORS headers so that javascript running in a web browsers can
     use this API
 
@@ -870,10 +871,20 @@ def set_cors_headers(request: Request) -> None:
     request.setHeader(
         b"Access-Control-Allow-Methods", b"GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS"
     )
-    request.setHeader(
-        b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
-        b"X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Authorization, Date",
-    )
+    if request.experimental_cors_msc3886:
+        request.setHeader(
+            b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
+            b"X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Authorization, Date, If-Match, If-None-Match",
+        )
+        request.setHeader(
+            b"Access-Control-Expose-Headers",
+            b"ETag, Location, X-Max-Bytes",
+        )
+    else:
+        request.setHeader(
+            b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
+            b"X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Authorization, Date",
+        )
 
 
 def set_corp_headers(request: Request) -> None:
@@ -942,10 +953,25 @@ def set_clickjacking_protection_headers(request: Request) -> None:
     request.setHeader(b"Content-Security-Policy", b"frame-ancestors 'none';")
 
 
-def respond_with_redirect(request: Request, url: bytes) -> None:
-    """Write a 302 response to the request, if it is still alive."""
+def respond_with_redirect(
+    request: SynapseRequest, url: bytes, statusCode: int = FOUND, cors: bool = False
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Write a 302 (or other specified status code) response to the request, if it is still alive.
+
+    Args:
+        request: The http request to respond to.
+        url: The URL to redirect to.
+        statusCode: The HTTP status code to use for the redirect (defaults to 302).
+        cors: Whether to set CORS headers on the response.
+    """
     logger.debug("Redirect to %s", url.decode("utf-8"))
-    request.redirect(url)
+
+    if cors:
+        set_cors_headers(request)
+
+    request.setResponseCode(statusCode)
+    request.setHeader(b"location", url)
     finish_request(request)
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/servlet.py b/synapse/http/servlet.py
index 80acbdcf3c..dead02cd5c 100644
--- a/synapse/http/servlet.py
+++ b/synapse/http/servlet.py
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from typing_extensions import Literal
 from twisted.web.server import Request
 
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
+from synapse.http import redact_uri
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, RoomAlias, RoomID
 from synapse.util import json_decoder
@@ -664,7 +665,13 @@ def parse_json_value_from_request(
     try:
         content = json_decoder.decode(content_bytes.decode("utf-8"))
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.warning("Unable to parse JSON: %s (%s)", e, content_bytes)
+        logger.warning(
+            "Unable to parse JSON from %s %s response: %s (%s)",
+            request.method.decode("ascii", errors="replace"),
+            redact_uri(request.uri.decode("ascii", errors="replace")),
+            e,
+            content_bytes,
+        )
         raise SynapseError(
             HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "Content not JSON.", errcode=Codes.NOT_JSON
         )
diff --git a/synapse/http/site.py b/synapse/http/site.py
index d9cd0aab83..2de618e46a 100644
--- a/synapse/http/site.py
+++ b/synapse/http/site.py
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
         self.reactor = site.reactor
         self._channel = channel  # this is used by the tests
         self.start_time = 0.0
+        self.experimental_cors_msc3886 = site.experimental_cors_msc3886
 
         # The requester, if authenticated. For federation requests this is the
         # server name, for client requests this is the Requester object.
@@ -407,7 +408,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
         be sure to call finished_processing.
 
         Args:
-            servlet_name (str): the name of the servlet which will be
+            servlet_name: the name of the servlet which will be
                 processing this request. This is used in the metrics.
 
                 It is possible to update this afterwards by updating
@@ -630,6 +631,8 @@ class SynapseSite(Site):
 
         request_id_header = config.http_options.request_id_header
 
+        self.experimental_cors_msc3886 = config.http_options.experimental_cors_msc3886
+
         def request_factory(channel: HTTPChannel, queued: bool) -> Request:
             return request_class(
                 channel,
diff --git a/synapse/logging/context.py b/synapse/logging/context.py
index a417b13ffd..56243aa5e7 100644
--- a/synapse/logging/context.py
+++ b/synapse/logging/context.py
@@ -116,8 +116,7 @@ class ContextResourceUsage:
         """Create a new ContextResourceUsage
 
         Args:
-            copy_from (ContextResourceUsage|None): if not None, an object to
-                copy stats from
+            copy_from: if not None, an object to copy stats from
         """
         if copy_from is None:
             self.reset()
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ class ContextResourceUsage:
         """Add another ContextResourceUsage's stats to this one's.
 
         Args:
-            other (ContextResourceUsage): the other resource usage object
+            other: the other resource usage object
         """
         self.ru_utime += other.ru_utime
         self.ru_stime += other.ru_stime
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ class LoggingContext:
         called directly.
 
         Returns:
-            LoggingContext: the current logging context
+            The current logging context
         """
         warnings.warn(
             "synapse.logging.context.LoggingContext.current_context() is deprecated "
@@ -355,7 +354,8 @@ class LoggingContext:
         called directly.
 
         Args:
-            context(LoggingContext): The context to activate.
+            context: The context to activate.
+
         Returns:
             The context that was previously active
         """
@@ -467,8 +467,7 @@ class LoggingContext:
         """Get resources used by this logcontext so far.
 
         Returns:
-            ContextResourceUsage: a *copy* of the object tracking resource
-                usage so far
+            A *copy* of the object tracking resource usage so far
         """
         # we always return a copy, for consistency
         res = self._resource_usage.copy()
@@ -579,7 +578,7 @@ class LoggingContextFilter(logging.Filter):
             True to include the record in the log output.
         """
         context = current_context()
-        record.request = self._default_request  # type: ignore
+        record.request = self._default_request
 
         # context should never be None, but if it somehow ends up being, then
         # we end up in a death spiral of infinite loops, so let's check, for
@@ -587,21 +586,21 @@ class LoggingContextFilter(logging.Filter):
         if context is not None:
             # Logging is interested in the request ID. Note that for backwards
             # compatibility this is stored as the "request" on the record.
-            record.request = str(context)  # type: ignore
+            record.request = str(context)
 
             # Add some data from the HTTP request.
             request = context.request
             if request is None:
                 return True
 
-            record.ip_address = request.ip_address  # type: ignore
-            record.site_tag = request.site_tag  # type: ignore
-            record.requester = request.requester  # type: ignore
-            record.authenticated_entity = request.authenticated_entity  # type: ignore
-            record.method = request.method  # type: ignore
-            record.url = request.url  # type: ignore
-            record.protocol = request.protocol  # type: ignore
-            record.user_agent = request.user_agent  # type: ignore
+            record.ip_address = request.ip_address
+            record.site_tag = request.site_tag
+            record.requester = request.requester
+            record.authenticated_entity = request.authenticated_entity
+            record.method = request.method
+            record.url = request.url
+            record.protocol = request.protocol
+            record.user_agent = request.user_agent
 
         return True
 
@@ -656,7 +655,8 @@ def current_context() -> LoggingContextOrSentinel:
 def set_current_context(context: LoggingContextOrSentinel) -> LoggingContextOrSentinel:
     """Set the current logging context in thread local storage
     Args:
-        context(LoggingContext): The context to activate.
+        context: The context to activate.
+
     Returns:
         The context that was previously active
     """
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ def nested_logging_context(suffix: str) -> LoggingContext:
         suffix: suffix to add to the parent context's 'name'.
 
     Returns:
-        LoggingContext: new logging context.
+        A new logging context.
     """
     curr_context = current_context()
     if not curr_context:
@@ -891,20 +891,19 @@ def defer_to_thread(
     on it.
 
     Args:
-        reactor (twisted.internet.base.ReactorBase): The reactor in whose main thread
-            the Deferred will be invoked, and whose threadpool we should use for the
-            function.
+        reactor: The reactor in whose main thread the Deferred will be invoked,
+            and whose threadpool we should use for the function.
 
             Normally this will be hs.get_reactor().
 
-        f (callable): The function to call.
+        f: The function to call.
 
         args: positional arguments to pass to f.
 
         kwargs: keyword arguments to pass to f.
 
     Returns:
-        Deferred: A Deferred which fires a callback with the result of `f`, or an
+        A Deferred which fires a callback with the result of `f`, or an
             errback if `f` throws an exception.
     """
     return defer_to_threadpool(reactor, reactor.getThreadPool(), f, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -932,20 +931,20 @@ def defer_to_threadpool(
     on it.
 
     Args:
-        reactor (twisted.internet.base.ReactorBase): The reactor in whose main thread
-            the Deferred will be invoked. Normally this will be hs.get_reactor().
+        reactor: The reactor in whose main thread the Deferred will be invoked.
+            Normally this will be hs.get_reactor().
 
-        threadpool (twisted.python.threadpool.ThreadPool): The threadpool to use for
-            running `f`. Normally this will be hs.get_reactor().getThreadPool().
+        threadpool: The threadpool to use for running `f`. Normally this will be
+            hs.get_reactor().getThreadPool().
 
-        f (callable): The function to call.
+        f: The function to call.
 
         args: positional arguments to pass to f.
 
         kwargs: keyword arguments to pass to f.
 
     Returns:
-        Deferred: A Deferred which fires a callback with the result of `f`, or an
+        A Deferred which fires a callback with the result of `f`, or an
             errback if `f` throws an exception.
     """
     curr_context = current_context()
diff --git a/synapse/logging/tracing.py b/synapse/logging/tracing.py
index 7e767038df..c92769e1a0 100644
--- a/synapse/logging/tracing.py
+++ b/synapse/logging/tracing.py
@@ -209,7 +209,10 @@ class _DummyLookup(object):
     def __init__(self, value: T) -> None:
         self.value = value
 
-    def __getattribute__(self, name: str) -> T:
+    # type-ignore: Because mypy says "A function returning TypeVar should receive at
+    # least one argument containing the same Typevar" but this is just a dummy
+    # stand-in that doesn't need any input.
+    def __getattribute__(self, name: str) -> T:  # type: ignore[type-var]
         return object.__getattribute__(self, "value")
 
 
@@ -949,9 +952,9 @@ def tag_args(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, R]:
         # FIXME: We could update this to handle any type of function by ignoring the
         #   first argument only if it's named `self` or `cls`. This isn't fool-proof
         #   but handles the idiomatic cases.
-        for i, arg in enumerate(args[1:], start=1):  # type: ignore[index]
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args[1:], start=1):
             set_attribute(SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + argspec.args[i], str(arg))
-        set_attribute(SynapseTags.FUNC_ARGS, str(args[len(argspec.args) :]))  # type: ignore[index]
+        set_attribute(SynapseTags.FUNC_ARGS, str(args[len(argspec.args) :]))
         set_attribute(SynapseTags.FUNC_KWARGS, str(kwargs))
         yield
 
diff --git a/synapse/metrics/_legacy_exposition.py b/synapse/metrics/_legacy_exposition.py
index 563d8cc2c6..1459f9d224 100644
--- a/synapse/metrics/_legacy_exposition.py
+++ b/synapse/metrics/_legacy_exposition.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Due to the renaming of metrics in prometheus_client 0.4.0, this customised
 vendoring of the code will emit both the old versions that Synapse dashboards
 expect, and the newer "best practice" version of the up-to-date official client.
 """
-
+import logging
 import math
 import threading
 from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from prometheus_client.core import Sample
 from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 from twisted.web.server import Request
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST = "text/plain; version=0.0.4; charset=utf-8"
 
 
@@ -219,11 +220,16 @@ class MetricsHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         except Exception:
             self.send_error(500, "error generating metric output")
             raise
-        self.send_response(200)
-        self.send_header("Content-Type", CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST)
-        self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(output)))
-        self.end_headers()
-        self.wfile.write(output)
+        try:
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header("Content-Type", CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST)
+            self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(output)))
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(output)
+        except BrokenPipeError as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "BrokenPipeError when serving metrics (%s). Did Prometheus restart?", e
+            )
 
     def log_message(self, format: str, *args: Any) -> None:
         """Log nothing."""
diff --git a/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py b/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py
index ad639fe223..1de06c3850 100644
--- a/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py
+++ b/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py
@@ -174,8 +174,10 @@ class _BackgroundProcess:
             diff = new_stats - self._reported_stats
         self._reported_stats = new_stats
 
-        _background_process_ru_utime.labels(self.desc).inc(diff.ru_utime)
-        _background_process_ru_stime.labels(self.desc).inc(diff.ru_stime)
+        # For unknown reasons, the difference in times can be negative. See comment in
+        # synapse.http.request_metrics.RequestMetrics.update_metrics.
+        _background_process_ru_utime.labels(self.desc).inc(max(diff.ru_utime, 0))
+        _background_process_ru_stime.labels(self.desc).inc(max(diff.ru_stime, 0))
         _background_process_db_txn_count.labels(self.desc).inc(diff.db_txn_count)
         _background_process_db_txn_duration.labels(self.desc).inc(
             diff.db_txn_duration_sec
diff --git a/synapse/module_api/__init__.py b/synapse/module_api/__init__.py
index 59755bff6d..1adc1fd64f 100644
--- a/synapse/module_api/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/module_api/__init__.py
@@ -748,16 +748,16 @@ class ModuleApi:
             )
         )
 
-    def generate_short_term_login_token(
+    async def create_login_token(
         self,
         user_id: str,
         duration_in_ms: int = (2 * 60 * 1000),
-        auth_provider_id: str = "",
+        auth_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
         auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> str:
-        """Generate a login token suitable for m.login.token authentication
+        """Create a login token suitable for m.login.token authentication
 
-        Added in Synapse v1.9.0.
+        Added in Synapse v1.69.0.
 
         Args:
             user_id: gives the ID of the user that the token is for
@@ -765,14 +765,17 @@ class ModuleApi:
             duration_in_ms: the time that the token will be valid for
 
             auth_provider_id: the ID of the SSO IdP that the user used to authenticate
-               to get this token, if any. This is encoded in the token so that
-               /login can report stats on number of successful logins by IdP.
+                to get this token, if any. This is encoded in the token so that
+                /login can report stats on number of successful logins by IdP.
+
+            auth_provider_session_id: The session ID got during login from the SSO IdP,
+                if any.
         """
-        return self._hs.get_macaroon_generator().generate_short_term_login_token(
+        return await self._hs.get_auth_handler().create_login_token_for_user_id(
             user_id,
+            duration_in_ms,
             auth_provider_id,
             auth_provider_session_id,
-            duration_in_ms,
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -784,7 +787,7 @@ class ModuleApi:
         Added in Synapse v0.25.0.
 
         Args:
-            access_token(str): access token
+            access_token: access token
 
         Returns:
             twisted.internet.defer.Deferred - resolves once the access token
@@ -829,7 +832,7 @@ class ModuleApi:
             **kwargs: named args to be passed to func
 
         Returns:
-            Deferred[object]: result of func
+            Result of func
         """
         # type-ignore: See https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/8862
         return defer.ensureDeferred(
@@ -842,6 +845,8 @@ class ModuleApi:
         however invalidation that needs to go to other workers needs to call `invalidate_cache`
         on the module API instead.
 
+        Added in Synapse v1.69.0.
+
         Args:
             cached_function: The cached function that will be registered to receive invalidation
             locally and from other workers.
@@ -856,6 +861,8 @@ class ModuleApi:
         """Invalidate a cache entry of a cached function across workers. The cached function
         needs to be registered on all workers first with `register_cached_function`.
 
+        Added in Synapse v1.69.0.
+
         Args:
             cached_function: The cached function that needs an invalidation
             keys: keys of the entry to invalidate, usually matching the arguments of the
@@ -917,8 +924,7 @@ class ModuleApi:
                 to represent 'any') of the room state to acquire.
 
         Returns:
-            twisted.internet.defer.Deferred[list(synapse.events.FrozenEvent)]:
-                The filtered state events in the room.
+            The filtered state events in the room.
         """
         state_ids = yield defer.ensureDeferred(
             self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_state_ids(
diff --git a/synapse/notifier.py b/synapse/notifier.py
index 8fd8cb8100..fe7d154659 100644
--- a/synapse/notifier.py
+++ b/synapse/notifier.py
@@ -294,35 +294,31 @@ class Notifier:
         """
         self._new_join_in_room_callbacks.append(cb)
 
-    async def on_new_room_event(
+    async def on_new_room_events(
         self,
-        event: EventBase,
-        event_pos: PersistedEventPosition,
+        events_and_pos: List[Tuple[EventBase, PersistedEventPosition]],
         max_room_stream_token: RoomStreamToken,
         extra_users: Optional[Collection[UserID]] = None,
     ) -> None:
-        """Unwraps event and calls `on_new_room_event_args`."""
-        await self.on_new_room_event_args(
-            event_pos=event_pos,
-            room_id=event.room_id,
-            event_id=event.event_id,
-            event_type=event.type,
-            state_key=event.get("state_key"),
-            membership=event.content.get("membership"),
-            max_room_stream_token=max_room_stream_token,
-            extra_users=extra_users or [],
-        )
+        """Creates a _PendingRoomEventEntry for each of the listed events and calls
+        notify_new_room_events with the results."""
+        event_entries = []
+        for event, pos in events_and_pos:
+            entry = self.create_pending_room_event_entry(
+                pos,
+                extra_users,
+                event.room_id,
+                event.type,
+                event.get("state_key"),
+                event.content.get("membership"),
+            )
+            event_entries.append((entry, event.event_id))
+        await self.notify_new_room_events(event_entries, max_room_stream_token)
 
-    async def on_new_room_event_args(
+    async def notify_new_room_events(
         self,
-        room_id: str,
-        event_id: str,
-        event_type: str,
-        state_key: Optional[str],
-        membership: Optional[str],
-        event_pos: PersistedEventPosition,
+        event_entries: List[Tuple[_PendingRoomEventEntry, str]],
         max_room_stream_token: RoomStreamToken,
-        extra_users: Optional[Collection[UserID]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Used by handlers to inform the notifier something has happened
         in the room, room event wise.
@@ -338,22 +334,33 @@ class Notifier:
         until all previous events have been persisted before notifying
         the client streams.
         """
-        self.pending_new_room_events.append(
-            _PendingRoomEventEntry(
-                event_pos=event_pos,
-                extra_users=extra_users or [],
-                room_id=room_id,
-                type=event_type,
-                state_key=state_key,
-                membership=membership,
-            )
-        )
+        for event_entry, event_id in event_entries:
+            self.pending_new_room_events.append(event_entry)
+            await self._third_party_rules.on_new_event(event_id)
+
         self._notify_pending_new_room_events(max_room_stream_token)
 
-        await self._third_party_rules.on_new_event(event_id)
-
         self.notify_replication()
 
+    def create_pending_room_event_entry(
+        self,
+        event_pos: PersistedEventPosition,
+        extra_users: Optional[Collection[UserID]],
+        room_id: str,
+        event_type: str,
+        state_key: Optional[str],
+        membership: Optional[str],
+    ) -> _PendingRoomEventEntry:
+        """Creates and returns a _PendingRoomEventEntry"""
+        return _PendingRoomEventEntry(
+            event_pos=event_pos,
+            extra_users=extra_users or [],
+            room_id=room_id,
+            type=event_type,
+            state_key=state_key,
+            membership=membership,
+        )
+
     def _notify_pending_new_room_events(
         self, max_room_stream_token: RoomStreamToken
     ) -> None:
diff --git a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
index 404379ef67..75b7e126ca 100644
--- a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -13,43 +13,38 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-import itertools
 import logging
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
     Collection,
     Dict,
-    Iterable,
     List,
     Mapping,
     Optional,
-    Set,
     Tuple,
     Union,
 )
 
 from prometheus_client import Counter
 
-from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, Membership, RelationTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import MAIN_TIMELINE, EventTypes, Membership, RelationTypes
 from synapse.event_auth import auth_types_for_event, get_user_power_level
 from synapse.events import EventBase, relation_from_event
 from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext
 from synapse.state import POWER_KEY
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import EventIdMembership
 from synapse.storage.state import StateFilter
-from synapse.synapse_rust.push import FilteredPushRules, PushRule
+from synapse.synapse_rust.push import FilteredPushRules, PushRuleEvaluator
 from synapse.util.caches import register_cache
 from synapse.util.metrics import measure_func
 from synapse.visibility import filter_event_for_clients_with_state
 
-from .push_rule_evaluator import PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.server import HomeServer
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-
 push_rules_invalidation_counter = Counter(
     "synapse_push_bulk_push_rule_evaluator_push_rules_invalidation_counter", ""
 )
@@ -111,6 +106,8 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator:
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
         self._event_auth_handler = hs.get_event_auth_handler()
 
+        self._related_event_match_enabled = self.hs.config.experimental.msc3664_enabled
+
         self.room_push_rule_cache_metrics = register_cache(
             "cache",
             "room_push_rule_cache",
@@ -118,9 +115,6 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator:
             resizable=False,
         )
 
-        # Whether to support MSC3772 is supported.
-        self._relations_match_enabled = self.hs.config.experimental.msc3772_enabled
-
     async def _get_rules_for_event(
         self,
         event: EventBase,
@@ -172,23 +166,51 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator:
         return rules_by_user
 
     async def _get_power_levels_and_sender_level(
-        self, event: EventBase, context: EventContext
-    ) -> Tuple[dict, int]:
+        self,
+        event: EventBase,
+        context: EventContext,
+        event_id_to_event: Mapping[str, EventBase],
+    ) -> Tuple[dict, Optional[int]]:
+        """
+        Given an event and an event context, get the power level event relevant to the event
+        and the power level of the sender of the event.
+        Args:
+            event: event to check
+            context: context of event to check
+            event_id_to_event: a mapping of event_id to event for a set of events being
+            batch persisted. This is needed as the sought-after power level event may
+            be in this batch rather than the DB
+        """
+        # There are no power levels and sender levels possible to get from outlier
+        if event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+            return {}, None
+
         event_types = auth_types_for_event(event.room_version, event)
         prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids(
             StateFilter.from_types(event_types)
         )
         pl_event_id = prev_state_ids.get(POWER_KEY)
 
+        # fastpath: if there's a power level event, that's all we need, and
+        # not having a power level event is an extreme edge case
         if pl_event_id:
-            # fastpath: if there's a power level event, that's all we need, and
-            # not having a power level event is an extreme edge case
-            auth_events = {POWER_KEY: await self.store.get_event(pl_event_id)}
+            # Get the power level event from the batch, or fall back to the database.
+            pl_event = event_id_to_event.get(pl_event_id)
+            if pl_event:
+                auth_events = {POWER_KEY: pl_event}
+            else:
+                auth_events = {POWER_KEY: await self.store.get_event(pl_event_id)}
         else:
             auth_events_ids = self._event_auth_handler.compute_auth_events(
                 event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=False
             )
             auth_events_dict = await self.store.get_events(auth_events_ids)
+            # Some needed auth events might be in the batch, combine them with those
+            # fetched from the database.
+            for auth_event_id in auth_events_ids:
+                auth_event = event_id_to_event.get(auth_event_id)
+                if auth_event:
+                    auth_events_dict[auth_event_id] = auth_event
             auth_events = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_events_dict.values()}
 
         sender_level = get_user_power_level(event.sender, auth_events)
@@ -197,61 +219,80 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator:
 
         return pl_event.content if pl_event else {}, sender_level
 
-    async def _get_mutual_relations(
-        self, parent_id: str, rules: Iterable[Tuple[PushRule, bool]]
-    ) -> Dict[str, Set[Tuple[str, str]]]:
-        """
-        Fetch event metadata for events which related to the same event as the given event.
-
-        If the given event has no relation information, returns an empty dictionary.
-
-        Args:
-            parent_id: The event ID which is targeted by relations.
-            rules: The push rules which will be processed for this event.
+    async def _related_events(self, event: EventBase) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, str]]:
+        """Fetches the related events for 'event'. Sets the im.vector.is_falling_back key if the event is from a fallback relation
 
         Returns:
-            A dictionary of relation type to:
-                A set of tuples of:
-                    The sender
-                    The event type
+            Mapping of relation type to flattened events.
         """
+        related_events: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]] = {}
+        if self._related_event_match_enabled:
+            related_event_id = event.content.get("m.relates_to", {}).get("event_id")
+            relation_type = event.content.get("m.relates_to", {}).get("rel_type")
+            if related_event_id is not None and relation_type is not None:
+                related_event = await self.store.get_event(
+                    related_event_id, allow_none=True
+                )
+                if related_event is not None:
+                    related_events[relation_type] = _flatten_dict(related_event)
 
-        # If the experimental feature is not enabled, skip fetching relations.
-        if not self._relations_match_enabled:
-            return {}
+            reply_event_id = (
+                event.content.get("m.relates_to", {})
+                .get("m.in_reply_to", {})
+                .get("event_id")
+            )
 
-        # Pre-filter to figure out which relation types are interesting.
-        rel_types = set()
-        for rule, enabled in rules:
-            if not enabled:
-                continue
+            # convert replies to pseudo relations
+            if reply_event_id is not None:
+                related_event = await self.store.get_event(
+                    reply_event_id, allow_none=True
+                )
 
-            for condition in rule.conditions:
-                if condition["kind"] != "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match":
-                    continue
+                if related_event is not None:
+                    related_events["m.in_reply_to"] = _flatten_dict(related_event)
 
-                # rel_type is required.
-                rel_type = condition.get("rel_type")
-                if rel_type:
-                    rel_types.add(rel_type)
+                    # indicate that this is from a fallback relation.
+                    if relation_type == "m.thread" and event.content.get(
+                        "m.relates_to", {}
+                    ).get("is_falling_back", False):
+                        related_events["m.in_reply_to"][
+                            "im.vector.is_falling_back"
+                        ] = ""
 
-        # If no valid rules were found, no mutual relations.
-        if not rel_types:
-            return {}
+        return related_events
 
-        # If any valid rules were found, fetch the mutual relations.
-        return await self.store.get_mutual_event_relations(parent_id, rel_types)
+    async def action_for_events_by_user(
+        self, events_and_context: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Given a list of events and their associated contexts, evaluate the push rules
+        for each event, check if the message should increment the unread count, and
+        insert the results into the event_push_actions_staging table.
+        """
+        # For batched events the power level events may not have been persisted yet,
+        # so we pass in the batched events. Thus if the event cannot be found in the
+        # database we can check in the batch.
+        event_id_to_event = {e.event_id: e for e, _ in events_and_context}
+        for event, context in events_and_context:
+            await self._action_for_event_by_user(event, context, event_id_to_event)
 
     @measure_func("action_for_event_by_user")
-    async def action_for_event_by_user(
-        self, event: EventBase, context: EventContext
+    async def _action_for_event_by_user(
+        self,
+        event: EventBase,
+        context: EventContext,
+        event_id_to_event: Mapping[str, EventBase],
     ) -> None:
-        """Given an event and context, evaluate the push rules, check if the message
-        should increment the unread count, and insert the results into the
-        event_push_actions_staging table.
-        """
-        if event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
-            # This can happen due to out of band memberships
+
+        if (
+            not event.internal_metadata.is_notifiable()
+            or event.internal_metadata.is_historical()
+        ):
+            # Push rules for events that aren't notifiable can't be processed by this and
+            # we want to skip push notification actions for historical messages
+            # because we don't want to notify people about old history back in time.
+            # The historical messages also do not have the proper `context.current_state_ids`
+            # and `state_groups` because they have `prev_events` that aren't persisted yet
+            # (historical messages persisted in reverse-chronological order).
             return
 
         # Disable counting as unread unless the experimental configuration is
@@ -271,28 +312,39 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator:
         (
             power_levels,
             sender_power_level,
-        ) = await self._get_power_levels_and_sender_level(event, context)
+        ) = await self._get_power_levels_and_sender_level(
+            event, context, event_id_to_event
+        )
 
+        # Find the event's thread ID.
         relation = relation_from_event(event)
-        # If the event does not have a relation, then cannot have any mutual
-        # relations or thread ID.
-        relations = {}
-        thread_id = "main"
+        # If the event does not have a relation, then it cannot have a thread ID.
+        thread_id = MAIN_TIMELINE
         if relation:
-            relations = await self._get_mutual_relations(
-                relation.parent_id,
-                itertools.chain(*(r.rules() for r in rules_by_user.values())),
-            )
+            # Recursively attempt to find the thread this event relates to.
             if relation.rel_type == RelationTypes.THREAD:
                 thread_id = relation.parent_id
+            else:
+                # Since the event has not yet been persisted we check whether
+                # the parent is part of a thread.
+                thread_id = await self.store.get_thread_id(relation.parent_id)
 
-        evaluator = PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent(
-            event,
+        related_events = await self._related_events(event)
+
+        # It's possible that old room versions have non-integer power levels (floats or
+        # strings). Workaround this by explicitly converting to int.
+        notification_levels = power_levels.get("notifications", {})
+        if not event.room_version.msc3667_int_only_power_levels:
+            for user_id, level in notification_levels.items():
+                notification_levels[user_id] = int(level)
+
+        evaluator = PushRuleEvaluator(
+            _flatten_dict(event),
             room_member_count,
             sender_power_level,
-            power_levels,
-            relations,
-            self._relations_match_enabled,
+            notification_levels,
+            related_events,
+            self._related_event_match_enabled,
         )
 
         users = rules_by_user.keys()
@@ -300,20 +352,10 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator:
             event.room_id, users
         )
 
-        # This is a check for the case where user joins a room without being
-        # allowed to see history, and then the server receives a delayed event
-        # from before the user joined, which they should not be pushed for
-        uids_with_visibility = await filter_event_for_clients_with_state(
-            self.store, users, event, context
-        )
-
         for uid, rules in rules_by_user.items():
             if event.sender == uid:
                 continue
 
-            if uid not in uids_with_visibility:
-                continue
-
             display_name = None
             profile = profiles.get(uid)
             if profile:
@@ -334,17 +376,30 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator:
                 # current user, it'll be added to the dict later.
                 actions_by_user[uid] = []
 
-            for rule, enabled in rules.rules():
-                if not enabled:
-                    continue
+            actions = evaluator.run(rules, uid, display_name)
+            if "notify" in actions:
+                # Push rules say we should notify the user of this event
+                actions_by_user[uid] = actions
 
-                matches = evaluator.check_conditions(rule.conditions, uid, display_name)
-                if matches:
-                    actions = [x for x in rule.actions if x != "dont_notify"]
-                    if actions and "notify" in actions:
-                        # Push rules say we should notify the user of this event
-                        actions_by_user[uid] = actions
-                    break
+        # If there aren't any actions then we can skip the rest of the
+        # processing.
+        if not actions_by_user:
+            return
+
+        # This is a check for the case where user joins a room without being
+        # allowed to see history, and then the server receives a delayed event
+        # from before the user joined, which they should not be pushed for
+        #
+        # We do this *after* calculating the push actions as a) its unlikely
+        # that we'll filter anyone out and b) for large rooms its likely that
+        # most users will have push disabled and so the set of users to check is
+        # much smaller.
+        uids_with_visibility = await filter_event_for_clients_with_state(
+            self.store, actions_by_user.keys(), event, context
+        )
+
+        for user_id in set(actions_by_user).difference(uids_with_visibility):
+            actions_by_user.pop(user_id, None)
 
         # Mark in the DB staging area the push actions for users who should be
         # notified for this event. (This will then get handled when we persist
@@ -361,3 +416,21 @@ MemberMap = Dict[str, Optional[EventIdMembership]]
 Rule = Dict[str, dict]
 RulesByUser = Dict[str, List[Rule]]
 StateGroup = Union[object, int]
+
+
+def _flatten_dict(
+    d: Union[EventBase, Mapping[str, Any]],
+    prefix: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    result: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    if prefix is None:
+        prefix = []
+    if result is None:
+        result = {}
+    for key, value in d.items():
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            result[".".join(prefix + [key])] = value.lower()
+        elif isinstance(value, Mapping):
+            _flatten_dict(value, prefix=(prefix + [key]), result=result)
+
+    return result
diff --git a/synapse/push/clientformat.py b/synapse/push/clientformat.py
index ebc13beda1..622a1e35c5 100644
--- a/synapse/push/clientformat.py
+++ b/synapse/push/clientformat.py
@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ def format_push_rules_for_user(
 
         rulearray.append(template_rule)
 
+        pattern_type = template_rule.pop("pattern_type", None)
+        if pattern_type == "user_id":
+            template_rule["pattern"] = user.to_string()
+        elif pattern_type == "user_localpart":
+            template_rule["pattern"] = user.localpart
+
         template_rule["enabled"] = enabled
 
         if "conditions" not in template_rule:
@@ -93,19 +99,21 @@ def _rule_to_template(rule: PushRule) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         if len(rule.conditions) != 1:
             return None
         thecond = rule.conditions[0]
-        if "pattern" not in thecond:
-            return None
+
         templaterule = {"actions": rule.actions}
-        templaterule["pattern"] = thecond["pattern"]
+        if "pattern" in thecond:
+            templaterule["pattern"] = thecond["pattern"]
+        elif "pattern_type" in thecond:
+            templaterule["pattern_type"] = thecond["pattern_type"]
+        else:
+            return None
     else:
         # This should not be reached unless this function is not kept in sync
         # with PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP.
         raise ValueError("Unexpected template_name: %s" % (template_name,))
 
-    if unscoped_rule_id:
-        templaterule["rule_id"] = unscoped_rule_id
-    if rule.default:
-        templaterule["default"] = True
+    templaterule["rule_id"] = unscoped_rule_id
+    templaterule["default"] = rule.default
     return templaterule
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/push/httppusher.py b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
index 11299367d2..3149492ede 100644
--- a/synapse/push/httppusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 import logging
 import urllib.parse
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Iterable, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
 
 from prometheus_client import Counter
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.push import Pusher, PusherConfig, PusherConfigException
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import HttpPushAction
 
-from . import push_rule_evaluator, push_tools
+from . import push_tools
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -56,6 +56,39 @@ http_badges_failed_counter = Counter(
 )
 
 
+def tweaks_for_actions(actions: List[Union[str, Dict]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Converts a list of actions into a `tweaks` dict (which can then be passed to
+        the push gateway).
+
+    This function ignores all actions other than `set_tweak` actions, and treats
+    absent `value`s as `True`, which agrees with the only spec-defined treatment
+    of absent `value`s (namely, for `highlight` tweaks).
+
+    Args:
+        actions: list of actions
+            e.g. [
+                {"set_tweak": "a", "value": "AAA"},
+                {"set_tweak": "b", "value": "BBB"},
+                {"set_tweak": "highlight"},
+                "notify"
+            ]
+
+    Returns:
+        dictionary of tweaks for those actions
+            e.g. {"a": "AAA", "b": "BBB", "highlight": True}
+    """
+    tweaks = {}
+    for a in actions:
+        if not isinstance(a, dict):
+            continue
+        if "set_tweak" in a:
+            # value is allowed to be absent in which case the value assumed
+            # should be True.
+            tweaks[a["set_tweak"]] = a.get("value", True)
+    return tweaks
+
+
 class HttpPusher(Pusher):
     INITIAL_BACKOFF_SEC = 1  # in seconds because that's what Twisted takes
     MAX_BACKOFF_SEC = 60 * 60
@@ -281,7 +314,7 @@ class HttpPusher(Pusher):
         if "notify" not in push_action.actions:
             return True
 
-        tweaks = push_rule_evaluator.tweaks_for_actions(push_action.actions)
+        tweaks = tweaks_for_actions(push_action.actions)
         badge = await push_tools.get_badge_count(
             self.hs.get_datastores().main,
             self.user_id,
diff --git a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c5632cd91..0000000000
--- a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-# Copyright 2017 New Vector Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import logging
-import re
-from typing import (
-    Any,
-    Dict,
-    List,
-    Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Pattern,
-    Sequence,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
-)
-
-from matrix_common.regex import glob_to_regex, to_word_pattern
-
-from synapse.events import EventBase
-from synapse.types import UserID
-from synapse.util.caches.lrucache import LruCache
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-GLOB_REGEX = re.compile(r"\\\[(\\\!|)(.*)\\\]")
-IS_GLOB = re.compile(r"[\?\*\[\]]")
-INEQUALITY_EXPR = re.compile("^([=<>]*)([0-9]*)$")
-
-
-def _room_member_count(
-    ev: EventBase, condition: Mapping[str, Any], room_member_count: int
-) -> bool:
-    return _test_ineq_condition(condition, room_member_count)
-
-
-def _sender_notification_permission(
-    ev: EventBase,
-    condition: Mapping[str, Any],
-    sender_power_level: int,
-    power_levels: Dict[str, Union[int, Dict[str, int]]],
-) -> bool:
-    notif_level_key = condition.get("key")
-    if notif_level_key is None:
-        return False
-
-    notif_levels = power_levels.get("notifications", {})
-    assert isinstance(notif_levels, dict)
-    room_notif_level = notif_levels.get(notif_level_key, 50)
-
-    return sender_power_level >= room_notif_level
-
-
-def _test_ineq_condition(condition: Mapping[str, Any], number: int) -> bool:
-    if "is" not in condition:
-        return False
-    m = INEQUALITY_EXPR.match(condition["is"])
-    if not m:
-        return False
-    ineq = m.group(1)
-    rhs = m.group(2)
-    if not rhs.isdigit():
-        return False
-    rhs_int = int(rhs)
-
-    if ineq == "" or ineq == "==":
-        return number == rhs_int
-    elif ineq == "<":
-        return number < rhs_int
-    elif ineq == ">":
-        return number > rhs_int
-    elif ineq == ">=":
-        return number >= rhs_int
-    elif ineq == "<=":
-        return number <= rhs_int
-    else:
-        return False
-
-
-def tweaks_for_actions(actions: List[Union[str, Dict]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    """
-    Converts a list of actions into a `tweaks` dict (which can then be passed to
-        the push gateway).
-
-    This function ignores all actions other than `set_tweak` actions, and treats
-    absent `value`s as `True`, which agrees with the only spec-defined treatment
-    of absent `value`s (namely, for `highlight` tweaks).
-
-    Args:
-        actions: list of actions
-            e.g. [
-                {"set_tweak": "a", "value": "AAA"},
-                {"set_tweak": "b", "value": "BBB"},
-                {"set_tweak": "highlight"},
-                "notify"
-            ]
-
-    Returns:
-        dictionary of tweaks for those actions
-            e.g. {"a": "AAA", "b": "BBB", "highlight": True}
-    """
-    tweaks = {}
-    for a in actions:
-        if not isinstance(a, dict):
-            continue
-        if "set_tweak" in a:
-            # value is allowed to be absent in which case the value assumed
-            # should be True.
-            tweaks[a["set_tweak"]] = a.get("value", True)
-    return tweaks
-
-
-class PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent:
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        event: EventBase,
-        room_member_count: int,
-        sender_power_level: int,
-        power_levels: Dict[str, Union[int, Dict[str, int]]],
-        relations: Dict[str, Set[Tuple[str, str]]],
-        relations_match_enabled: bool,
-    ):
-        self._event = event
-        self._room_member_count = room_member_count
-        self._sender_power_level = sender_power_level
-        self._power_levels = power_levels
-        self._relations = relations
-        self._relations_match_enabled = relations_match_enabled
-
-        # Maps strings of e.g. 'content.body' -> event["content"]["body"]
-        self._value_cache = _flatten_dict(event)
-
-        # Maps cache keys to final values.
-        self._condition_cache: Dict[str, bool] = {}
-
-    def check_conditions(
-        self, conditions: Sequence[Mapping], uid: str, display_name: Optional[str]
-    ) -> bool:
-        """
-        Returns true if a user's conditions/user ID/display name match the event.
-
-        Args:
-            conditions: The user's conditions to match.
-            uid: The user's MXID.
-            display_name: The display name.
-
-        Returns:
-             True if all conditions match the event, False otherwise.
-        """
-        for cond in conditions:
-            _cache_key = cond.get("_cache_key", None)
-            if _cache_key:
-                res = self._condition_cache.get(_cache_key, None)
-                if res is False:
-                    return False
-                elif res is True:
-                    continue
-
-            res = self.matches(cond, uid, display_name)
-            if _cache_key:
-                self._condition_cache[_cache_key] = bool(res)
-
-            if not res:
-                return False
-
-        return True
-
-    def matches(
-        self, condition: Mapping[str, Any], user_id: str, display_name: Optional[str]
-    ) -> bool:
-        """
-        Returns true if a user's condition/user ID/display name match the event.
-
-        Args:
-            condition: The user's condition to match.
-            uid: The user's MXID.
-            display_name: The display name, or None if there is not one.
-
-        Returns:
-             True if the condition matches the event, False otherwise.
-        """
-        if condition["kind"] == "event_match":
-            return self._event_match(condition, user_id)
-        elif condition["kind"] == "contains_display_name":
-            return self._contains_display_name(display_name)
-        elif condition["kind"] == "room_member_count":
-            return _room_member_count(self._event, condition, self._room_member_count)
-        elif condition["kind"] == "sender_notification_permission":
-            return _sender_notification_permission(
-                self._event, condition, self._sender_power_level, self._power_levels
-            )
-        elif (
-            condition["kind"] == "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match"
-            and self._relations_match_enabled
-        ):
-            return self._relation_match(condition, user_id)
-        else:
-            # XXX This looks incorrect -- we have reached an unknown condition
-            #     kind and are unconditionally returning that it matches. Note
-            #     that it seems possible to provide a condition to the /pushrules
-            #     endpoint with an unknown kind, see _rule_tuple_from_request_object.
-            return True
-
-    def _event_match(self, condition: Mapping, user_id: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        Check an "event_match" push rule condition.
-
-        Args:
-            condition: The "event_match" push rule condition to match.
-            user_id: The user's MXID.
-
-        Returns:
-             True if the condition matches the event, False otherwise.
-        """
-        pattern = condition.get("pattern", None)
-
-        if not pattern:
-            pattern_type = condition.get("pattern_type", None)
-            if pattern_type == "user_id":
-                pattern = user_id
-            elif pattern_type == "user_localpart":
-                pattern = UserID.from_string(user_id).localpart
-
-        if not pattern:
-            logger.warning("event_match condition with no pattern")
-            return False
-
-        # XXX: optimisation: cache our pattern regexps
-        if condition["key"] == "content.body":
-            body = self._event.content.get("body", None)
-            if not body or not isinstance(body, str):
-                return False
-
-            return _glob_matches(pattern, body, word_boundary=True)
-        else:
-            haystack = self._value_cache.get(condition["key"], None)
-            if haystack is None:
-                return False
-
-            return _glob_matches(pattern, haystack)
-
-    def _contains_display_name(self, display_name: Optional[str]) -> bool:
-        """
-        Check an "event_match" push rule condition.
-
-        Args:
-            display_name: The display name, or None if there is not one.
-
-        Returns:
-             True if the display name is found in the event body, False otherwise.
-        """
-        if not display_name:
-            return False
-
-        body = self._event.content.get("body", None)
-        if not body or not isinstance(body, str):
-            return False
-
-        # Similar to _glob_matches, but do not treat display_name as a glob.
-        r = regex_cache.get((display_name, False, True), None)
-        if not r:
-            r1 = re.escape(display_name)
-            r1 = to_word_pattern(r1)
-            r = re.compile(r1, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
-            regex_cache[(display_name, False, True)] = r
-
-        return bool(r.search(body))
-
-    def _relation_match(self, condition: Mapping, user_id: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        Check an "relation_match" push rule condition.
-
-        Args:
-            condition: The "event_match" push rule condition to match.
-            user_id: The user's MXID.
-
-        Returns:
-             True if the condition matches the event, False otherwise.
-        """
-        rel_type = condition.get("rel_type")
-        if not rel_type:
-            logger.warning("relation_match condition missing rel_type")
-            return False
-
-        sender_pattern = condition.get("sender")
-        if sender_pattern is None:
-            sender_type = condition.get("sender_type")
-            if sender_type == "user_id":
-                sender_pattern = user_id
-        type_pattern = condition.get("type")
-
-        # If any other relations matches, return True.
-        for sender, event_type in self._relations.get(rel_type, ()):
-            if sender_pattern and not _glob_matches(sender_pattern, sender):
-                continue
-            if type_pattern and not _glob_matches(type_pattern, event_type):
-                continue
-            # All values must have matched.
-            return True
-
-        # No relations matched.
-        return False
-
-
-# Caches (string, is_glob, word_boundary) -> regex for push. See _glob_matches
-regex_cache: LruCache[Tuple[str, bool, bool], Pattern] = LruCache(
-    50000, "regex_push_cache"
-)
-
-
-def _glob_matches(glob: str, value: str, word_boundary: bool = False) -> bool:
-    """Tests if value matches glob.
-
-    Args:
-        glob
-        value: String to test against glob.
-        word_boundary: Whether to match against word boundaries or entire
-            string. Defaults to False.
-    """
-
-    try:
-        r = regex_cache.get((glob, True, word_boundary), None)
-        if not r:
-            r = glob_to_regex(glob, word_boundary=word_boundary)
-            regex_cache[(glob, True, word_boundary)] = r
-        return bool(r.search(value))
-    except re.error:
-        logger.warning("Failed to parse glob to regex: %r", glob)
-        return False
-
-
-def _flatten_dict(
-    d: Union[EventBase, Mapping[str, Any]],
-    prefix: Optional[List[str]] = None,
-    result: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    if prefix is None:
-        prefix = []
-    if result is None:
-        result = {}
-    for key, value in d.items():
-        if isinstance(value, str):
-            result[".".join(prefix + [key])] = value.lower()
-        elif isinstance(value, Mapping):
-            _flatten_dict(value, prefix=(prefix + [key]), result=result)
-
-    return result
diff --git a/synapse/push/push_tools.py b/synapse/push/push_tools.py
index 658bf373b7..edeba27a45 100644
--- a/synapse/push/push_tools.py
+++ b/synapse/push/push_tools.py
@@ -39,7 +39,12 @@ async def get_badge_count(store: DataStore, user_id: str, group_by_room: bool) -
     await concurrently_execute(get_room_unread_count, joins, 10)
 
     for notifs in room_notifs:
-        if notifs.notify_count == 0:
+        # Combine the counts from all the threads.
+        notify_count = notifs.main_timeline.notify_count + sum(
+            n.notify_count for n in notifs.threads.values()
+        )
+
+        if notify_count == 0:
             continue
 
         if group_by_room:
@@ -47,7 +52,7 @@ async def get_badge_count(store: DataStore, user_id: str, group_by_room: bool) -
             badge += 1
         else:
             # increment the badge count by the number of unread messages in the room
-            badge += notifs.notify_count
+            badge += notify_count
     return badge
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/__init__.py b/synapse/replication/http/__init__.py
index 53aa7fa4c6..ac9a92240a 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/__init__.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ from synapse.replication.http import (
     push,
     register,
     send_event,
+    send_events,
     state,
     streams,
 )
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ class ReplicationRestResource(JsonResource):
 
     def register_servlets(self, hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
         send_event.register_servlets(hs, self)
+        send_events.register_servlets(hs, self)
         federation.register_servlets(hs, self)
         presence.register_servlets(hs, self)
         membership.register_servlets(hs, self)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
index aff7976165..3f012f1b5e 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         argument list.
 
         Returns:
-            dict: If POST/PUT request then dictionary must be JSON serialisable,
+            If POST/PUT request then dictionary must be JSON serialisable,
             otherwise must be appropriate for adding as query args.
         """
         return {}
@@ -184,8 +184,10 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         client = hs.get_simple_http_client()
         local_instance_name = hs.get_instance_name()
 
+        # The value of these option should match the replication listener settings
         master_host = hs.config.worker.worker_replication_host
         master_port = hs.config.worker.worker_replication_http_port
+        master_tls = hs.config.worker.worker_replication_http_tls
 
         instance_map = hs.config.worker.instance_map
 
@@ -205,9 +207,11 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                 if instance_name == "master":
                     host = master_host
                     port = master_port
+                    tls = master_tls
                 elif instance_name in instance_map:
                     host = instance_map[instance_name].host
                     port = instance_map[instance_name].port
+                    tls = instance_map[instance_name].tls
                 else:
                     raise Exception(
                         "Instance %r not in 'instance_map' config" % (instance_name,)
@@ -238,7 +242,11 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                         "Unknown METHOD on %s replication endpoint" % (cls.NAME,)
                     )
 
-                uri = "http://%s:%s/_synapse/replication/%s/%s" % (
+                # Here the protocol is hard coded to be http by default or https in case the replication
+                # port is set to have tls true.
+                scheme = "https" if tls else "http"
+                uri = "%s://%s:%s/_synapse/replication/%s/%s" % (
+                    scheme,
                     host,
                     port,
                     cls.NAME,
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/devices.py b/synapse/replication/http/devices.py
index 3d63645726..c21629def8 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/devices.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Tuple
 from twisted.web.server import Request
 
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
+from synapse.http.servlet import parse_json_object_from_request
 from synapse.replication.http._base import ReplicationEndpoint
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
@@ -78,5 +79,71 @@ class ReplicationUserDevicesResyncRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         return 200, user_devices
 
 
+class ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
+    """Ask master to upload keys for the user and send them out over federation to
+    update other servers.
+
+    For now, only the master is permitted to handle key upload requests;
+    any worker can handle key query requests (since they're read-only).
+
+    Calls to e2e_keys_handler.upload_keys_for_user(user_id, device_id, keys) on
+    the main process to accomplish this.
+
+    Defined in https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/client-server-api/#post_matrixclientv3keysupload
+    Request format(borrowed and expanded from KeyUploadServlet):
+
+        POST /_synapse/replication/upload_keys_for_user
+
+    {
+        "user_id": "<user_id>",
+        "device_id": "<device_id>",
+        "keys": {
+            ....this part can be found in KeyUploadServlet in rest/client/keys.py....
+        }
+    }
+
+    Response is equivalent to ` /_matrix/client/v3/keys/upload` found in KeyUploadServlet
+
+    """
+
+    NAME = "upload_keys_for_user"
+    PATH_ARGS = ()
+    CACHE = False
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__(hs)
+
+        self.e2e_keys_handler = hs.get_e2e_keys_handler()
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def _serialize_payload(  # type: ignore[override]
+        user_id: str, device_id: str, keys: JsonDict
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+
+        return {
+            "user_id": user_id,
+            "device_id": device_id,
+            "keys": keys,
+        }
+
+    async def _handle_request(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
+        content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
+
+        user_id = content["user_id"]
+        device_id = content["device_id"]
+        keys = content["keys"]
+
+        results = await self.e2e_keys_handler.upload_keys_for_user(
+            user_id, device_id, keys
+        )
+
+        return 200, results
+
+
 def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
     ReplicationUserDevicesResyncRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
+    ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/register.py b/synapse/replication/http/register.py
index 6c8f8388fd..976c283360 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/register.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/register.py
@@ -39,6 +39,16 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
         self.registration_handler = hs.get_registration_handler()
 
+        # Default value if the worker that sent the replication request did not include
+        # an 'approved' property.
+        if (
+            hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
+            and hs.config.experimental.msc3866.require_approval_for_new_accounts
+        ):
+            self._approval_default = False
+        else:
+            self._approval_default = True
+
     @staticmethod
     async def _serialize_payload(  # type: ignore[override]
         user_id: str,
@@ -51,6 +61,7 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         user_type: Optional[str],
         address: Optional[str],
         shadow_banned: bool,
+        approved: bool,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """
         Args:
@@ -68,6 +79,8 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
                 or None for a normal user.
             address: the IP address used to perform the regitration.
             shadow_banned: Whether to shadow-ban the user
+            approved: Whether the user should be considered already approved by an
+                administrator.
         """
         return {
             "password_hash": password_hash,
@@ -79,6 +92,7 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "user_type": user_type,
             "address": address,
             "shadow_banned": shadow_banned,
+            "approved": approved,
         }
 
     async def _handle_request(  # type: ignore[override]
@@ -88,6 +102,12 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
         await self.registration_handler.check_registration_ratelimit(content["address"])
 
+        # Always default admin users to approved (since it means they were created by
+        # an admin).
+        approved_default = self._approval_default
+        if content["admin"]:
+            approved_default = True
+
         await self.registration_handler.register_with_store(
             user_id=user_id,
             password_hash=content["password_hash"],
@@ -99,6 +119,7 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             user_type=content["user_type"],
             address=content["address"],
             shadow_banned=content["shadow_banned"],
+            approved=content.get("approved", approved_default),
         )
 
         return 200, {}
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py b/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
index 486f04723c..4215a1c1bc 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ class ReplicationSendEventRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "Got event to send with ID: %s into room: %s", event.event_id, event.room_id
         )
 
-        event = await self.event_creation_handler.persist_and_notify_client_event(
-            requester, event, context, ratelimit=ratelimit, extra_users=extra_users
+        event = await self.event_creation_handler.persist_and_notify_client_events(
+            requester, [(event, context)], ratelimit=ratelimit, extra_users=extra_users
         )
 
         return (
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/send_events.py b/synapse/replication/http/send_events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8889bbb644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/send_events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Tuple
+
+from twisted.web.server import Request
+
+from synapse.api.room_versions import KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS
+from synapse.events import EventBase, make_event_from_dict
+from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext
+from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
+from synapse.http.servlet import parse_json_object_from_request
+from synapse.replication.http._base import ReplicationEndpoint
+from synapse.types import JsonDict, Requester, UserID
+from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+    from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ReplicationSendEventsRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
+    """Handles batches of newly created events on workers, including persisting and
+    notifying.
+
+    The API looks like:
+
+        POST /_synapse/replication/send_events/:txn_id
+
+        {
+            "events": [{
+                "event": { .. serialized event .. },
+                "room_version": .., // "1", "2", "3", etc: the version of the room
+                            // containing the event
+                "event_format_version": .., // 1,2,3 etc: the event format version
+                "internal_metadata": { .. serialized internal_metadata .. },
+                "outlier": true|false,
+                "rejected_reason": ..,   // The event.rejected_reason field
+                "context": { .. serialized event context .. },
+                "requester": { .. serialized requester .. },
+                "ratelimit": true,
+            }]
+        }
+
+        200 OK
+
+        { "stream_id": 12345, "event_id": "$abcdef..." }
+
+    Responds with a 409 when a `PartialStateConflictError` is raised due to an event
+    context that needs to be recomputed due to the un-partial stating of a room.
+
+    """
+
+    NAME = "send_events"
+    PATH_ARGS = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__(hs)
+
+        self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def _serialize_payload(  # type: ignore[override]
+        events_and_context: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]],
+        store: "DataStore",
+        requester: Requester,
+        ratelimit: bool,
+        extra_users: List[UserID],
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """
+        Args:
+            store
+            requester
+            events_and_ctx
+            ratelimit
+        """
+        serialized_events = []
+
+        for event, context in events_and_context:
+            serialized_context = await context.serialize(event, store)
+            serialized_event = {
+                "event": event.get_pdu_json(),
+                "room_version": event.room_version.identifier,
+                "event_format_version": event.format_version,
+                "internal_metadata": event.internal_metadata.get_dict(),
+                "outlier": event.internal_metadata.is_outlier(),
+                "rejected_reason": event.rejected_reason,
+                "context": serialized_context,
+                "requester": requester.serialize(),
+                "ratelimit": ratelimit,
+                "extra_users": [u.to_string() for u in extra_users],
+            }
+            serialized_events.append(serialized_event)
+
+        payload = {"events": serialized_events}
+
+        return payload
+
+    async def _handle_request(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
+        with Measure(self.clock, "repl_send_events_parse"):
+            payload = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
+            events_and_context = []
+            events = payload["events"]
+
+            for event_payload in events:
+                event_dict = event_payload["event"]
+                room_ver = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS[event_payload["room_version"]]
+                internal_metadata = event_payload["internal_metadata"]
+                rejected_reason = event_payload["rejected_reason"]
+
+                event = make_event_from_dict(
+                    event_dict, room_ver, internal_metadata, rejected_reason
+                )
+                event.internal_metadata.outlier = event_payload["outlier"]
+
+                requester = Requester.deserialize(
+                    self.store, event_payload["requester"]
+                )
+                context = EventContext.deserialize(
+                    self._storage_controllers, event_payload["context"]
+                )
+
+                ratelimit = event_payload["ratelimit"]
+                events_and_context.append((event, context))
+
+                extra_users = [
+                    UserID.from_string(u) for u in event_payload["extra_users"]
+                ]
+
+                logger.info(
+                    "Got batch of events to send, last ID of batch is: %s, sending into room: %s",
+                    event.event_id,
+                    event.room_id,
+                )
+
+            last_event = (
+                await self.event_creation_handler.persist_and_notify_client_events(
+                    requester, events_and_context, ratelimit, extra_users
+                )
+            )
+
+        return (
+            200,
+            {
+                "stream_id": last_event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering,
+                "event_id": last_event.event_id,
+            },
+        )
+
+
+def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
+    ReplicationSendEventsRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/__init__.py b/synapse/replication/slave/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f43a360a80..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/__init__.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f43a360a80..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/_slaved_id_tracker.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/_slaved_id_tracker.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f3f953ed4..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/_slaved_id_tracker.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
-
-from synapse.storage.database import LoggingDatabaseConnection
-from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import AbstractStreamIdTracker, _load_current_id
-
-
-class SlavedIdTracker(AbstractStreamIdTracker):
-    """Tracks the "current" stream ID of a stream with a single writer.
-
-    See `AbstractStreamIdTracker` for more details.
-
-    Note that this class does not work correctly when there are multiple
-    writers.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
-        table: str,
-        column: str,
-        extra_tables: Optional[List[Tuple[str, str]]] = None,
-        step: int = 1,
-    ):
-        self.step = step
-        self._current = _load_current_id(db_conn, table, column, step)
-        if extra_tables:
-            for table, column in extra_tables:
-                self.advance(None, _load_current_id(db_conn, table, column))
-
-    def advance(self, instance_name: Optional[str], new_id: int) -> None:
-        self._current = (max if self.step > 0 else min)(self._current, new_id)
-
-    def get_current_token(self) -> int:
-        return self._current
-
-    def get_current_token_for_writer(self, instance_name: str) -> int:
-        return self.get_current_token()
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6fcade510a..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable
-
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
-from synapse.replication.tcp.streams._base import DeviceListsStream, UserSignatureStream
-from synapse.storage.database import DatabasePool, LoggingDatabaseConnection
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.devices import DeviceWorkerStore
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from synapse.server import HomeServer
-
-
-class SlavedDeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        database: DatabasePool,
-        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
-        hs: "HomeServer",
-    ):
-        self.hs = hs
-
-        self._device_list_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn,
-            "device_lists_stream",
-            "stream_id",
-            extra_tables=[
-                ("user_signature_stream", "stream_id"),
-                ("device_lists_outbound_pokes", "stream_id"),
-                ("device_lists_changes_in_room", "stream_id"),
-            ],
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
-
-    def get_device_stream_token(self) -> int:
-        return self._device_list_id_gen.get_current_token()
-
-    def process_replication_rows(
-        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: Iterable[Any]
-    ) -> None:
-        if stream_name == DeviceListsStream.NAME:
-            self._device_list_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
-            self._invalidate_caches_for_devices(token, rows)
-        elif stream_name == UserSignatureStream.NAME:
-            self._device_list_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
-            for row in rows:
-                self._user_signature_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
-        return super().process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
-
-    def _invalidate_caches_for_devices(
-        self, token: int, rows: Iterable[DeviceListsStream.DeviceListsStreamRow]
-    ) -> None:
-        for row in rows:
-            # The entities are either user IDs (starting with '@') whose devices
-            # have changed, or remote servers that we need to tell about
-            # changes.
-            if row.entity.startswith("@"):
-                self._device_list_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.entity, token)
-                self.get_cached_devices_for_user.invalidate((row.entity,))
-                self._get_cached_user_device.invalidate((row.entity,))
-                self.get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote.invalidate((row.entity,))
-
-            else:
-                self._device_list_federation_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                    row.entity, token
-                )
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fe47778cb1..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-# Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-
-from synapse.storage.database import DatabasePool, LoggingDatabaseConnection
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_federation import EventFederationWorkerStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import (
-    EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
-)
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.relations import RelationsWorkerStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import RoomMemberWorkerStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.signatures import SignatureWorkerStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.state import StateGroupWorkerStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.stream import StreamWorkerStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.user_erasure_store import UserErasureWorkerStore
-from synapse.util.caches.stream_change_cache import StreamChangeCache
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from synapse.server import HomeServer
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-# So, um, we want to borrow a load of functions intended for reading from
-# a DataStore, but we don't want to take functions that either write to the
-# DataStore or are cached and don't have cache invalidation logic.
-#
-# Rather than write duplicate versions of those functions, or lift them to
-# a common base class, we going to grab the underlying __func__ object from
-# the method descriptor on the DataStore and chuck them into our class.
-
-
-class SlavedEventStore(
-    EventFederationWorkerStore,
-    RoomMemberWorkerStore,
-    EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
-    StreamWorkerStore,
-    StateGroupWorkerStore,
-    SignatureWorkerStore,
-    EventsWorkerStore,
-    UserErasureWorkerStore,
-    RelationsWorkerStore,
-):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        database: DatabasePool,
-        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
-        hs: "HomeServer",
-    ):
-        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
-
-        events_max = self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
-        curr_state_delta_prefill, min_curr_state_delta_id = self.db_pool.get_cache_dict(
-            db_conn,
-            "current_state_delta_stream",
-            entity_column="room_id",
-            stream_column="stream_id",
-            max_value=events_max,  # As we share the stream id with events token
-            limit=1000,
-        )
-        self._curr_state_delta_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
-            "_curr_state_delta_stream_cache",
-            min_curr_state_delta_id,
-            prefilled_cache=curr_state_delta_prefill,
-        )
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/keys.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/keys.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a00b38c512..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/keys.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.keys import KeyStore
-
-# KeyStore isn't really safe to use from a worker, but for now we do so and hope that
-# the races it creates aren't too bad.
-
-SlavedKeyStore = KeyStore
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e65eaf1e0..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-# Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-from typing import Any, Iterable
-
-from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import PushRulesStream
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.push_rule import PushRulesWorkerStore
-
-from .events import SlavedEventStore
-
-
-class SlavedPushRuleStore(SlavedEventStore, PushRulesWorkerStore):
-    def get_max_push_rules_stream_id(self) -> int:
-        return self._push_rules_stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
-
-    def process_replication_rows(
-        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: Iterable[Any]
-    ) -> None:
-        if stream_name == PushRulesStream.NAME:
-            self._push_rules_stream_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
-            for row in rows:
-                self.get_push_rules_for_user.invalidate((row.user_id,))
-                self.push_rules_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
-        return super().process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 44ed20e424..0000000000
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-# Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable
-
-from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import PushersStream
-from synapse.storage.database import DatabasePool, LoggingDatabaseConnection
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.pusher import PusherWorkerStore
-
-from ._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from synapse.server import HomeServer
-
-
-class SlavedPusherStore(PusherWorkerStore):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        database: DatabasePool,
-        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
-        hs: "HomeServer",
-    ):
-        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
-        self._pushers_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(  # type: ignore
-            db_conn, "pushers", "id", extra_tables=[("deleted_pushers", "stream_id")]
-        )
-
-    def get_pushers_stream_token(self) -> int:
-        return self._pushers_id_gen.get_current_token()
-
-    def process_replication_rows(
-        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: Iterable[Any]
-    ) -> None:
-        if stream_name == PushersStream.NAME:
-            self._pushers_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
-        return super().process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
index b2522f98ca..18252a2958 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
@@ -210,15 +210,16 @@ class ReplicationDataHandler:
 
                 max_token = self.store.get_room_max_token()
                 event_pos = PersistedEventPosition(instance_name, token)
-                await self.notifier.on_new_room_event_args(
-                    event_pos=event_pos,
-                    max_room_stream_token=max_token,
-                    extra_users=extra_users,
-                    room_id=row.data.room_id,
-                    event_id=row.data.event_id,
-                    event_type=row.data.type,
-                    state_key=row.data.state_key,
-                    membership=row.data.membership,
+                event_entry = self.notifier.create_pending_room_event_entry(
+                    event_pos,
+                    extra_users,
+                    row.data.room_id,
+                    row.data.type,
+                    row.data.state_key,
+                    row.data.membership,
+                )
+                await self.notifier.notify_new_room_events(
+                    [(event_entry, row.data.event_id)], max_token
                 )
 
                 # If this event is a join, make a note of it so we have an accurate
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
index 7763ffb2d0..56a5c21910 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
             self._parse_and_dispatch_line(line)
 
     def _parse_and_dispatch_line(self, line: bytes) -> None:
-        if line.strip() == "":
+        if line.strip() == b"":
             # Ignore blank lines
             return
 
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/_base.html b/synapse/res/templates/_base.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46439fce6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/_base.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+      {%- include 'style.css' without context %}
+    </style>
+    {% block header %}{%  endblock %}
+</head>
+<body>
+<header class="mx_Header">
+    {% if app_name == "Riot" %}
+        <img src="http://riot.im/img/external/riot-logo-email.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Riot]"/>
+    {% elif app_name == "Vector" %}
+        <img src="http://matrix.org/img/vector-logo-email.png" width="64" height="83" alt="[Vector]"/>
+    {% elif app_name == "Element" %}
+        <img src="https://static.element.io/images/email-logo.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Element]"/>
+    {% else %}
+        <img src="http://matrix.org/img/matrix-120x51.png" width="120" height="51" alt="[matrix]"/>
+    {% endif %}
+</header>
+
+{% block body %}{% endblock %}
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/account_previously_renewed.html b/synapse/res/templates/account_previously_renewed.html
index bd4f7cea97..91582a8af0 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/account_previously_renewed.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/account_previously_renewed.html
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Your account is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-    Your account is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.
-</body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Your account is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>Your account is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/account_renewed.html b/synapse/res/templates/account_renewed.html
index 57b319f375..18a57833f1 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/account_renewed.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/account_renewed.html
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Your account has been successfully renewed and is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-    Your account has been successfully renewed and is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.
-</body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Your account has been successfully renewed and is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>Your account has been successfully renewed and is valid until {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid.html b/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid.html
index 71f2215b7a..33c883936a 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid.html
@@ -1,14 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Request to add an email address to your Matrix account</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-    <p>A request to add an email address to your Matrix account has been received. If this was you, please click the link below to confirm adding this email:</p>
-    <a href="{{ link }}">{{ link }}</a>
-    <p>If this was not you, you can safely ignore this email. Thank you.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Request to add an email address to your Matrix account{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>A request to add an email address to your Matrix account has been received. If this was you, please click the link below to confirm adding this email:</p>
+<a href="{{ link }}">{{ link }}</a>
+<p>If this was not you, you can safely ignore this email. Thank you.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_failure.html b/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_failure.html
index bd627ee9ce..f6d7e33825 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_failure.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_failure.html
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Request failed</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-    <p>The request failed for the following reason: {{ failure_reason }}.</p>
-    <p>No changes have been made to your account.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Request failed{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>The request failed for the following reason: {{ failure_reason }}.</p>
+<p>No changes have been made to your account.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_success.html b/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_success.html
index 49170c138e..6d45111796 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_success.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/add_threepid_success.html
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Your email has now been validated</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-    <p>Your email has now been validated, please return to your client. You may now close this window.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Your email has now been validated{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>Your email has now been validated, please return to your client. You may now close this window.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/auth_success.html b/synapse/res/templates/auth_success.html
index 2d6ac44a0e..9178332f59 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/auth_success.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/auth_success.html
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Success!</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Success!{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_matrix/static/client/register/style.css">
 <script>
 if (window.onAuthDone) {
     window.onAuthDone();
 } else if (window.opener && window.opener.postMessage) {
-     window.opener.postMessage("authDone", "*");
+    window.opener.postMessage("authDone", "*");
 }
 </script>
-</head>
-<body>
-    <div>
-        <p>Thank you</p>
-        <p>You may now close this window and return to the application</p>
-    </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<div>
+    <p>Thank you</p>
+    <p>You may now close this window and return to the application</p>
+</div>
+
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/invalid_token.html b/synapse/res/templates/invalid_token.html
index 2c7c384fe3..b19e3023a1 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/invalid_token.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/invalid_token.html
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Invalid renewal token.</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-    Invalid renewal token.
-</body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Invalid renewal token.{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>Invalid renewal token.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/notice_expiry.html b/synapse/res/templates/notice_expiry.html
index 865f9f7ada..406397aaca 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/notice_expiry.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/notice_expiry.html
@@ -1,47 +1,46 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <style type="text/css">
-            {% include 'mail.css' without context %}
-            {% include "mail-%s.css" % app_name ignore missing without context %}
-            {% include 'mail-expiry.css' without context %}
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body>
-        <table id="page">
-            <tr>
-                <td> </td>
-                <td id="inner">
-                    <table class="header">
-                        <tr>
-                            <td>
-                                <div class="salutation">Hi {{ display_name }},</div>
-                            </td>
-                            <td class="logo">
-                                {% if app_name == "Riot" %}
-                                    <img src="http://riot.im/img/external/riot-logo-email.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Riot]"/>
-                                {% elif app_name == "Vector" %}
-                                    <img src="http://matrix.org/img/vector-logo-email.png" width="64" height="83" alt="[Vector]"/>
-                                {% elif app_name == "Element" %}
-                                    <img src="https://static.element.io/images/email-logo.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Element]"/>
-                                {% else %}
-                                    <img src="http://matrix.org/img/matrix-120x51.png" width="120" height="51" alt="[matrix]"/>
-                                {% endif %}
-                            </td>
-                        </tr>
-                        <tr>
-                          <td colspan="2">
-                            <div class="noticetext">Your account will expire on {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}. This means that you will lose access to your account after this date.</div>
-                            <div class="noticetext">To extend the validity of your account, please click on the link below (or copy and paste it into a new browser tab):</div>
-                            <div class="noticetext"><a href="{{ url }}">{{ url }}</a></div>
-                          </td>
-                        </tr>
-                    </table>
-                </td>
-                <td> </td>
-            </tr>
-        </table>
-    </body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Notice of expiry{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {% include 'mail.css' without context %}
+    {% include "mail-%s.css" % app_name ignore missing without context %}
+    {% include 'mail-expiry.css' without context %}
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<table id="page">
+    <tr>
+        <td> </td>
+        <td id="inner">
+            <table class="header">
+                <tr>
+                    <td>
+                        <div class="salutation">Hi {{ display_name }},</div>
+                    </td>
+                    <td class="logo">
+                        {% if app_name == "Riot" %}
+                            <img src="http://riot.im/img/external/riot-logo-email.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Riot]"/>
+                        {% elif app_name == "Vector" %}
+                            <img src="http://matrix.org/img/vector-logo-email.png" width="64" height="83" alt="[Vector]"/>
+                        {% elif app_name == "Element" %}
+                            <img src="https://static.element.io/images/email-logo.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Element]"/>
+                        {% else %}
+                            <img src="http://matrix.org/img/matrix-120x51.png" width="120" height="51" alt="[matrix]"/>
+                        {% endif %}
+                    </td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr>
+                    <td colspan="2">
+                    <div class="noticetext">Your account will expire on {{ expiration_ts|format_ts("%d-%m-%Y") }}. This means that you will lose access to your account after this date.</div>
+                    <div class="noticetext">To extend the validity of your account, please click on the link below (or copy and paste it into a new browser tab):</div>
+                    <div class="noticetext"><a href="{{ url }}">{{ url }}</a></div>
+                    </td>
+                </tr>
+            </table>
+        </td>
+        <td> </td>
+    </tr>
+</table>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/notif_mail.html b/synapse/res/templates/notif_mail.html
index 9dba0c0253..2add9dd859 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/notif_mail.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/notif_mail.html
@@ -1,59 +1,59 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <style type="text/css">
-            {%- include 'mail.css' without context %}
-            {%- include "mail-%s.css" % app_name ignore missing without context %}
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body>
-        <table id="page">
-            <tr>
-                <td> </td>
-                <td id="inner">
-                    <table class="header">
-                        <tr>
-                            <td>
-                                <div class="salutation">Hi {{ user_display_name }},</div>
-                                <div class="summarytext">{{ summary_text }}</div>
-                            </td>
-                            <td class="logo">
-                                {%- if app_name == "Riot" %}
-                                    <img src="http://riot.im/img/external/riot-logo-email.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Riot]"/>
-                                {%- elif app_name == "Vector" %}
-                                    <img src="http://matrix.org/img/vector-logo-email.png" width="64" height="83" alt="[Vector]"/>
-                                {%- elif app_name == "Element" %}
-                                    <img src="https://static.element.io/images/email-logo.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Element]"/>
-                                {%- else %}
-                                    <img src="http://matrix.org/img/matrix-120x51.png" width="120" height="51" alt="[matrix]"/>
-                                {%- endif %}
-                            </td>
-                        </tr>
-                    </table>
-                    {%- for room in rooms %}
-                        {%- include 'room.html' with context %}
-                    {%- endfor %}
-                    <div class="footer">
-                        <a href="{{ unsubscribe_link }}">Unsubscribe</a>
-                        <br/>
-                        <br/>
-                        <div class="debug">
-                            Sending email at {{ reason.now|format_ts("%c") }} due to activity in room {{ reason.room_name }} because
-                            an event was received at {{ reason.received_at|format_ts("%c") }}
-                            which is more than {{ "%.1f"|format(reason.delay_before_mail_ms / (60*1000)) }} ({{ reason.delay_before_mail_ms }}) mins ago,
-                            {%- if reason.last_sent_ts %}
-                                and the last time we sent a mail for this room was {{ reason.last_sent_ts|format_ts("%c") }},
-                                which is more than {{ "%.1f"|format(reason.throttle_ms / (60*1000)) }} (current throttle_ms) mins ago.
-                            {%- else %}
-                                and we don't have a last time we sent a mail for this room.
-                            {%- endif %}
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
-                </td>
-                <td> </td>
-            </tr>
-        </table>
-    </body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}New activity in room{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {%- include 'mail.css' without context %}
+    {%- include "mail-%s.css" % app_name ignore missing without context %}
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<table id="page">
+    <tr>
+        <td> </td>
+        <td id="inner">
+            <table class="header">
+                <tr>
+                    <td>
+                        <div class="salutation">Hi {{ user_display_name }},</div>
+                        <div class="summarytext">{{ summary_text }}</div>
+                    </td>
+                    <td class="logo">
+                        {%- if app_name == "Riot" %}
+                            <img src="http://riot.im/img/external/riot-logo-email.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Riot]"/>
+                        {%- elif app_name == "Vector" %}
+                            <img src="http://matrix.org/img/vector-logo-email.png" width="64" height="83" alt="[Vector]"/>
+                        {%- elif app_name == "Element" %}
+                            <img src="https://static.element.io/images/email-logo.png" width="83" height="83" alt="[Element]"/>
+                        {%- else %}
+                            <img src="http://matrix.org/img/matrix-120x51.png" width="120" height="51" alt="[matrix]"/>
+                        {%- endif %}
+                    </td>
+                </tr>
+            </table>
+            {%- for room in rooms %}
+                {%- include 'room.html' with context %}
+            {%- endfor %}
+            <div class="footer">
+                <a href="{{ unsubscribe_link }}">Unsubscribe</a>
+                <br/>
+                <br/>
+                <div class="debug">
+                    Sending email at {{ reason.now|format_ts("%c") }} due to activity in room {{ reason.room_name }} because
+                    an event was received at {{ reason.received_at|format_ts("%c") }}
+                    which is more than {{ "%.1f"|format(reason.delay_before_mail_ms / (60*1000)) }} ({{ reason.delay_before_mail_ms }}) mins ago,
+                    {%- if reason.last_sent_ts %}
+                        and the last time we sent a mail for this room was {{ reason.last_sent_ts|format_ts("%c") }},
+                        which is more than {{ "%.1f"|format(reason.throttle_ms / (60*1000)) }} (current throttle_ms) mins ago.
+                    {%- else %}
+                        and we don't have a last time we sent a mail for this room.
+                    {%- endif %}
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </td>
+        <td> </td>
+    </tr>
+</table>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset.html b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset.html
index a8bdce357b..1f267946c8 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset.html
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <title>Password reset</title>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    </head>
-<body>
-    <p>A password reset request has been received for your Matrix account. If this was you, please click the link below to confirm resetting your password:</p>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Password reset{% endblock %}
 
-    <a href="{{ link }}">{{ link }}</a>
+{% block body %}
+<p>A password reset request has been received for your Matrix account. If this was you, please click the link below to confirm resetting your password:</p>
 
-    <p>If this was not you, <strong>do not</strong> click the link above and instead contact your server administrator. Thank you.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+<a href="{{ link }}">{{ link }}</a>
+
+<p>If this was not you, <strong>do not</strong> click the link above and instead contact your server administrator. Thank you.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_confirmation.html b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_confirmation.html
index 2e3fd2ec1e..fabb9a6ed5 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_confirmation.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_confirmation.html
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <title>Password reset confirmation</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-</head>
-<body>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Password reset confirmation{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
 <!--Use a hidden form to resubmit the information necessary to reset the password-->
 <form method="post">
     <input type="hidden" name="sid" value="{{ sid }}">
@@ -15,6 +12,4 @@
         If you did not mean to do this, please close this page and your password will not be changed.</p>
     <p><button type="submit">Confirm changing my password</button></p>
 </form>
-</body>
-</html>
-
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_failure.html b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_failure.html
index 2d59c463f0..9990e860f9 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_failure.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_failure.html
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <title>Password reset failure</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-</head>
-<body>
-<p>The request failed for the following reason: {{ failure_reason }}.</p>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Password reset failure{% endblock %}
 
+{% block body %}
+<p>The request failed for the following reason: {{ failure_reason }}.</p>
 <p>Your password has not been reset.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html
index 5165bd1fa2..edada513ab 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-</head>
-<body>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Password reset success{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
 <p>Your email has now been validated, please return to your client to reset your password. You may now close this window.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/recaptcha.html b/synapse/res/templates/recaptcha.html
index 615d3239c6..8204928cdf 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/recaptcha.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/recaptcha.html
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Authentication</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-<script src="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js"
-    async defer></script>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Authentication{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
+<script src="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script>
 <script src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-1.11.2.min.js"></script>
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_matrix/static/client/register/style.css">
 <script>
@@ -12,8 +10,9 @@ function captchaDone() {
     $('#registrationForm').submit();
 }
 </script>
-</head>
-<body>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
 <form id="registrationForm" method="post" action="{{ myurl }}">
     <div>
         {% if error is defined %}
@@ -37,5 +36,4 @@ function captchaDone() {
         </div>
     </div>
 </form>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/registration.html b/synapse/res/templates/registration.html
index 20e831ff4a..cdb815665e 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/registration.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/registration.html
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <title>Registration</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-</head>
-<body>
-    <p>You have asked us to register this email with a new Matrix account. If this was you, please click the link below to confirm your email address:</p>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Registration{% endblock %}
 
-    <a href="{{ link }}">Verify Your Email Address</a>
+{% block body %}
+<p>You have asked us to register this email with a new Matrix account. If this was you, please click the link below to confirm your email address:</p>
 
-    <p>If this was not you, you can safely disregard this email.</p>
+<a href="{{ link }}">Verify Your Email Address</a>
 
-    <p>Thank you.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+<p>If this was not you, you can safely disregard this email.</p>
+
+<p>Thank you.</p>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/registration_failure.html b/synapse/res/templates/registration_failure.html
index a6ed22bc90..ae2a9cae2c 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/registration_failure.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/registration_failure.html
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-</head>
-<body>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Registration failure{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
 <p>Validation failed for the following reason: {{ failure_reason }}.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/registration_success.html b/synapse/res/templates/registration_success.html
index d51d5549d8..6d45111796 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/registration_success.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/registration_success.html
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <title>Your email has now been validated</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-</head>
-<body>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Your email has now been validated{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
 <p>Your email has now been validated, please return to your client. You may now close this window.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/registration_token.html b/synapse/res/templates/registration_token.html
index 59a98f564c..ee4e5295e7 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/registration_token.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/registration_token.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-<title>Authentication</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Authentication{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_matrix/static/client/register/style.css">
-</head>
-<body>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
 <form id="registrationForm" method="post" action="{{ myurl }}">
     <div>
         {% if error is defined %}
@@ -19,5 +19,4 @@
         <input type="submit" value="Authenticate" />
     </div>
 </form>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_account_deactivated.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_account_deactivated.html
index 075f801cec..b85d96cc74 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_account_deactivated.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_account_deactivated.html
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta charset="UTF-8">
-        <title>SSO account deactivated</title>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">        <style type="text/css">
-            {% include "sso.css" without context %}
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body class="error_page">
-        <header>
-            <h1>Your account has been deactivated</h1>
-            <p>
-                <strong>No account found</strong>
-            </p>
-            <p>
-                Your account might have been deactivated by the server administrator.
-                You can either try to create a new account or contact the server’s
-                administrator.
-            </p>
-        </header>
-        {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    </body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}SSO account deactivated{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<div class="error_page">
+    <header>
+        <h1>Your account has been deactivated</h1>
+        <p>
+            <strong>No account found</strong>
+        </p>
+        <p>
+            Your account might have been deactivated by the server administrator.
+            You can either try to create a new account or contact the server’s
+            administrator.
+        </p>
+    </header>
+</div>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_account_details.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_account_details.html
index 2d1db386e1..11636d7f5d 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_account_details.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_account_details.html
@@ -1,189 +1,186 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <title>Create your account</title>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <script type="text/javascript">
-      let wasKeyboard = false;
-      document.addEventListener("mousedown", function() { wasKeyboard = false; });
-      document.addEventListener("keydown", function() { wasKeyboard = true; });
-      document.addEventListener("focusin", function() {
-        if (wasKeyboard) {
-          document.body.classList.add("keyboard-focus");
-        } else {
-          document.body.classList.remove("keyboard-focus");
-        }
-      });
-    </script>
-    <style type="text/css">
-      {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Create your account{% endblock %}
 
-      body.keyboard-focus :focus, body.keyboard-focus .username_input:focus-within {
-        outline: 3px solid #17191C;
-        outline-offset: 4px;
-      }
+{% block header %}
+<script type="text/javascript">
+  let wasKeyboard = false;
+  document.addEventListener("mousedown", function() { wasKeyboard = false; });
+  document.addEventListener("keydown", function() { wasKeyboard = true; });
+  document.addEventListener("focusin", function() {
+    if (wasKeyboard) {
+      document.body.classList.add("keyboard-focus");
+    } else {
+      document.body.classList.remove("keyboard-focus");
+    }
+  });
+</script>
+<style type="text/css">
+  {% include "sso.css" without context %}
 
-      .username_input {
-        display: flex;
-        border: 2px solid #418DED;
-        border-radius: 8px;
-        padding: 12px;
-        position: relative;
-        margin: 16px 0;
-        align-items: center;
-        font-size: 12px;
-      }
+  body.keyboard-focus :focus, body.keyboard-focus .username_input:focus-within {
+    outline: 3px solid #17191C;
+    outline-offset: 4px;
+  }
 
-      .username_input.invalid {
-        border-color: #FE2928;
-      }
+  .username_input {
+    display: flex;
+    border: 2px solid #418DED;
+    border-radius: 8px;
+    padding: 12px;
+    position: relative;
+    margin: 16px 0;
+    align-items: center;
+    font-size: 12px;
+  }
 
-      .username_input.invalid input, .username_input.invalid label {
-        color: #FE2928;
-      }
+  .username_input.invalid {
+    border-color: #FE2928;
+  }
 
-      .username_input div, .username_input input {
-        line-height: 18px;
-        font-size: 14px;
-      }
+  .username_input.invalid input, .username_input.invalid label {
+    color: #FE2928;
+  }
 
-      .username_input label {
-        position: absolute;
-        top: -5px;
-        left: 14px;
-        font-size: 10px;
-        line-height: 10px;
-        background: white;
-        padding: 0 2px;
-      }
+  .username_input div, .username_input input {
+    line-height: 18px;
+    font-size: 14px;
+  }
 
-      .username_input input {
-        flex: 1;
-        display: block;
-        min-width: 0;
-        border: none;
-      }
+  .username_input label {
+    position: absolute;
+    top: -5px;
+    left: 14px;
+    font-size: 10px;
+    line-height: 10px;
+    background: white;
+    padding: 0 2px;
+  }
 
-      /* only clear the outline if we know it will be shown on the parent div using :focus-within */
-      @supports selector(:focus-within) {
-        .username_input input {
-          outline: none !important;
-        }
-      }
+  .username_input input {
+    flex: 1;
+    display: block;
+    min-width: 0;
+    border: none;
+  }
 
-      .username_input div {
-        color: #8D99A5;
-      }
+  /* only clear the outline if we know it will be shown on the parent div using :focus-within */
+  @supports selector(:focus-within) {
+    .username_input input {
+      outline: none !important;
+    }
+  }
 
-      .idp-pick-details {
-        border: 1px solid #E9ECF1;
-        border-radius: 8px;
-        margin: 24px 0;
-      }
+  .username_input div {
+    color: #8D99A5;
+  }
 
-      .idp-pick-details h2 {
-        margin: 0;
-        padding: 8px 12px;
-      }
+  .idp-pick-details {
+    border: 1px solid #E9ECF1;
+    border-radius: 8px;
+    margin: 24px 0;
+  }
 
-      .idp-pick-details .idp-detail {
-        border-top: 1px solid #E9ECF1;
-        padding: 12px;
-        display: block;
-      }
-      .idp-pick-details .check-row {
-        display: flex;
-        align-items: center;
-      }
+  .idp-pick-details h2 {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 8px 12px;
+  }
 
-      .idp-pick-details .check-row .name {
-        flex: 1;
-      }
+  .idp-pick-details .idp-detail {
+    border-top: 1px solid #E9ECF1;
+    padding: 12px;
+    display: block;
+  }
+  .idp-pick-details .check-row {
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+  }
 
-      .idp-pick-details .use, .idp-pick-details .idp-value {
-        color: #737D8C;
-      }
+  .idp-pick-details .check-row .name {
+    flex: 1;
+  }
 
-      .idp-pick-details .idp-value {
-        margin: 0;
-        margin-top: 8px;
-      }
+  .idp-pick-details .use, .idp-pick-details .idp-value {
+    color: #737D8C;
+  }
 
-      .idp-pick-details .avatar {
-        width: 53px;
-        height: 53px;
-        border-radius: 100%;
-        display: block;
-        margin-top: 8px;
-      }
+  .idp-pick-details .idp-value {
+    margin: 0;
+    margin-top: 8px;
+  }
 
-      output {
-        padding: 0 14px;
-        display: block;
-      }
+  .idp-pick-details .avatar {
+    width: 53px;
+    height: 53px;
+    border-radius: 100%;
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 8px;
+  }
 
-      output.error {
-        color: #FE2928;
-      }
-    </style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <header>
-      <h1>Create your account</h1>
-      <p>This is required. Continue to create your account on {{ server_name }}. You can't change this later.</p>
-    </header>
-    <main>
-      <form method="post" class="form__input" id="form">
-        <div class="username_input" id="username_input">
-          <label for="field-username">Username (required)</label>
-          <div class="prefix">@</div>
-          <input type="text" name="username" id="field-username" value="{{ user_attributes.localpart }}" autofocus autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="none">
-          <div class="postfix">:{{ server_name }}</div>
+  output {
+    padding: 0 14px;
+    display: block;
+  }
+
+  output.error {
+    color: #FE2928;
+  }
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<header>
+  <h1>Create your account</h1>
+  <p>This is required. Continue to create your account on {{ server_name }}. You can't change this later.</p>
+</header>
+<main>
+  <form method="post" class="form__input" id="form">
+    <div class="username_input" id="username_input">
+      <label for="field-username">Username (required)</label>
+      <div class="prefix">@</div>
+      <input type="text" name="username" id="field-username" value="{{ user_attributes.localpart }}" autofocus autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="none">
+      <div class="postfix">:{{ server_name }}</div>
+    </div>
+    <output for="username_input" id="field-username-output"></output>
+    <input type="submit" value="Continue" class="primary-button">
+    {% if user_attributes.avatar_url or user_attributes.display_name or user_attributes.emails %}
+    <section class="idp-pick-details">
+      <h2>{% if idp.idp_icon %}<img src="{{ idp.idp_icon | mxc_to_http(24, 24) }}"/>{% endif %}Optional data from {{ idp.idp_name }}</h2>
+      {% if user_attributes.avatar_url %}
+      <label class="idp-detail idp-avatar" for="idp-avatar">
+        <div class="check-row">
+          <span class="name">Avatar</span>
+          <span class="use">Use</span>
+          <input type="checkbox" name="use_avatar" id="idp-avatar" value="true" checked>
         </div>
-        <output for="username_input" id="field-username-output"></output>
-        <input type="submit" value="Continue" class="primary-button">
-        {% if user_attributes.avatar_url or user_attributes.display_name or user_attributes.emails %}
-        <section class="idp-pick-details">
-          <h2>{% if idp.idp_icon %}<img src="{{ idp.idp_icon | mxc_to_http(24, 24) }}"/>{% endif %}Optional data from {{ idp.idp_name }}</h2>
-          {% if user_attributes.avatar_url %}
-          <label class="idp-detail idp-avatar" for="idp-avatar">
-            <div class="check-row">
-              <span class="name">Avatar</span>
-              <span class="use">Use</span>
-              <input type="checkbox" name="use_avatar" id="idp-avatar" value="true" checked>
-            </div>
-            <img src="{{ user_attributes.avatar_url }}" class="avatar" />
-          </label>
-          {% endif %}
-          {% if user_attributes.display_name %}
-          <label class="idp-detail" for="idp-displayname">
-            <div class="check-row">
-              <span class="name">Display name</span>
-              <span class="use">Use</span>
-              <input type="checkbox" name="use_display_name" id="idp-displayname" value="true" checked>
-            </div>
-            <p class="idp-value">{{ user_attributes.display_name }}</p>
-          </label>
-          {% endif %}
-          {% for email in user_attributes.emails %}
-          <label class="idp-detail" for="idp-email{{ loop.index }}">
-            <div class="check-row">
-              <span class="name">E-mail</span>
-              <span class="use">Use</span>
-              <input type="checkbox" name="use_email" id="idp-email{{ loop.index }}" value="{{ email }}" checked>
-            </div>
-            <p class="idp-value">{{ email }}</p>
-          </label>
-          {% endfor %}
-        </section>
-        {% endif %}
-      </form>
-    </main>
-    {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    <script type="text/javascript">
-      {% include "sso_auth_account_details.js" without context %}
-    </script>
-  </body>
-</html>
+        <img src="{{ user_attributes.avatar_url }}" class="avatar" />
+      </label>
+      {% endif %}
+      {% if user_attributes.display_name %}
+      <label class="idp-detail" for="idp-displayname">
+        <div class="check-row">
+          <span class="name">Display name</span>
+          <span class="use">Use</span>
+          <input type="checkbox" name="use_display_name" id="idp-displayname" value="true" checked>
+        </div>
+        <p class="idp-value">{{ user_attributes.display_name }}</p>
+      </label>
+      {% endif %}
+      {% for email in user_attributes.emails %}
+      <label class="idp-detail" for="idp-email{{ loop.index }}">
+        <div class="check-row">
+          <span class="name">E-mail</span>
+          <span class="use">Use</span>
+          <input type="checkbox" name="use_email" id="idp-email{{ loop.index }}" value="{{ email }}" checked>
+        </div>
+        <p class="idp-value">{{ email }}</p>
+      </label>
+      {% endfor %}
+    </section>
+    {% endif %}
+  </form>
+</main>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+<script type="text/javascript">
+  {% include "sso_auth_account_details.js" without context %}
+</script>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_bad_user.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_bad_user.html
index 94403fc3ce..819d79a461 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_bad_user.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_bad_user.html
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta charset="UTF-8">
-        <title>Authentication failed</title>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <style type="text/css">
-            {% include "sso.css" without context %}
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body class="error_page">
-        <header>
-            <h1>That doesn't look right</h1>
-            <p>
-                <strong>We were unable to validate your {{ server_name }} account</strong>
-                via single&nbsp;sign&#8209;on&nbsp;(SSO), because the SSO Identity
-                Provider returned different details than when you logged in.
-            </p>
-            <p>
-                Try the operation again, and ensure that you use the same details on
-                the Identity Provider as when you log into your account.
-            </p>
-        </header>
-        {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    </body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Authentication failed{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<div class="error_page">
+    <header>
+        <h1>That doesn't look right</h1>
+        <p>
+            <strong>We were unable to validate your {{ server_name }} account</strong>
+            via single&nbsp;sign&#8209;on&nbsp;(SSO), because the SSO Identity
+            Provider returned different details than when you logged in.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+            Try the operation again, and ensure that you use the same details on
+            the Identity Provider as when you log into your account.
+        </p>
+    </header>
+</div>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_confirm.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_confirm.html
index aa1c974a6b..3927d6eda3 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_confirm.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_confirm.html
@@ -1,30 +1,27 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta charset="UTF-8">
-        <title>Confirm it's you</title>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <style type="text/css">
-            {% include "sso.css" without context %}
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body>
-        <header>
-            <h1>Confirm it's you to continue</h1>
-            <p>
-                A client is trying to {{ description }}. To confirm this action
-                re-authorize your account with single sign-on.
-            </p>
-            <p><strong>
-                If you did not expect this, your account may be compromised.
-            </strong></p>
-        </header>
-        <main>
-            <a href="{{ redirect_url }}" class="primary-button">
-                Continue with {{ idp.idp_name }}
-            </a>
-        </main>
-        {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    </body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Confirm it's you{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<header>
+    <h1>Confirm it's you to continue</h1>
+    <p>
+        A client is trying to {{ description }}. To confirm this action
+        re-authorize your account with single sign-on.
+    </p>
+    <p><strong>
+        If you did not expect this, your account may be compromised.
+    </strong></p>
+</header>
+<main>
+    <a href="{{ redirect_url }}" class="primary-button">
+        Continue with {{ idp.idp_name }}
+    </a>
+</main>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_success.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_success.html
index 4898af6011..afeffb7191 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_success.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_auth_success.html
@@ -1,29 +1,26 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta charset="UTF-8">
-        <title>Authentication successful</title>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <style type="text/css">
-            {% include "sso.css" without context %}
-        </style>
-        <script>
-            if (window.onAuthDone) {
-                window.onAuthDone();
-            } else if (window.opener && window.opener.postMessage) {
-                window.opener.postMessage("authDone", "*");
-            }
-        </script>
-    </head>
-    <body>
-        <header>
-            <h1>Thank you</h1>
-            <p>
-                Now we know it’s you, you can close this window and return to the
-                application.
-            </p>
-        </header>
-        {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    </body>
-</html>
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Authentication successful{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+</style>
+<script>
+    if (window.onAuthDone) {
+        window.onAuthDone();
+    } else if (window.opener && window.opener.postMessage) {
+        window.opener.postMessage("authDone", "*");
+    }
+</script>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<header>
+    <h1>Thank you</h1>
+    <p>
+        Now we know it’s you, you can close this window and return to the
+        application.
+    </p>
+</header>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_error.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_error.html
index 19992ff2ad..6fa36c11c9 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_error.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_error.html
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta charset="UTF-8">
-        <title>Authentication failed</title>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <style type="text/css">
-            {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Authentication failed{% endblock %}
 
-            #error_code {
-                margin-top: 56px;
-            }
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body class="error_page">
+{% block header %}
+{% if error == "unauthorised" %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+
+    #error_code {
+        margin-top: 56px;
+    }
+</style>
+{% endif %}
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<div class="error_page">
 {# If an error of unauthorised is returned it means we have actively rejected their login #}
 {% if error == "unauthorised" %}
         <header>
@@ -66,5 +67,5 @@
             }
         </script>
 {% endif %}
-</body>
-</html>
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_login_idp_picker.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_login_idp_picker.html
index 56fabfa3d2..58b0b3121c 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_login_idp_picker.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_login_idp_picker.html
@@ -1,63 +1,60 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <meta charset="UTF-8">
-        <title>Choose identity provider</title>
-        <style type="text/css">
-          {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Choose identity provider{% endblock %}
 
-          .providers {
-            list-style: none;
-            padding: 0;
-          }
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+  {% include "sso.css" without context %}
 
-          .providers li {
-            margin: 12px;
-          }
+  .providers {
+    list-style: none;
+    padding: 0;
+  }
 
-          .providers a {
-            display: block;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            border: 1px solid #17191C;
-            padding: 8px;
-            text-align: center;
-            text-decoration: none;
-            color: #17191C;
-            display: flex;
-            align-items: center;
-            font-weight: bold;
-          }
+  .providers li {
+    margin: 12px;
+  }
 
-          .providers a img {
-            width: 24px;
-            height: 24px;
-          }
-          .providers a span {
-            flex: 1;
-          }
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body>
-        <header>
-            <h1>Log in to {{ server_name }} </h1>
-            <p>Choose an identity provider to log in</p>
-        </header>
-        <main>
-            <ul class="providers">
-                {% for p in providers %}
-                <li>
-                    <a href="pick_idp?idp={{ p.idp_id }}&redirectUrl={{ redirect_url | urlencode }}">
-                        {% if p.idp_icon %}
-                        <img src="{{ p.idp_icon | mxc_to_http(32, 32) }}"/>
-                        {% endif %}
-                        <span>{{ p.idp_name }}</span>
-                    </a>
-                </li>
-                {% endfor %}
-            </ul>
-        </main>
-        {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    </body>
-</html>
+  .providers a {
+    display: block;
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    border: 1px solid #17191C;
+    padding: 8px;
+    text-align: center;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    color: #17191C;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    font-weight: bold;
+  }
+
+  .providers a img {
+    width: 24px;
+    height: 24px;
+  }
+  .providers a span {
+    flex: 1;
+  }
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<header>
+    <h1>Log in to {{ server_name }} </h1>
+    <p>Choose an identity provider to log in</p>
+</header>
+<main>
+    <ul class="providers">
+        {% for p in providers %}
+        <li>
+            <a href="pick_idp?idp={{ p.idp_id }}&redirectUrl={{ redirect_url | urlencode }}">
+                {% if p.idp_icon %}
+                <img src="{{ p.idp_icon | mxc_to_http(32, 32) }}"/>
+                {% endif %}
+                <span>{{ p.idp_name }}</span>
+            </a>
+        </li>
+        {% endfor %}
+    </ul>
+</main>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_new_user_consent.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_new_user_consent.html
index 523f64c4fc..fda29928d1 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_new_user_consent.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_new_user_consent.html
@@ -1,33 +1,30 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <title>Agree to terms and conditions</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <style type="text/css">
-      {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Agree to terms and conditions{% endblock %}
 
-      #consent_form {
-        margin-top: 56px;
-      }
-    </style>
-</head>
-    <body>
-        <header>
-            <h1>Your account is nearly ready</h1>
-            <p>Agree to the terms to create your account.</p>
-        </header>
-        <main>
-            {% include "sso_partial_profile.html" %}
-            <form method="post" action="{{my_url}}" id="consent_form">
-                <p>
-                    <input id="accepted_version" type="checkbox" name="accepted_version" value="{{ consent_version }}" required>
-                    <label for="accepted_version">I have read and agree to the <a href="{{ terms_url }}" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terms and conditions</a>.</label>
-                </p>
-                <input type="submit" class="primary-button" value="Continue"/>
-            </form>
-        </main>
-        {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    </body>
-</html>
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+    {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+
+    #consent_form {
+      margin-top: 56px;
+    }
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<header>
+    <h1>Your account is nearly ready</h1>
+    <p>Agree to the terms to create your account.</p>
+</header>
+<main>
+    {% include "sso_partial_profile.html" %}
+    <form method="post" action="{{my_url}}" id="consent_form">
+        <p>
+            <input id="accepted_version" type="checkbox" name="accepted_version" value="{{ consent_version }}" required>
+            <label for="accepted_version">I have read and agree to the <a href="{{ terms_url }}" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terms and conditions</a>.</label>
+        </p>
+        <input type="submit" class="primary-button" value="Continue"/>
+    </form>
+</main>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/sso_redirect_confirm.html b/synapse/res/templates/sso_redirect_confirm.html
index 1049a9bd92..cc2e7b3a5b 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/sso_redirect_confirm.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/sso_redirect_confirm.html
@@ -1,41 +1,39 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <title>Continue to your account</title>
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <style type="text/css">
-      {% include "sso.css" without context %}
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Continue to your account{% endblock %}
 
-      .confirm-trust {
-        margin: 34px 0;
-        color: #8D99A5;
-      }
-      .confirm-trust strong {
-        color: #17191C;
-      }
+{% block header %}
+<style type="text/css">
+  {% include "sso.css" without context %}
 
-      .confirm-trust::before {
-        content: "";
-        background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,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');
-        background-repeat: no-repeat;
-        width: 24px;
-        height: 24px;
-        display: block;
-        float: left;
-      }
-    </style>
-</head>
-    <body>
-        <header>
-            <h1>Continue to your account</h1>
-        </header>
-        <main>
-            {% include "sso_partial_profile.html" %}
-            <p class="confirm-trust">Continuing will grant <strong>{{ display_url }}</strong> access to your account.</p>
-            <a href="{{ redirect_url }}" class="primary-button">Continue</a>
-        </main>
-        {% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
-    </body>
-</html>
+  .confirm-trust {
+    margin: 34px 0;
+    color: #8D99A5;
+  }
+  .confirm-trust strong {
+    color: #17191C;
+  }
+
+  .confirm-trust::before {
+    content: "";
+    background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTgiIGhlaWdodD0iMTgiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOCAxOCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KPHBhdGggZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIiBjbGlwLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiIGQ9Ik0xNi41IDlDMTYuNSAxMy4xNDIxIDEzLjE0MjEgMTYuNSA5IDE2LjVDNC44NTc4NiAxNi41IDEuNSAxMy4xNDIxIDEuNSA5QzEuNSA0Ljg1Nzg2IDQuODU3ODYgMS41IDkgMS41QzEzLjE0MjEgMS41IDE2LjUgNC44NTc4NiAxNi41IDlaTTcuMjUgOUM3LjI1IDkuNDY1OTYgNy41Njg2OSA5Ljg1NzQ4IDggOS45Njg1VjEyLjM3NUM4IDEyLjkyNzMgOC40NDc3MiAxMy4zNzUgOSAxMy4zNzVIMTAuMTI1QzEwLjY3NzMgMTMuMzc1IDExLjEyNSAxMi45MjczIDExLjEyNSAxMi4zNzVDMTEuMTI1IDExLjgyMjcgMTAuNjc3MyAxMS4zNzUgMTAuMTI1IDExLjM3NUgxMFY5QzEwIDguOTY1NDggOS45OTgyNSA4LjkzMTM3IDkuOTk0ODQgOC44OTc3NkM5Ljk0MzYzIDguMzkzNSA5LjUxNzc3IDggOSA4SDguMjVDNy42OTc3MiA4IDcuMjUgOC40NDc3MiA3LjI1IDlaTTkgNy41QzkuNjIxMzIgNy41IDEwLjEyNSA2Ljk5NjMyIDEwLjEyNSA2LjM3NUMxMC4xMjUgNS43NTM2OCA5LjYyMTMyIDUuMjUgOSA1LjI1QzguMzc4NjggNS4yNSA3Ljg3NSA1Ljc1MzY4IDcuODc1IDYuMzc1QzcuODc1IDYuOTk2MzIgOC4zNzg2OCA3LjUgOSA3LjVaIiBmaWxsPSIjQzFDNkNEIi8+Cjwvc3ZnPgoK');
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    width: 24px;
+    height: 24px;
+    display: block;
+    float: left;
+  }
+</style>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<header>
+    <h1>Continue to your account</h1>
+</header>
+<main>
+    {% include "sso_partial_profile.html" %}
+    <p class="confirm-trust">Continuing will grant <strong>{{ display_url }}</strong> access to your account.</p>
+    <a href="{{ redirect_url }}" class="primary-button">Continue</a>
+</main>
+{% include "sso_footer.html" without context %}
+
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/style.css b/synapse/res/templates/style.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..097b235ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/style.css
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+html {
+    height: 100%;
+}
+
+body {
+    background: #f9fafb;
+    max-width: 680px;
+    margin: auto;
+    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
+}
+
+.mx_Header {
+    border-bottom: 3px solid #ddd;
+    margin-bottom: 1rem;
+    padding-top: 1rem;
+    padding-bottom: 1rem;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+@media screen and (max-width: 1120px) {
+    body {
+        font-size: 20px;
+    }
+
+    h1 { font-size: 1rem; }
+    h2 { font-size: .9rem; }
+    h3 { font-size: .85rem; }
+    h4 { font-size: .8rem; }
+}
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/terms.html b/synapse/res/templates/terms.html
index 2081d990ab..ffabebdd8b 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/terms.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/terms.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Authentication</title>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+{% extends "_base.html" %}
+{% block title %}Authentication{% endblock %}
+
+{% block header %}
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_matrix/static/client/register/style.css">
-</head>
-<body>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
 <form id="registrationForm" method="post" action="{{ myurl }}">
     <div>
         {% if error is defined %}
@@ -19,5 +19,4 @@
         <input type="submit" value="Agree" />
     </div>
 </form>
-</body>
-</html>
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/synapse/rest/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
index 9a2ab99ede..28542cd774 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from synapse.rest.client import (
     receipts,
     register,
     relations,
+    rendezvous,
     report_event,
     room,
     room_batch,
@@ -132,3 +133,4 @@ class ClientRestResource(JsonResource):
         # unstable
         mutual_rooms.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
         login_token_request.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
+        rendezvous.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py
index 885669f9c7..c62ea22116 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ from synapse.rest.admin.users import (
     ShadowBanRestServlet,
     UserAdminServlet,
     UserByExternalId,
+    UserByThreePid,
     UserMembershipRestServlet,
     UserRegisterServlet,
     UserRestServletV2,
@@ -277,6 +278,7 @@ def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
     RoomMessagesRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
     RoomTimestampToEventRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
     UserByExternalId(hs).register(http_server)
+    UserByThreePid(hs).register(http_server)
 
     # Some servlets only get registered for the main process.
     if hs.config.worker.worker_app is None:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/admin/users.py b/synapse/rest/admin/users.py
index 1274773d7e..6e0c44be2a 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/users.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/users.py
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ class UsersRestServletV2(RestServlet):
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
         self.admin_handler = hs.get_admin_handler()
+        self._msc3866_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
 
     async def on_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         await assert_requester_is_admin(self.auth, request)
@@ -95,6 +96,13 @@ class UsersRestServletV2(RestServlet):
         guests = parse_boolean(request, "guests", default=True)
         deactivated = parse_boolean(request, "deactivated", default=False)
 
+        # If support for MSC3866 is not enabled, apply no filtering based on the
+        # `approved` column.
+        if self._msc3866_enabled:
+            approved = parse_boolean(request, "approved", default=True)
+        else:
+            approved = True
+
         order_by = parse_string(
             request,
             "order_by",
@@ -115,8 +123,22 @@ class UsersRestServletV2(RestServlet):
         direction = parse_string(request, "dir", default="f", allowed_values=("f", "b"))
 
         users, total = await self.store.get_users_paginate(
-            start, limit, user_id, name, guests, deactivated, order_by, direction
+            start,
+            limit,
+            user_id,
+            name,
+            guests,
+            deactivated,
+            order_by,
+            direction,
+            approved,
         )
+
+        # If support for MSC3866 is not enabled, don't show the approval flag.
+        if not self._msc3866_enabled:
+            for user in users:
+                del user["approved"]
+
         ret = {"users": users, "total": total}
         if (start + limit) < total:
             ret["next_token"] = str(start + len(users))
@@ -163,6 +185,7 @@ class UserRestServletV2(RestServlet):
         self.deactivate_account_handler = hs.get_deactivate_account_handler()
         self.registration_handler = hs.get_registration_handler()
         self.pusher_pool = hs.get_pusherpool()
+        self._msc3866_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
 
     async def on_GET(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, user_id: str
@@ -239,6 +262,15 @@ class UserRestServletV2(RestServlet):
                 HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "'deactivated' parameter is not of type boolean"
             )
 
+        approved: Optional[bool] = None
+        if "approved" in body and self._msc3866_enabled:
+            approved = body["approved"]
+            if not isinstance(approved, bool):
+                raise SynapseError(
+                    HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
+                    "'approved' parameter is not of type boolean",
+                )
+
         # convert List[Dict[str, str]] into List[Tuple[str, str]]
         if external_ids is not None:
             new_external_ids = [
@@ -343,6 +375,9 @@ class UserRestServletV2(RestServlet):
             if "user_type" in body:
                 await self.store.set_user_type(target_user, user_type)
 
+            if approved is not None:
+                await self.store.update_user_approval_status(target_user, approved)
+
             user = await self.admin_handler.get_user(target_user)
             assert user is not None
 
@@ -355,6 +390,10 @@ class UserRestServletV2(RestServlet):
             if password is not None:
                 password_hash = await self.auth_handler.hash(password)
 
+            new_user_approved = True
+            if self._msc3866_enabled and approved is not None:
+                new_user_approved = approved
+
             user_id = await self.registration_handler.register_user(
                 localpart=target_user.localpart,
                 password_hash=password_hash,
@@ -362,6 +401,7 @@ class UserRestServletV2(RestServlet):
                 default_display_name=displayname,
                 user_type=user_type,
                 by_admin=True,
+                approved=new_user_approved,
             )
 
             if threepids is not None:
@@ -550,6 +590,7 @@ class UserRegisterServlet(RestServlet):
             user_type=user_type,
             default_display_name=displayname,
             by_admin=True,
+            approved=True,
         )
 
         result = await register._create_registration_details(user_id, body)
@@ -862,8 +903,9 @@ class PushersRestServlet(RestServlet):
         @user:server/pushers
 
     Returns:
-        pushers: Dictionary containing pushers information.
-        total: Number of pushers in dictionary `pushers`.
+        A dictionary with keys:
+            pushers: Dictionary containing pushers information.
+            total: Number of pushers in dictionary `pushers`.
     """
 
     PATTERNS = admin_patterns("/users/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/pushers$")
@@ -1183,3 +1225,28 @@ class UserByExternalId(RestServlet):
             raise NotFoundError("User not found")
 
         return HTTPStatus.OK, {"user_id": user_id}
+
+
+class UserByThreePid(RestServlet):
+    """Find a user based on 3PID of a particular medium"""
+
+    PATTERNS = admin_patterns("/threepid/(?P<medium>[^/]*)/users/(?P<address>[^/]*)")
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self._auth = hs.get_auth()
+        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main
+
+    async def on_GET(
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        medium: str,
+        address: str,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
+        await assert_requester_is_admin(self._auth, request)
+
+        user_id = await self._store.get_user_id_by_threepid(medium, address)
+
+        if user_id is None:
+            raise NotFoundError("User not found")
+
+        return HTTPStatus.OK, {"user_id": user_id}
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/capabilities.py b/synapse/rest/client/capabilities.py
index 4237071c61..e84dde31b1 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/capabilities.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/capabilities.py
@@ -77,6 +77,11 @@ class CapabilitiesRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 "enabled": True,
             }
 
+        if self.config.experimental.msc3664_enabled:
+            response["capabilities"]["im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match"] = {
+                "enabled": self.config.experimental.msc3664_enabled,
+            }
+
         return HTTPStatus.OK, response
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/devices.py b/synapse/rest/client/devices.py
index ed6ce78d47..8f3cbd4ea2 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/devices.py
@@ -14,18 +14,21 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pydantic import Extra, StrictStr
 
 from synapse.api import errors
 from synapse.api.errors import NotFoundError
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
 from synapse.http.servlet import (
     RestServlet,
-    assert_params_in_dict,
-    parse_json_object_from_request,
+    parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request,
 )
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns, interactive_auth_handler
+from synapse.rest.client.models import AuthenticationData
+from synapse.rest.models import RequestBodyModel
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -80,27 +83,29 @@ class DeleteDevicesRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
         self.auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
 
+    class PostBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        auth: Optional[AuthenticationData]
+        devices: List[StrictStr]
+
     @interactive_auth_handler
     async def on_POST(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         try:
-            body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
+            body = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PostBody)
         except errors.SynapseError as e:
             if e.errcode == errors.Codes.NOT_JSON:
-                # DELETE
+                # TODO: Can/should we remove this fallback now?
                 # deal with older clients which didn't pass a JSON dict
                 # the same as those that pass an empty dict
-                body = {}
+                body = self.PostBody.parse_obj({})
             else:
                 raise e
 
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, ["devices"])
-
         await self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
             requester,
             request,
-            body,
+            body.dict(exclude_unset=True),
             "remove device(s) from your account",
             # Users might call this multiple times in a row while cleaning up
             # devices, allow a single UI auth session to be re-used.
@@ -108,7 +113,7 @@ class DeleteDevicesRestServlet(RestServlet):
         )
 
         await self.device_handler.delete_devices(
-            requester.user.to_string(), body["devices"]
+            requester.user.to_string(), body.devices
         )
         return 200, {}
 
@@ -147,6 +152,9 @@ class DeviceRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         return 200, device
 
+    class DeleteBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        auth: Optional[AuthenticationData]
+
     @interactive_auth_handler
     async def on_DELETE(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, device_id: str
@@ -154,20 +162,21 @@ class DeviceRestServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         try:
-            body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
+            body = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.DeleteBody)
 
         except errors.SynapseError as e:
             if e.errcode == errors.Codes.NOT_JSON:
+                # TODO: can/should we remove this fallback now?
                 # deal with older clients which didn't pass a JSON dict
                 # the same as those that pass an empty dict
-                body = {}
+                body = self.DeleteBody.parse_obj({})
             else:
                 raise
 
         await self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
             requester,
             request,
-            body,
+            body.dict(exclude_unset=True),
             "remove a device from your account",
             # Users might call this multiple times in a row while cleaning up
             # devices, allow a single UI auth session to be re-used.
@@ -179,18 +188,33 @@ class DeviceRestServlet(RestServlet):
         )
         return 200, {}
 
+    class PutBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        display_name: Optional[StrictStr]
+
     async def on_PUT(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, device_id: str
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
-        body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
+        body = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PutBody)
         await self.device_handler.update_device(
-            requester.user.to_string(), device_id, body
+            requester.user.to_string(), device_id, body.dict()
         )
         return 200, {}
 
 
+class DehydratedDeviceDataModel(RequestBodyModel):
+    """JSON blob describing a dehydrated device to be stored.
+
+    Expects other freeform fields. Use .dict() to access them.
+    """
+
+    class Config:
+        extra = Extra.allow
+
+    algorithm: StrictStr
+
+
 class DehydratedDeviceServlet(RestServlet):
     """Retrieve or store a dehydrated device.
 
@@ -207,7 +231,7 @@ class DehydratedDeviceServlet(RestServlet):
       }
     }
 
-    PUT /org.matrix.msc2697/dehydrated_device
+    PUT /org.matrix.msc2697.v2/dehydrated_device
     Content-Type: application/json
 
     {
@@ -246,27 +270,18 @@ class DehydratedDeviceServlet(RestServlet):
         else:
             raise errors.NotFoundError("No dehydrated device available")
 
-    async def on_PUT(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
-        submission = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    class PutBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        device_data: DehydratedDeviceDataModel
+        initial_device_display_name: Optional[StrictStr]
 
-        if "device_data" not in submission:
-            raise errors.SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "device_data missing",
-                errcode=errors.Codes.MISSING_PARAM,
-            )
-        elif not isinstance(submission["device_data"], dict):
-            raise errors.SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "device_data must be an object",
-                errcode=errors.Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
-            )
+    async def on_PUT(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
+        submission = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PutBody)
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         device_id = await self.device_handler.store_dehydrated_device(
             requester.user.to_string(),
-            submission["device_data"],
-            submission.get("initial_device_display_name", None),
+            submission.device_data.dict(),
+            submission.initial_device_display_name,
         )
         return 200, {"device_id": device_id}
 
@@ -300,28 +315,18 @@ class ClaimDehydratedDeviceServlet(RestServlet):
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
         self.device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
 
+    class PostBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        device_id: StrictStr
+
     async def on_POST(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        submission = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-
-        if "device_id" not in submission:
-            raise errors.SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "device_id missing",
-                errcode=errors.Codes.MISSING_PARAM,
-            )
-        elif not isinstance(submission["device_id"], str):
-            raise errors.SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "device_id must be a string",
-                errcode=errors.Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
-            )
+        submission = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PostBody)
 
         result = await self.device_handler.rehydrate_device(
             requester.user.to_string(),
             self.auth.get_access_token_from_request(request),
-            submission["device_id"],
+            submission.device_id,
         )
 
         return 200, result
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/directory.py b/synapse/rest/client/directory.py
index bc1b18c92d..f17b4c8d22 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/directory.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/directory.py
@@ -13,15 +13,22 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pydantic import StrictStr
+from typing_extensions import Literal
 
 from twisted.web.server import Request
 
 from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, Codes, NotFoundError, SynapseError
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
-from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_json_object_from_request
+from synapse.http.servlet import (
+    RestServlet,
+    parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request,
+)
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
+from synapse.rest.models import RequestBodyModel
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, RoomAlias
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -54,6 +61,12 @@ class ClientDirectoryServer(RestServlet):
 
         return 200, res
 
+    class PutBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        # TODO: get Pydantic to validate that this is a valid room id?
+        room_id: StrictStr
+        # `servers` is unspecced
+        servers: Optional[List[StrictStr]] = None
+
     async def on_PUT(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, room_alias: str
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
@@ -61,31 +74,22 @@ class ClientDirectoryServer(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "Room alias invalid", errcode=Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
         room_alias_obj = RoomAlias.from_string(room_alias)
 
-        content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        if "room_id" not in content:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400, 'Missing params: ["room_id"]', errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON
-            )
+        content = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PutBody)
 
         logger.debug("Got content: %s", content)
         logger.debug("Got room name: %s", room_alias_obj.to_string())
 
-        room_id = content["room_id"]
-        servers = content["servers"] if "servers" in content else None
+        logger.debug("Got room_id: %s", content.room_id)
+        logger.debug("Got servers: %s", content.servers)
 
-        logger.debug("Got room_id: %s", room_id)
-        logger.debug("Got servers: %s", servers)
-
-        # TODO(erikj): Check types.
-
-        room = await self.store.get_room(room_id)
+        room = await self.store.get_room(content.room_id)
         if room is None:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Room does not exist")
 
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         await self.directory_handler.create_association(
-            requester, room_alias_obj, room_id, servers
+            requester, room_alias_obj, content.room_id, content.servers
         )
 
         return 200, {}
@@ -137,16 +141,18 @@ class ClientDirectoryListServer(RestServlet):
 
         return 200, {"visibility": "public" if room["is_public"] else "private"}
 
+    class PutBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        visibility: Literal["public", "private"] = "public"
+
     async def on_PUT(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, room_id: str
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        visibility = content.get("visibility", "public")
+        content = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PutBody)
 
         await self.directory_handler.edit_published_room_list(
-            requester, room_id, visibility
+            requester, room_id, content.visibility
         )
 
         return 200, {}
@@ -163,12 +169,14 @@ class ClientAppserviceDirectoryListServer(RestServlet):
         self.directory_handler = hs.get_directory_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
+    class PutBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        visibility: Literal["public", "private"] = "public"
+
     async def on_PUT(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, network_id: str, room_id: str
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
-        content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        visibility = content.get("visibility", "public")
-        return await self._edit(request, network_id, room_id, visibility)
+        content = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PutBody)
+        return await self._edit(request, network_id, room_id, content.visibility)
 
     async def on_DELETE(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, network_id: str, room_id: str
@@ -176,7 +184,11 @@ class ClientAppserviceDirectoryListServer(RestServlet):
         return await self._edit(request, network_id, room_id, "private")
 
     async def _edit(
-        self, request: SynapseRequest, network_id: str, room_id: str, visibility: str
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        network_id: str,
+        room_id: str,
+        visibility: Literal["public", "private"],
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         if not requester.app_service:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/events.py b/synapse/rest/client/events.py
index 916f5230f1..782e7d14e8 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/events.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/events.py
@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ class EventStreamRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Guest users must specify room_id param")
         room_id = parse_string(request, "room_id")
 
-        pagin_config = await PaginationConfig.from_request(self.store, request)
+        pagin_config = await PaginationConfig.from_request(
+            self.store, request, default_limit=10
+        )
         timeout = EventStreamRestServlet.DEFAULT_LONGPOLL_TIME_MS
         if b"timeout" in args:
             try:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/initial_sync.py b/synapse/rest/client/initial_sync.py
index cfadcb8e50..9b1bb8b521 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/initial_sync.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/initial_sync.py
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ class InitialSyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         args: Dict[bytes, List[bytes]] = request.args  # type: ignore
         as_client_event = b"raw" not in args
-        pagination_config = await PaginationConfig.from_request(self.store, request)
+        pagination_config = await PaginationConfig.from_request(
+            self.store, request, default_limit=10
+        )
         include_archived = parse_boolean(request, "archived", default=False)
         content = await self.initial_sync_handler.snapshot_all_rooms(
             user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/keys.py b/synapse/rest/client/keys.py
index 420383c0dc..bb6a3ef9e5 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/keys.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/keys.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
 )
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.tracing import log_kv, set_attribute
+from synapse.replication.http.devices import ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns, interactive_auth_handler
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, StreamToken
 from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
@@ -43,24 +44,48 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
     Content-Type: application/json
 
     {
-      "device_keys": {
-        "user_id": "<user_id>",
-        "device_id": "<device_id>",
-        "valid_until_ts": <millisecond_timestamp>,
-        "algorithms": [
-          "m.olm.curve25519-aes-sha2",
-        ]
-        "keys": {
-          "<algorithm>:<device_id>": "<key_base64>",
+        "device_keys": {
+            "user_id": "<user_id>",
+            "device_id": "<device_id>",
+            "valid_until_ts": <millisecond_timestamp>,
+            "algorithms": [
+                "m.olm.curve25519-aes-sha2",
+            ]
+            "keys": {
+                "<algorithm>:<device_id>": "<key_base64>",
+            },
+            "signatures:" {
+                "<user_id>" {
+                    "<algorithm>:<device_id>": "<signature_base64>"
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "fallback_keys": {
+            "<algorithm>:<device_id>": "<key_base64>",
+            "signed_<algorithm>:<device_id>": {
+                "fallback": true,
+                "key": "<key_base64>",
+                "signatures": {
+                    "<user_id>": {
+                        "<algorithm>:<device_id>": "<key_base64>"
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        "one_time_keys": {
+            "<algorithm>:<key_id>": "<key_base64>"
         },
-        "signatures:" {
-          "<user_id>" {
-            "<algorithm>:<device_id>": "<signature_base64>"
-      } } },
-      "one_time_keys": {
-        "<algorithm>:<key_id>": "<key_base64>"
-      },
     }
+
+    response, e.g.:
+
+    {
+        "one_time_key_counts": {
+            "curve25519": 10,
+            "signed_curve25519": 20
+        }
+    }
+
     """
 
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/keys/upload(/(?P<device_id>[^/]+))?$")
@@ -71,6 +96,13 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
         self.e2e_keys_handler = hs.get_e2e_keys_handler()
         self.device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
 
+        if hs.config.worker.worker_app is None:
+            # if main process
+            self.key_uploader = self.e2e_keys_handler.upload_keys_for_user
+        else:
+            # then a worker
+            self.key_uploader = ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+
     async def on_POST(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, device_id: Optional[str]
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
@@ -109,8 +141,8 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
                 400, "To upload keys, you must pass device_id when authenticating"
             )
 
-        result = await self.e2e_keys_handler.upload_keys_for_user(
-            user_id, device_id, body
+        result = await self.key_uploader(
+            user_id=user_id, device_id=device_id, keys=body
         )
         return 200, result
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/login.py b/synapse/rest/client/login.py
index 0437c87d8d..8adced41e5 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/login.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/login.py
@@ -28,7 +28,14 @@ from typing import (
 
 from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
-from synapse.api.errors import Codes, InvalidClientTokenError, LoginError, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.constants import ApprovalNoticeMedium
+from synapse.api.errors import (
+    Codes,
+    InvalidClientTokenError,
+    LoginError,
+    NotApprovedError,
+    SynapseError,
+)
 from synapse.api.ratelimiting import Ratelimiter
 from synapse.api.urls import CLIENT_API_PREFIX
 from synapse.appservice import ApplicationService
@@ -55,11 +62,11 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class LoginResponse(TypedDict, total=False):
     user_id: str
-    access_token: str
+    access_token: Optional[str]
     home_server: str
     expires_in_ms: Optional[int]
     refresh_token: Optional[str]
-    device_id: str
+    device_id: Optional[str]
     well_known: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
 
 
@@ -92,6 +99,12 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             hs.config.registration.refreshable_access_token_lifetime is not None
         )
 
+        # Whether we need to check if the user has been approved or not.
+        self._require_approval = (
+            hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
+            and hs.config.experimental.msc3866.require_approval_for_new_accounts
+        )
+
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
@@ -220,6 +233,14 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         except KeyError:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Missing JSON keys.")
 
+        if self._require_approval:
+            approved = await self.auth_handler.is_user_approved(result["user_id"])
+            if not approved:
+                raise NotApprovedError(
+                    msg="This account is pending approval by a server administrator.",
+                    approval_notice_medium=ApprovalNoticeMedium.NONE,
+                )
+
         well_known_data = self._well_known_builder.get_well_known()
         if well_known_data:
             result["well_known"] = well_known_data
@@ -329,7 +350,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             auth_provider_session_id: The session ID got during login from the SSO IdP.
 
         Returns:
-            result: Dictionary of account information after successful login.
+            Dictionary of account information after successful login.
         """
 
         # Before we actually log them in we check if they've already logged in
@@ -356,6 +377,16 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 errcode=Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
             )
 
+        if self._require_approval:
+            approved = await self.auth_handler.is_user_approved(user_id)
+            if not approved:
+                # If the user isn't approved (and needs to be) we won't allow them to
+                # actually log in, so we don't want to create a device/access token.
+                return LoginResponse(
+                    user_id=user_id,
+                    home_server=self.hs.hostname,
+                )
+
         initial_display_name = login_submission.get("initial_device_display_name")
         (
             device_id,
@@ -405,8 +436,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             The body of the JSON response.
         """
         token = login_submission["token"]
-        auth_handler = self.auth_handler
-        res = await auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(token)
+        res = await self.auth_handler.consume_login_token(token)
 
         return await self._complete_login(
             res.user_id,
@@ -506,7 +536,7 @@ def _get_auth_flow_dict_for_idp(idp: SsoIdentityProvider) -> JsonDict:
 
 
 class RefreshTokenServlet(RestServlet):
-    PATTERNS = (re.compile("^/_matrix/client/v1/refresh$"),)
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/refresh$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
         self._auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/login_token_request.py b/synapse/rest/client/login_token_request.py
index ca5c54bf17..43ea21d5e6 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/login_token_request.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/login_token_request.py
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServlet(RestServlet):
     }
     """
 
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/login/token$")
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
+        "/org.matrix.msc3882/login/token$", releases=[], v1=False, unstable=True
+    )
 
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
         super().__init__()
@@ -55,7 +57,6 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
         self.server_name = hs.config.server.server_name
-        self.macaroon_gen = hs.get_macaroon_generator()
         self.auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
         self.token_timeout = hs.config.experimental.msc3882_token_timeout
         self.ui_auth = hs.config.experimental.msc3882_ui_auth
@@ -74,10 +75,10 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServlet(RestServlet):
                 can_skip_ui_auth=False,  # Don't allow skipping of UI auth
             )
 
-        login_token = self.macaroon_gen.generate_short_term_login_token(
+        login_token = await self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(
             user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
             auth_provider_id="org.matrix.msc3882.login_token_request",
-            duration_in_ms=self.token_timeout,
+            duration_ms=self.token_timeout,
         )
 
         return (
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/receipts.py b/synapse/rest/client/receipts.py
index f3ff156abe..18a282b22c 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/receipts.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 import logging
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Tuple
 
-from synapse.api.constants import ReceiptTypes
-from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
+from synapse.api.constants import MAIN_TIMELINE, ReceiptTypes
+from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
 from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_json_object_from_request
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ class ReceiptRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.receipts_handler = hs.get_receipts_handler()
         self.read_marker_handler = hs.get_read_marker_handler()
         self.presence_handler = hs.get_presence_handler()
+        self._main_store = hs.get_datastores().main
 
         self._known_receipt_types = {
             ReceiptTypes.READ,
             ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE,
             ReceiptTypes.FULLY_READ,
         }
-        self._msc3771_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3771_enabled
 
     async def on_POST(
         self, request: SynapseRequest, room_id: str, receipt_type: str, event_id: str
@@ -66,13 +66,29 @@ class ReceiptRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         # Pull the thread ID, if one exists.
         thread_id = None
-        if self._msc3771_enabled:
-            if "thread_id" in body:
-                thread_id = body.get("thread_id")
-                if not thread_id or not isinstance(thread_id, str):
-                    raise SynapseError(
-                        400, "thread_id field must be a non-empty string"
-                    )
+        if "thread_id" in body:
+            thread_id = body.get("thread_id")
+            if not thread_id or not isinstance(thread_id, str):
+                raise SynapseError(
+                    400,
+                    "thread_id field must be a non-empty string",
+                    Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
+                )
+
+            if receipt_type == ReceiptTypes.FULLY_READ:
+                raise SynapseError(
+                    400,
+                    f"thread_id is not compatible with {ReceiptTypes.FULLY_READ} receipts.",
+                    Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
+                )
+
+            # Ensure the event ID roughly correlates to the thread ID.
+            if not await self._is_event_in_thread(event_id, thread_id):
+                raise SynapseError(
+                    400,
+                    f"event_id {event_id} is not related to thread {thread_id}",
+                    Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
+                )
 
         await self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
 
@@ -93,6 +109,46 @@ class ReceiptRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         return 200, {}
 
+    async def _is_event_in_thread(self, event_id: str, thread_id: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        The event must be related to the thread ID (in a vague sense) to ensure
+        clients aren't sending bogus receipts.
+
+        A thread ID is considered valid for a given event E if:
+
+        1. E has a thread relation which matches the thread ID;
+        2. E has another event which has a thread relation to E matching the
+           thread ID; or
+        3. E is recursively related (via any rel_type) to an event which
+           satisfies 1 or 2.
+
+        Given the following DAG:
+
+            A <---[m.thread]-- B <--[m.annotation]-- C
+            ^
+            |--[m.reference]-- D <--[m.annotation]-- E
+
+        It is valid to send a receipt for thread A on A, B, C, D, or E.
+
+        It is valid to send a receipt for the main timeline on A, D, and E.
+
+        Args:
+            event_id: The event ID to check.
+            thread_id: The thread ID the event is potentially part of.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the event belongs to the given thread, otherwise False.
+        """
+
+        # If the receipt is on the main timeline, it is enough to check whether
+        # the event is directly related to a thread.
+        if thread_id == MAIN_TIMELINE:
+            return MAIN_TIMELINE == await self._main_store.get_thread_id(event_id)
+
+        # Otherwise, check if the event is directly part of a thread, or is the
+        # root message (or related to the root message) of a thread.
+        return thread_id == await self._main_store.get_thread_id_for_receipts(event_id)
+
 
 def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
     ReceiptRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/register.py b/synapse/rest/client/register.py
index 20bab20c8f..de810ae3ec 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/register.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/register.py
@@ -21,10 +21,15 @@ from twisted.web.server import Request
 import synapse
 import synapse.api.auth
 import synapse.types
-from synapse.api.constants import APP_SERVICE_REGISTRATION_TYPE, LoginType
+from synapse.api.constants import (
+    APP_SERVICE_REGISTRATION_TYPE,
+    ApprovalNoticeMedium,
+    LoginType,
+)
 from synapse.api.errors import (
     Codes,
     InteractiveAuthIncompleteError,
+    NotApprovedError,
     SynapseError,
     ThreepidValidationError,
     UnrecognizedRequestError,
@@ -414,6 +419,11 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
             hs.config.registration.inhibit_user_in_use_error
         )
 
+        self._require_approval = (
+            hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
+            and hs.config.experimental.msc3866.require_approval_for_new_accounts
+        )
+
         self._registration_flows = _calculate_registration_flows(
             hs.config, self.auth_handler
         )
@@ -734,6 +744,12 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 access_token=return_dict.get("access_token"),
             )
 
+            if self._require_approval:
+                raise NotApprovedError(
+                    msg="This account needs to be approved by an administrator before it can be used.",
+                    approval_notice_medium=ApprovalNoticeMedium.NONE,
+                )
+
         return 200, return_dict
 
     async def _do_appservice_registration(
@@ -778,7 +794,9 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
             "user_id": user_id,
             "home_server": self.hs.hostname,
         }
-        if not params.get("inhibit_login", False):
+        # We don't want to log the user in if we're going to deny them access because
+        # they need to be approved first.
+        if not params.get("inhibit_login", False) and not self._require_approval:
             device_id = params.get("device_id")
             initial_display_name = params.get("initial_device_display_name")
             (
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/relations.py b/synapse/rest/client/relations.py
index ce97080013..9dd59196d9 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/relations.py
@@ -13,13 +13,17 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
+import re
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Tuple
 
+from synapse.handlers.relations import ThreadsListInclude
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
 from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_integer, parse_string
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
-from synapse.types import JsonDict, StreamToken
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.relations import ThreadsNextBatch
+from synapse.streams.config import PaginationConfig
+from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -41,9 +45,8 @@ class RelationPaginationServlet(RestServlet):
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
         super().__init__()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
-        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main
         self._relations_handler = hs.get_relations_handler()
-        self._msc3715_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3715_enabled
 
     async def on_GET(
         self,
@@ -55,37 +58,63 @@ class RelationPaginationServlet(RestServlet):
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
-        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=5)
-        if self._msc3715_enabled:
-            direction = parse_string(
-                request,
-                "org.matrix.msc3715.dir",
-                default="b",
-                allowed_values=["f", "b"],
-            )
-        else:
-            direction = "b"
-        from_token_str = parse_string(request, "from")
-        to_token_str = parse_string(request, "to")
+        pagination_config = await PaginationConfig.from_request(
+            self._store, request, default_limit=5, default_dir="b"
+        )
+
+        # The unstable version of this API returns an extra field for client
+        # compatibility, see https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/12930.
+        assert request.path is not None
+        include_original_event = request.path.startswith(b"/_matrix/client/unstable/")
 
         # Return the relations
-        from_token = None
-        if from_token_str:
-            from_token = await StreamToken.from_string(self.store, from_token_str)
-        to_token = None
-        if to_token_str:
-            to_token = await StreamToken.from_string(self.store, to_token_str)
-
         result = await self._relations_handler.get_relations(
             requester=requester,
             event_id=parent_id,
             room_id=room_id,
+            pagin_config=pagination_config,
+            include_original_event=include_original_event,
             relation_type=relation_type,
             event_type=event_type,
+        )
+
+        return 200, result
+
+
+class ThreadsServlet(RestServlet):
+    PATTERNS = (re.compile("^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/threads"),)
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self._relations_handler = hs.get_relations_handler()
+
+    async def on_GET(
+        self, request: SynapseRequest, room_id: str
+    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+
+        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=5)
+        from_token_str = parse_string(request, "from")
+        include = parse_string(
+            request,
+            "include",
+            default=ThreadsListInclude.all.value,
+            allowed_values=[v.value for v in ThreadsListInclude],
+        )
+
+        # Return the relations
+        from_token = None
+        if from_token_str:
+            from_token = ThreadsNextBatch.from_string(from_token_str)
+
+        result = await self._relations_handler.get_threads(
+            requester=requester,
+            room_id=room_id,
+            include=ThreadsListInclude(include),
             limit=limit,
-            direction=direction,
             from_token=from_token,
-            to_token=to_token,
         )
 
         return 200, result
@@ -93,3 +122,4 @@ class RelationPaginationServlet(RestServlet):
 
 def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
     RelationPaginationServlet(hs).register(http_server)
+    ThreadsServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/rendezvous.py b/synapse/rest/client/rendezvous.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89176b1ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/rendezvous.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import logging
+from http.client import TEMPORARY_REDIRECT
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+from synapse.http.server import HttpServer, respond_with_redirect
+from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
+from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class RendezvousServlet(RestServlet):
+    """
+    This is a placeholder implementation of [MSC3886](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3886)
+    simple client rendezvous capability that is used by the "Sign in with QR" functionality.
+
+    This implementation only serves as a 307 redirect to a configured server rather than being a full implementation.
+
+    A module that implements the full functionality is available at: https://pypi.org/project/matrix-http-rendezvous-synapse/.
+
+    Request:
+
+    POST /rendezvous HTTP/1.1
+    Content-Type: ...
+
+    ...
+
+    Response:
+
+    HTTP/1.1 307
+    Location: <configured endpoint>
+    """
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
+        "/org.matrix.msc3886/rendezvous$", releases=[], v1=False, unstable=True
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__()
+        redirection_target: Optional[str] = hs.config.experimental.msc3886_endpoint
+        assert (
+            redirection_target is not None
+        ), "Servlet is only registered if there is a redirection target"
+        self.endpoint = redirection_target.encode("utf-8")
+
+    async def on_POST(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
+        respond_with_redirect(
+            request, self.endpoint, statusCode=TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, cors=True
+        )
+
+    # PUT, GET and DELETE are not implemented as they should be fulfilled by the redirect target.
+
+
+def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
+    if hs.config.experimental.msc3886_endpoint is not None:
+        RendezvousServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/room.py b/synapse/rest/client/room.py
index 5f3c7ee46c..cd9679ce1a 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/room.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/room.py
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable, run_in_background
 from synapse.logging.tracing import set_attribute
+from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
 from synapse.rest.client.transactions import HttpTransactionCache
 from synapse.storage.state import StateFilter
@@ -268,15 +269,9 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        event_dict = {
-            "type": event_type,
-            "content": content,
-            "room_id": room_id,
-            "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
-        }
-
-        if state_key is not None:
-            event_dict["state_key"] = state_key
+        origin_server_ts = None
+        if requester.app_service:
+            origin_server_ts = parse_integer(request, "ts")
 
         try:
             if event_type == EventTypes.Member:
@@ -287,8 +282,22 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
                     room_id=room_id,
                     action=membership,
                     content=content,
+                    origin_server_ts=origin_server_ts,
                 )
             else:
+                event_dict: JsonDict = {
+                    "type": event_type,
+                    "content": content,
+                    "room_id": room_id,
+                    "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                }
+
+                if state_key is not None:
+                    event_dict["state_key"] = state_key
+
+                if origin_server_ts is not None:
+                    event_dict["origin_server_ts"] = origin_server_ts
+
                 (
                     event,
                     _,
@@ -333,10 +342,10 @@ class RoomSendEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
             "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
         }
 
-        # Twisted will have processed the args by now.
-        assert request.args is not None
-        if b"ts" in request.args and requester.app_service:
-            event_dict["origin_server_ts"] = parse_integer(request, "ts", 0)
+        if requester.app_service:
+            origin_server_ts = parse_integer(request, "ts")
+            if origin_server_ts is not None:
+                event_dict["origin_server_ts"] = origin_server_ts
 
         try:
             (
@@ -721,7 +730,9 @@ class RoomInitialSyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self, request: SynapseRequest, room_id: str
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
-        pagination_config = await PaginationConfig.from_request(self.store, request)
+        pagination_config = await PaginationConfig.from_request(
+            self.store, request, default_limit=10
+        )
         content = await self.initial_sync_handler.room_initial_sync(
             room_id=room_id, requester=requester, pagin_config=pagination_config
         )
@@ -1019,6 +1030,8 @@ class RoomRedactEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         super().__init__(hs)
         self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+        self._relation_handler = hs.get_relations_handler()
+        self._msc3912_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3912_enabled
 
     def register(self, http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
         PATTERNS = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/redact/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)"
@@ -1035,20 +1048,46 @@ class RoomRedactEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         try:
-            (
-                event,
-                _,
-            ) = await self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-                requester,
-                {
-                    "type": EventTypes.Redaction,
-                    "content": content,
-                    "room_id": room_id,
-                    "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
-                    "redacts": event_id,
-                },
-                txn_id=txn_id,
-            )
+            with_relations = None
+            if self._msc3912_enabled and "org.matrix.msc3912.with_relations" in content:
+                with_relations = content["org.matrix.msc3912.with_relations"]
+                del content["org.matrix.msc3912.with_relations"]
+
+            # Check if there's an existing event for this transaction now (even though
+            # create_and_send_nonmember_event also does it) because, if there's one,
+            # then we want to skip the call to redact_events_related_to.
+            event = None
+            if txn_id:
+                event = await self.event_creation_handler.get_event_from_transaction(
+                    requester, txn_id, room_id
+                )
+
+            if event is None:
+                (
+                    event,
+                    _,
+                ) = await self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+                    requester,
+                    {
+                        "type": EventTypes.Redaction,
+                        "content": content,
+                        "room_id": room_id,
+                        "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                        "redacts": event_id,
+                    },
+                    txn_id=txn_id,
+                )
+
+                if with_relations:
+                    run_as_background_process(
+                        "redact_related_events",
+                        self._relation_handler.redact_events_related_to,
+                        requester=requester,
+                        event_id=event_id,
+                        initial_redaction_event=event,
+                        relation_types=with_relations,
+                    )
+
             event_id = event.event_id
         except ShadowBanError:
             event_id = "$" + random_string(43)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/room_batch.py b/synapse/rest/client/room_batch.py
index dd91dabedd..10be4a781b 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/room_batch.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/room_batch.py
@@ -108,6 +108,13 @@ class RoomBatchSendEventRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 errcode=Codes.MISSING_PARAM,
             )
 
+        if await self.store.is_partial_state_room(room_id):
+            raise SynapseError(
+                HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
+                "Cannot insert history batches until we have fully joined the room",
+                errcode=Codes.UNABLE_DUE_TO_PARTIAL_STATE,
+            )
+
         # Verify the batch_id_from_query corresponds to an actual insertion event
         # and have the batch connected.
         if batch_id_from_query:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/sync.py b/synapse/rest/client/sync.py
index 5ddb08eb2f..a044593e31 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/sync.py
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self._server_notices_sender = hs.get_server_notices_sender()
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
         self._msc2654_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc2654_enabled
+        self._msc3773_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3773_enabled
 
     async def on_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         # This will always be set by the time Twisted calls us.
@@ -145,12 +146,12 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         elif filter_id.startswith("{"):
             try:
                 filter_object = json_decoder.decode(filter_id)
-                set_timeline_upper_limit(
-                    filter_object, self.hs.config.server.filter_timeline_limit
-                )
             except Exception:
-                raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid filter JSON")
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid filter JSON", errcode=Codes.NOT_JSON)
             self.filtering.check_valid_filter(filter_object)
+            set_timeline_upper_limit(
+                filter_object, self.hs.config.server.filter_timeline_limit
+            )
             filter_collection = FilterCollection(self.hs, filter_object)
         else:
             try:
@@ -509,6 +510,12 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
             ephemeral_events = room.ephemeral
             result["ephemeral"] = {"events": ephemeral_events}
             result["unread_notifications"] = room.unread_notifications
+            if room.unread_thread_notifications:
+                result["unread_thread_notifications"] = room.unread_thread_notifications
+                if self._msc3773_enabled:
+                    result[
+                        "org.matrix.msc3773.unread_thread_notifications"
+                    ] = room.unread_thread_notifications
             result["summary"] = room.summary
             if self._msc2654_enabled:
                 result["org.matrix.msc2654.unread_count"] = room.unread_count
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/versions.py b/synapse/rest/client/versions.py
index c95b0d6f19..180a11ef88 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/versions.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/versions.py
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ class VersionsRestServlet(RestServlet):
                     "r0.6.1",
                     "v1.1",
                     "v1.2",
+                    "v1.3",
+                    "v1.4",
                 ],
                 # as per MSC1497:
                 "unstable_features": {
@@ -103,14 +105,22 @@ class VersionsRestServlet(RestServlet):
                     "org.matrix.msc3030": self.config.experimental.msc3030_enabled,
                     # Adds support for thread relations, per MSC3440.
                     "org.matrix.msc3440.stable": True,  # TODO: remove when "v1.3" is added above
-                    # Support for thread read receipts.
-                    "org.matrix.msc3771": self.config.experimental.msc3771_enabled,
+                    # Support for thread read receipts & notification counts.
+                    "org.matrix.msc3771": True,
+                    "org.matrix.msc3773": self.config.experimental.msc3773_enabled,
                     # Allows moderators to fetch redacted event content as described in MSC2815
                     "fi.mau.msc2815": self.config.experimental.msc2815_enabled,
                     # Adds support for login token requests as per MSC3882
                     "org.matrix.msc3882": self.config.experimental.msc3882_enabled,
                     # Adds support for remotely enabling/disabling pushers, as per MSC3881
                     "org.matrix.msc3881": self.config.experimental.msc3881_enabled,
+                    # Adds support for filtering /messages by event relation.
+                    "org.matrix.msc3874": self.config.experimental.msc3874_enabled,
+                    # Adds support for simple HTTP rendezvous as per MSC3886
+                    "org.matrix.msc3886": self.config.experimental.msc3886_endpoint
+                    is not None,
+                    # Adds support for relation-based redactions as per MSC3912.
+                    "org.matrix.msc3912": self.config.experimental.msc3912_enabled,
                 },
             },
         )
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v2/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/key/v2/__init__.py
index 7f8c1de1ff..26403facb8 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v2/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/key/v2/__init__.py
@@ -14,17 +14,20 @@
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from twisted.web.resource import Resource
-
-from .local_key_resource import LocalKey
-from .remote_key_resource import RemoteKey
+from synapse.http.server import HttpServer, JsonResource
+from synapse.rest.key.v2.local_key_resource import LocalKey
+from synapse.rest.key.v2.remote_key_resource import RemoteKey
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.server import HomeServer
 
 
-class KeyApiV2Resource(Resource):
+class KeyResource(JsonResource):
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
-        Resource.__init__(self)
-        self.putChild(b"server", LocalKey(hs))
-        self.putChild(b"query", RemoteKey(hs))
+        super().__init__(hs, canonical_json=True)
+        self.register_servlets(self, hs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def register_servlets(http_server: HttpServer, hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
+        LocalKey(hs).register(http_server)
+        RemoteKey(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py b/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py
index 0c9f042c84..d03e728d42 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py
@@ -13,16 +13,15 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+import re
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Tuple
 
-from canonicaljson import encode_canonical_json
 from signedjson.sign import sign_json
 from unpaddedbase64 import encode_base64
 
-from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 from twisted.web.server import Request
 
-from synapse.http.server import respond_with_json_bytes
+from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class LocalKey(Resource):
+class LocalKey(RestServlet):
     """HTTP resource containing encoding the TLS X.509 certificate and NACL
     signature verification keys for this server::
 
@@ -61,18 +60,17 @@ class LocalKey(Resource):
         }
     """
 
-    isLeaf = True
+    PATTERNS = (re.compile("^/_matrix/key/v2/server(/(?P<key_id>[^/]*))?$"),)
 
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
         self.config = hs.config
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
         self.update_response_body(self.clock.time_msec())
-        Resource.__init__(self)
 
     def update_response_body(self, time_now_msec: int) -> None:
         refresh_interval = self.config.key.key_refresh_interval
         self.valid_until_ts = int(time_now_msec + refresh_interval)
-        self.response_body = encode_canonical_json(self.response_json_object())
+        self.response_body = self.response_json_object()
 
     def response_json_object(self) -> JsonDict:
         verify_keys = {}
@@ -99,9 +97,11 @@ class LocalKey(Resource):
             json_object = sign_json(json_object, self.config.server.server_name, key)
         return json_object
 
-    def render_GET(self, request: Request) -> Optional[int]:
+    def on_GET(
+        self, request: Request, key_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
         # Update the expiry time if less than half the interval remains.
         if time_now + self.config.key.key_refresh_interval / 2 > self.valid_until_ts:
             self.update_response_body(time_now)
-        return respond_with_json_bytes(request, 200, self.response_body)
+        return 200, self.response_body
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py b/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py
index 7f8ad29566..19820886f5 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py
@@ -13,15 +13,20 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Set
+import re
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Optional, Set, Tuple
 
 from signedjson.sign import sign_json
 
-from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
+from twisted.web.server import Request
+
 from synapse.crypto.keyring import ServerKeyFetcher
-from synapse.http.server import DirectServeJsonResource, respond_with_json
-from synapse.http.servlet import parse_integer, parse_json_object_from_request
-from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
+from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
+from synapse.http.servlet import (
+    RestServlet,
+    parse_integer,
+    parse_json_object_from_request,
+)
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import yieldable_gather_results
@@ -32,7 +37,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class RemoteKey(DirectServeJsonResource):
+class RemoteKey(RestServlet):
     """HTTP resource for retrieving the TLS certificate and NACL signature
     verification keys for a collection of servers. Checks that the reported
     X.509 TLS certificate matches the one used in the HTTPS connection. Checks
@@ -88,11 +93,7 @@ class RemoteKey(DirectServeJsonResource):
     }
     """
 
-    isLeaf = True
-
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
-        super().__init__()
-
         self.fetcher = ServerKeyFetcher(hs)
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
@@ -101,36 +102,48 @@ class RemoteKey(DirectServeJsonResource):
         )
         self.config = hs.config
 
-    async def _async_render_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
-        assert request.postpath is not None
-        if len(request.postpath) == 1:
-            (server,) = request.postpath
-            query: dict = {server.decode("ascii"): {}}
-        elif len(request.postpath) == 2:
-            server, key_id = request.postpath
+    def register(self, http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "GET",
+            (
+                re.compile(
+                    "^/_matrix/key/v2/query/(?P<server>[^/]*)(/(?P<key_id>[^/]*))?$"
+                ),
+            ),
+            self.on_GET,
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+        )
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "POST",
+            (re.compile("^/_matrix/key/v2/query$"),),
+            self.on_POST,
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+        )
+
+    async def on_GET(
+        self, request: Request, server: str, key_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
+        if server and key_id:
             minimum_valid_until_ts = parse_integer(request, "minimum_valid_until_ts")
             arguments = {}
             if minimum_valid_until_ts is not None:
                 arguments["minimum_valid_until_ts"] = minimum_valid_until_ts
-            query = {server.decode("ascii"): {key_id.decode("ascii"): arguments}}
+            query = {server: {key_id: arguments}}
         else:
-            raise SynapseError(404, "Not found %r" % request.postpath, Codes.NOT_FOUND)
+            query = {server: {}}
 
-        await self.query_keys(request, query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=True)
+        return 200, await self.query_keys(query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=True)
 
-    async def _async_render_POST(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
+    async def on_POST(self, request: Request) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         query = content["server_keys"]
 
-        await self.query_keys(request, query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=True)
+        return 200, await self.query_keys(query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=True)
 
     async def query_keys(
-        self,
-        request: SynapseRequest,
-        query: JsonDict,
-        query_remote_on_cache_miss: bool = False,
-    ) -> None:
+        self, query: JsonDict, query_remote_on_cache_miss: bool = False
+    ) -> JsonDict:
         logger.info("Handling query for keys %r", query)
 
         store_queries = []
@@ -232,7 +245,7 @@ class RemoteKey(DirectServeJsonResource):
                     for server_name, keys in cache_misses.items()
                 ),
             )
-            await self.query_keys(request, query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=False)
+            return await self.query_keys(query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=False)
         else:
             signed_keys = []
             for key_json_raw in json_results:
@@ -244,6 +257,4 @@ class RemoteKey(DirectServeJsonResource):
 
                 signed_keys.append(key_json)
 
-            response = {"server_keys": signed_keys}
-
-            respond_with_json(request, 200, response, canonical_json=True)
+            return {"server_keys": signed_keys}
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
index 328c0c5477..40b0d39eb2 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
@@ -344,8 +344,8 @@ class MediaRepository:
         download from remote server.
 
         Args:
-            server_name (str): Remote server_name where the media originated.
-            media_id (str): The media ID of the content (as defined by the
+            server_name: Remote server_name where the media originated.
+            media_id: The media ID of the content (as defined by the
                 remote server).
 
         Returns:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/oembed.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/oembed.py
index 2177b46c9e..827afd868d 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/oembed.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/oembed.py
@@ -139,66 +139,73 @@ class OEmbedProvider:
         try:
             # oEmbed responses *must* be UTF-8 according to the spec.
             oembed = json_decoder.decode(raw_body.decode("utf-8"))
+        except ValueError:
+            return OEmbedResult({}, None, None)
 
-            # The version is a required string field, but not always provided,
-            # or sometimes provided as a float. Be lenient.
-            oembed_version = oembed.get("version", "1.0")
-            if oembed_version != "1.0" and oembed_version != 1:
-                raise RuntimeError(f"Invalid oEmbed version: {oembed_version}")
+        # The version is a required string field, but not always provided,
+        # or sometimes provided as a float. Be lenient.
+        oembed_version = oembed.get("version", "1.0")
+        if oembed_version != "1.0" and oembed_version != 1:
+            return OEmbedResult({}, None, None)
 
-            # Ensure the cache age is None or an int.
-            cache_age = oembed.get("cache_age")
-            if cache_age:
-                cache_age = int(cache_age) * 1000
-
-            # The results.
-            open_graph_response = {
-                "og:url": url,
-            }
-
-            title = oembed.get("title")
-            if title:
-                open_graph_response["og:title"] = title
-
-            author_name = oembed.get("author_name")
-
-            # Use the provider name and as the site.
-            provider_name = oembed.get("provider_name")
-            if provider_name:
-                open_graph_response["og:site_name"] = provider_name
-
-            # If a thumbnail exists, use it. Note that dimensions will be calculated later.
-            if "thumbnail_url" in oembed:
-                open_graph_response["og:image"] = oembed["thumbnail_url"]
-
-            # Process each type separately.
-            oembed_type = oembed["type"]
-            if oembed_type == "rich":
-                calc_description_and_urls(open_graph_response, oembed["html"])
-
-            elif oembed_type == "photo":
-                # If this is a photo, use the full image, not the thumbnail.
-                open_graph_response["og:image"] = oembed["url"]
-
-            elif oembed_type == "video":
-                open_graph_response["og:type"] = "video.other"
-                calc_description_and_urls(open_graph_response, oembed["html"])
-                open_graph_response["og:video:width"] = oembed["width"]
-                open_graph_response["og:video:height"] = oembed["height"]
-
-            elif oembed_type == "link":
-                open_graph_response["og:type"] = "website"
-
-            else:
-                raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown oEmbed type: {oembed_type}")
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            # Trap any exception and let the code follow as usual.
-            logger.warning("Error parsing oEmbed metadata from %s: %r", url, e)
-            open_graph_response = {}
-            author_name = None
+        # Attempt to parse the cache age, if possible.
+        try:
+            cache_age = int(oembed.get("cache_age")) * 1000
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            # If the cache age cannot be parsed (e.g. wrong type or invalid
+            # string), ignore it.
             cache_age = None
 
+        # The oEmbed response converted to Open Graph.
+        open_graph_response: JsonDict = {"og:url": url}
+
+        title = oembed.get("title")
+        if title and isinstance(title, str):
+            open_graph_response["og:title"] = title
+
+        author_name = oembed.get("author_name")
+        if not isinstance(author_name, str):
+            author_name = None
+
+        # Use the provider name and as the site.
+        provider_name = oembed.get("provider_name")
+        if provider_name and isinstance(provider_name, str):
+            open_graph_response["og:site_name"] = provider_name
+
+        # If a thumbnail exists, use it. Note that dimensions will be calculated later.
+        thumbnail_url = oembed.get("thumbnail_url")
+        if thumbnail_url and isinstance(thumbnail_url, str):
+            open_graph_response["og:image"] = thumbnail_url
+
+        # Process each type separately.
+        oembed_type = oembed.get("type")
+        if oembed_type == "rich":
+            html = oembed.get("html")
+            if isinstance(html, str):
+                calc_description_and_urls(open_graph_response, html)
+
+        elif oembed_type == "photo":
+            # If this is a photo, use the full image, not the thumbnail.
+            url = oembed.get("url")
+            if url and isinstance(url, str):
+                open_graph_response["og:image"] = url
+
+        elif oembed_type == "video":
+            open_graph_response["og:type"] = "video.other"
+            html = oembed.get("html")
+            if html and isinstance(html, str):
+                calc_description_and_urls(open_graph_response, oembed["html"])
+            for size in ("width", "height"):
+                val = oembed.get(size)
+                if val is not None and isinstance(val, int):
+                    open_graph_response[f"og:video:{size}"] = val
+
+        elif oembed_type == "link":
+            open_graph_response["og:type"] = "website"
+
+        else:
+            logger.warning("Unknown oEmbed type: %s", oembed_type)
+
         return OEmbedResult(open_graph_response, author_name, cache_age)
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py
index 9b93b9b4f6..a48a4de92a 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class Thumbnailer:
         """Rescales the image to the given dimensions.
 
         Returns:
-            BytesIO: the bytes of the encoded image ready to be written to disk
+            The bytes of the encoded image ready to be written to disk
         """
         with self._resize(width, height) as scaled:
             return self._encode_image(scaled, output_type)
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class Thumbnailer:
             max_height: The largest possible height.
 
         Returns:
-            BytesIO: the bytes of the encoded image ready to be written to disk
+            The bytes of the encoded image ready to be written to disk
         """
         if width * self.height > height * self.width:
             scaled_width = width
diff --git a/synapse/rest/synapse/client/new_user_consent.py b/synapse/rest/synapse/client/new_user_consent.py
index 1c1c7b3613..22784157e6 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/synapse/client/new_user_consent.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/synapse/client/new_user_consent.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.handlers.sso import get_username_mapping_session_cookie_from_request
 from synapse.http.server import DirectServeHtmlResource, respond_with_html
 from synapse.http.servlet import parse_string
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.types import UserID
 from synapse.util.templates import build_jinja_env
 
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ class NewUserConsentResource(DirectServeHtmlResource):
         html = template.render(template_params)
         respond_with_html(request, 200, html)
 
-    async def _async_render_POST(self, request: Request) -> None:
+    async def _async_render_POST(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
         try:
             session_id = get_username_mapping_session_cookie_from_request(request)
         except SynapseError as e:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/synapse/client/oidc/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/synapse/client/oidc/__init__.py
index 81fec39659..e4b28ce3df 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/synapse/client/oidc/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/synapse/client/oidc/__init__.py
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 
+from synapse.rest.synapse.client.oidc.backchannel_logout_resource import (
+    OIDCBackchannelLogoutResource,
+)
 from synapse.rest.synapse.client.oidc.callback_resource import OIDCCallbackResource
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -29,6 +32,7 @@ class OIDCResource(Resource):
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
         Resource.__init__(self)
         self.putChild(b"callback", OIDCCallbackResource(hs))
+        self.putChild(b"backchannel_logout", OIDCBackchannelLogoutResource(hs))
 
 
 __all__ = ["OIDCResource"]
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/filtering.py b/synapse/rest/synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout_resource.py
similarity index 52%
rename from synapse/replication/slave/storage/filtering.py
rename to synapse/rest/synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout_resource.py
index c52679cd60..e07e76855a 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/filtering.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout_resource.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -12,24 +12,24 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import logging
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore
-from synapse.storage.database import DatabasePool, LoggingDatabaseConnection
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.filtering import FilteringStore
+from synapse.http.server import DirectServeJsonResource
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.server import HomeServer
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-class SlavedFilteringStore(SQLBaseStore):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        database: DatabasePool,
-        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
-        hs: "HomeServer",
-    ):
-        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
 
-    # Filters are immutable so this cache doesn't need to be expired
-    get_user_filter = FilteringStore.__dict__["get_user_filter"]
+class OIDCBackchannelLogoutResource(DirectServeJsonResource):
+    isLeaf = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._oidc_handler = hs.get_oidc_handler()
+
+    async def _async_render_POST(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
+        await self._oidc_handler.handle_backchannel_logout(request)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/well_known.py b/synapse/rest/well_known.py
index 6f7ac54c65..e2174fdfea 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/well_known.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/well_known.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 from twisted.web.server import Request
 
 from synapse.http.server import set_cors_headers
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util import json_encoder
 from synapse.util.stringutils import parse_server_name
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ class ClientWellKnownResource(Resource):
         Resource.__init__(self)
         self._well_known_builder = WellKnownBuilder(hs)
 
-    def render_GET(self, request: Request) -> bytes:
+    def render_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> bytes:
         set_cors_headers(request)
         r = self._well_known_builder.get_well_known()
         if not r:
diff --git a/synapse/server.py b/synapse/server.py
index df3a1cb405..f0a60d0056 100644
--- a/synapse/server.py
+++ b/synapse/server.py
@@ -221,8 +221,6 @@ class HomeServer(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     # instantiated during setup() for future return by get_datastores()
     DATASTORE_CLASS = abc.abstractproperty()
 
-    tls_server_context_factory: Optional[IOpenSSLContextFactory]
-
     def __init__(
         self,
         hostname: str,
@@ -258,6 +256,9 @@ class HomeServer(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         self._module_web_resources: Dict[str, Resource] = {}
         self._module_web_resources_consumed = False
 
+        # This attribute is set by the free function `refresh_certificate`.
+        self.tls_server_context_factory: Optional[IOpenSSLContextFactory] = None
+
     def register_module_web_resource(self, path: str, resource: Resource) -> None:
         """Allows a module to register a web resource to be served at the given path.
 
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ class HomeServer(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         if self.config.worker.run_background_tasks:
             self.setup_background_tasks()
 
-    def start_listening(self) -> None:
+    def start_listening(self) -> None:  # noqa: B027 (no-op by design)
         """Start the HTTP, manhole, metrics, etc listeners
 
         Does nothing in this base class; overridden in derived classes to start the
diff --git a/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py b/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py
index 698ca742ed..94025ba41f 100644
--- a/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py
+++ b/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py
@@ -113,9 +113,8 @@ def copy_with_str_subst(x: Any, substitutions: Any) -> Any:
     """Deep-copy a structure, carrying out string substitutions on any strings
 
     Args:
-        x (object): structure to be copied
-        substitutions (object): substitutions to be made - passed into the
-            string '%' operator
+        x: structure to be copied
+        substitutions: substitutions to be made - passed into the string '%' operator
 
     Returns:
         copy of x
diff --git a/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py b/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py
index 3134cd2d3d..a31a2c99a7 100644
--- a/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py
+++ b/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py
@@ -170,11 +170,13 @@ class ResourceLimitsServerNotices:
             room_id: The room id of the server notices room
 
         Returns:
-            bool: Is the room currently blocked
-            list: The list of pinned event IDs that are unrelated to limit blocking
-            This list can be used as a convenience in the case where the block
-            is to be lifted and the remaining pinned event references need to be
-            preserved
+            Tuple of:
+                Is the room currently blocked
+
+                The list of pinned event IDs that are unrelated to limit blocking
+                This list can be used as a convenience in the case where the block
+                is to be lifted and the remaining pinned event references need to be
+                preserved
         """
         currently_blocked = False
         pinned_state_event = None
diff --git a/synapse/state/__init__.py b/synapse/state/__init__.py
index 3787d35b24..833ffec3de 100644
--- a/synapse/state/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/state/__init__.py
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ class StateHandler:
         room_id: str,
         event_ids: Collection[str],
         state_filter: Optional[StateFilter] = None,
+        await_full_state: bool = True,
     ) -> StateMap[str]:
         """Fetch the state after each of the given event IDs. Resolve them and return.
 
@@ -200,13 +201,18 @@ class StateHandler:
         Args:
             room_id: the room_id containing the given events.
             event_ids: the events whose state should be fetched and resolved.
+            await_full_state: if `True`, will block if we do not yet have complete state
+                at the given `event_id`s, regardless of whether `state_filter` is
+                satisfied by partial state.
 
         Returns:
             the state dict (a mapping from (event_type, state_key) -> event_id) which
             holds the resolution of the states after the given event IDs.
         """
         logger.debug("calling resolve_state_groups from compute_state_after_events")
-        ret = await self.resolve_state_groups_for_events(room_id, event_ids)
+        ret = await self.resolve_state_groups_for_events(
+            room_id, event_ids, await_full_state
+        )
         return await ret.get_state(self._state_storage_controller, state_filter)
 
     async def get_current_user_ids_in_room(
@@ -420,6 +426,69 @@ class StateHandler:
             partial_state=partial_state,
         )
 
+    async def compute_event_context_for_batched(
+        self,
+        event: EventBase,
+        state_ids_before_event: StateMap[str],
+        current_state_group: int,
+    ) -> EventContext:
+        """
+        Generate an event context for an event that has not yet been persisted to the
+        database. Intended for use with events that are created to be persisted in a batch.
+        Args:
+            event: the event the context is being computed for
+            state_ids_before_event: a state map consisting of the state ids of the events
+            created prior to this event.
+            current_state_group: the current state group before the event.
+        """
+        state_group_before_event_prev_group = None
+        deltas_to_state_group_before_event = None
+
+        state_group_before_event = current_state_group
+
+        # if the event is not state, we are set
+        if not event.is_state():
+            return EventContext.with_state(
+                storage=self._storage_controllers,
+                state_group_before_event=state_group_before_event,
+                state_group=state_group_before_event,
+                state_delta_due_to_event={},
+                prev_group=state_group_before_event_prev_group,
+                delta_ids=deltas_to_state_group_before_event,
+                partial_state=False,
+            )
+
+        # otherwise, we'll need to create a new state group for after the event
+        key = (event.type, event.state_key)
+
+        if state_ids_before_event is not None:
+            replaces = state_ids_before_event.get(key)
+
+        if replaces and replaces != event.event_id:
+            event.unsigned["replaces_state"] = replaces
+
+        delta_ids = {key: event.event_id}
+
+        state_group_after_event = (
+            await self._state_storage_controller.store_state_group(
+                event.event_id,
+                event.room_id,
+                prev_group=state_group_before_event,
+                delta_ids=delta_ids,
+                current_state_ids=None,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return EventContext.with_state(
+            storage=self._storage_controllers,
+            state_group=state_group_after_event,
+            state_group_before_event=state_group_before_event,
+            state_delta_due_to_event=delta_ids,
+            prev_group=state_group_before_event,
+            delta_ids=delta_ids,
+            partial_state=False,
+        )
+
     @measure_func()
     async def resolve_state_groups_for_events(
         self, room_id: str, event_ids: Collection[str], await_full_state: bool = True
diff --git a/synapse/storage/_base.py b/synapse/storage/_base.py
index 313e8aca7d..69abf6fa87 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/_base.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class SQLBaseStore(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
         self.external_cached_functions: Dict[str, CachedFunction] = {}
 
-    def process_replication_rows(
+    def process_replication_rows(  # noqa: B027 (no-op by design)
         self,
         stream_name: str,
         instance_name: str,
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ class SQLBaseStore(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache(
                 "get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering", (user_id,)
             )
+            self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_rooms_for_user", (user_id,))
 
         # Purge other caches based on room state.
         self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_room_summary", (room_id,))
diff --git a/synapse/storage/controllers/persist_events.py b/synapse/storage/controllers/persist_events.py
index bde7a6648a..c893a4f0df 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/controllers/persist_events.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/controllers/persist_events.py
@@ -205,9 +205,8 @@ class _EventPeristenceQueue(Generic[_PersistResult]):
         process to to so, calling the per_item_callback for each item.
 
         Args:
-            room_id (str):
-            task (_EventPersistQueueTask): A _PersistEventsTask or
-                _UpdateCurrentStateTask to process.
+            room_id:
+            task: A _PersistEventsTask or _UpdateCurrentStateTask to process.
 
         Returns:
             the result returned by the `_per_item_callback` passed to
@@ -427,16 +426,18 @@ class EventsPersistenceStorageController:
         for d in ret_vals:
             replaced_events.update(d)
 
-        events = []
+        persisted_events = []
         for event, _ in events_and_contexts:
             existing_event_id = replaced_events.get(event.event_id)
             if existing_event_id:
-                events.append(await self.main_store.get_event(existing_event_id))
+                persisted_events.append(
+                    await self.main_store.get_event(existing_event_id)
+                )
             else:
-                events.append(event)
+                persisted_events.append(event)
 
         return (
-            events,
+            persisted_events,
             self.main_store.get_room_max_token(),
         )
 
@@ -602,11 +603,6 @@ class EventsPersistenceStorageController:
             # room
             state_delta_for_room: Dict[str, DeltaState] = {}
 
-            # Set of remote users which were in rooms the server has left or who may
-            # have left rooms the server is in. We should check if we still share any
-            # rooms and if not we mark their device lists as stale.
-            potentially_left_users: Set[str] = set()
-
             if not backfilled:
                 with Measure(self._clock, "_calculate_state_and_extrem"):
                     # Work out the new "current state" for each room.
@@ -720,29 +716,11 @@ class EventsPersistenceStorageController:
                                 room_id,
                                 ev_ctx_rm,
                                 delta,
-                                current_state,
-                                potentially_left_users,
                             )
                             if not is_still_joined:
                                 logger.info("Server no longer in room %s", room_id)
-                                latest_event_ids = set()
-                                current_state = {}
                                 delta.no_longer_in_room = True
 
-                            # Add all remote users that might have left rooms.
-                            potentially_left_users.update(
-                                user_id
-                                for event_type, user_id in delta.to_delete
-                                if event_type == EventTypes.Member
-                                and not self.is_mine_id(user_id)
-                            )
-                            potentially_left_users.update(
-                                user_id
-                                for event_type, user_id in delta.to_insert.keys()
-                                if event_type == EventTypes.Member
-                                and not self.is_mine_id(user_id)
-                            )
-
                             state_delta_for_room[room_id] = delta
 
             await self.persist_events_store._persist_events_and_state_updates(
@@ -753,8 +731,6 @@ class EventsPersistenceStorageController:
                 inhibit_local_membership_updates=backfilled,
             )
 
-            await self._handle_potentially_left_users(potentially_left_users)
-
         return replaced_events
 
     async def _calculate_new_extremities(
@@ -1130,8 +1106,6 @@ class EventsPersistenceStorageController:
         room_id: str,
         ev_ctx_rm: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]],
         delta: DeltaState,
-        current_state: Optional[StateMap[str]],
-        potentially_left_users: Set[str],
     ) -> bool:
         """Check if the server will still be joined after the given events have
         been persised.
@@ -1141,11 +1115,6 @@ class EventsPersistenceStorageController:
             ev_ctx_rm
             delta: The delta of current state between what is in the database
                 and what the new current state will be.
-            current_state: The new current state if it already been calculated,
-                otherwise None.
-            potentially_left_users: If the server has left the room, then joined
-                remote users will be added to this set to indicate that the
-                server may no longer be sharing a room with them.
         """
 
         if not any(
@@ -1199,45 +1168,4 @@ class EventsPersistenceStorageController:
         ):
             return True
 
-        # The server will leave the room, so we go and find out which remote
-        # users will still be joined when we leave.
-        if current_state is None:
-            current_state = await self.main_store.get_partial_current_state_ids(room_id)
-            current_state = dict(current_state)
-            for key in delta.to_delete:
-                current_state.pop(key, None)
-
-            current_state.update(delta.to_insert)
-
-        remote_event_ids = [
-            event_id
-            for (
-                typ,
-                state_key,
-            ), event_id in current_state.items()
-            if typ == EventTypes.Member and not self.is_mine_id(state_key)
-        ]
-        members = await self.main_store.get_membership_from_event_ids(remote_event_ids)
-        potentially_left_users.update(
-            member.user_id
-            for member in members.values()
-            if member and member.membership == Membership.JOIN
-        )
-
         return False
-
-    async def _handle_potentially_left_users(self, user_ids: Set[str]) -> None:
-        """Given a set of remote users check if the server still shares a room with
-        them. If not then mark those users' device cache as stale.
-        """
-
-        if not user_ids:
-            return
-
-        joined_users = await self.main_store.get_users_server_still_shares_room_with(
-            user_ids
-        )
-        left_users = user_ids - joined_users
-
-        for user_id in left_users:
-            await self.main_store.mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed(user_id)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/controllers/state.py b/synapse/storage/controllers/state.py
index b4f055fb60..263b26e345 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/controllers/state.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/controllers/state.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from typing import (
     List,
     Mapping,
     Optional,
-    Sequence,
+    Set,
     Tuple,
 )
 
@@ -529,7 +529,18 @@ class StateStorageController:
         )
         return state_map.get(key)
 
-    async def get_current_hosts_in_room(self, room_id: str) -> List[str]:
+    async def get_current_hosts_in_room(self, room_id: str) -> Set[str]:
+        """Get current hosts in room based on current state.
+
+        Blocks until we have full state for the given room. This only happens for rooms
+        with partial state.
+        """
+
+        await self._partial_state_room_tracker.await_full_state(room_id)
+
+        return await self.stores.main.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
+
+    async def get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered(self, room_id: str) -> List[str]:
         """Get current hosts in room based on current state.
 
         Blocks until we have full state for the given room. This only happens for rooms
@@ -542,11 +553,11 @@ class StateStorageController:
 
         await self._partial_state_room_tracker.await_full_state(room_id)
 
-        return await self.stores.main.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
+        return await self.stores.main.get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered(room_id)
 
     async def get_current_hosts_in_room_or_partial_state_approximation(
         self, room_id: str
-    ) -> Sequence[str]:
+    ) -> Collection[str]:
         """Get approximation of current hosts in room based on current state.
 
         For rooms with full state, this is equivalent to `get_current_hosts_in_room`,
@@ -566,14 +577,9 @@ class StateStorageController:
         )
 
         hosts_from_state = await self.stores.main.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
-        hosts_from_state_set = set(hosts_from_state)
 
-        # First take the list of hosts based on the current state.
-        # For rooms with partial state, this will be missing most hosts.
-        hosts = list(hosts_from_state)
-        # Then add in the list of hosts in the room at the time we joined.
-        # This will be an empty list for rooms with full state.
-        hosts.extend(host for host in hosts_at_join if host not in hosts_from_state_set)
+        hosts = set(hosts_at_join)
+        hosts.update(hosts_from_state)
 
         return hosts
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/database.py b/synapse/storage/database.py
index a00f8dcd21..174d18cc2a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/database.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/database.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ UNIQUE_INDEX_BACKGROUND_UPDATES = {
     "event_search": "event_search_event_id_idx",
     "local_media_repository_thumbnails": "local_media_repository_thumbnails_method_idx",
     "remote_media_cache_thumbnails": "remote_media_repository_thumbnails_method_idx",
-    "event_push_summary": "event_push_summary_unique_index",
+    "event_push_summary": "event_push_summary_unique_index2",
     "receipts_linearized": "receipts_linearized_unique_index",
     "receipts_graph": "receipts_graph_unique_index",
 }
@@ -290,8 +290,7 @@ class LoggingTransaction:
         # LoggingTransaction isn't expecting there to be any callbacks; assert that
         # is not the case.
         assert self.after_callbacks is not None
-        # type-ignore: need mypy containing https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668
-        self.after_callbacks.append((callback, args, kwargs))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.after_callbacks.append((callback, args, kwargs))
 
     def async_call_after(
         self, callback: Callable[P, Awaitable], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs
@@ -312,8 +311,7 @@ class LoggingTransaction:
         # LoggingTransaction isn't expecting there to be any callbacks; assert that
         # is not the case.
         assert self.async_after_callbacks is not None
-        # type-ignore: need mypy containing https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668
-        self.async_after_callbacks.append((callback, args, kwargs))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.async_after_callbacks.append((callback, args, kwargs))
 
     def call_on_exception(
         self, callback: Callable[P, object], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs
@@ -331,8 +329,7 @@ class LoggingTransaction:
         # LoggingTransaction isn't expecting there to be any callbacks; assert that
         # is not the case.
         assert self.exception_callbacks is not None
-        # type-ignore: need mypy containing https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668
-        self.exception_callbacks.append((callback, args, kwargs))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.exception_callbacks.append((callback, args, kwargs))
 
     def fetchone(self) -> Optional[Tuple]:
         return self.txn.fetchone()
@@ -421,10 +418,7 @@ class LoggingTransaction:
         sql = self.database_engine.convert_param_style(sql)
         if args:
             try:
-                # The type-ignore should be redundant once mypy releases a version with
-                # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668. (`args` might be empty,
-                # (but we'll catch the index error if so.)
-                sql_logger.debug("[SQL values] {%s} %r", self.name, args[0])  # type: ignore[index]
+                sql_logger.debug("[SQL values] {%s} %r", self.name, args[0])
             except Exception:
                 # Don't let logging failures stop SQL from working
                 pass
@@ -575,15 +569,15 @@ class DatabasePool:
             retcols=["update_name"],
             desc="check_background_updates",
         )
-        updates = [x["update_name"] for x in updates]
+        background_update_names = [x["update_name"] for x in updates]
 
         for table, update_name in UNIQUE_INDEX_BACKGROUND_UPDATES.items():
-            if update_name not in updates:
+            if update_name not in background_update_names:
                 logger.debug("Now safe to upsert in %s", table)
                 self._unsafe_to_upsert_tables.discard(table)
 
         # If there's any updates still running, reschedule to run.
-        if updates:
+        if background_update_names:
             self._clock.call_later(
                 15.0,
                 run_as_background_process,
@@ -655,9 +649,7 @@ class DatabasePool:
         # For now, we just log an error, and hope that it works on the first attempt.
         # TODO: raise an exception.
 
-        # Type-ignore Mypy doesn't yet consider ParamSpec.args to be iterable; see
-        # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668
-        for i, arg in enumerate(args):  # type: ignore[arg-type, var-annotated]
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
             if inspect.isgenerator(arg):
                 logger.error(
                     "Programming error: generator passed to new_transaction as "
@@ -665,9 +657,7 @@ class DatabasePool:
                     i,
                     func,
                 )
-        # Type-ignore Mypy doesn't yet consider ParamSpec.args to be a mapping; see
-        # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668
-        for name, val in kwargs.items():  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        for name, val in kwargs.items():
             if inspect.isgenerator(val):
                 logger.error(
                     "Programming error: generator passed to new_transaction as "
@@ -1137,17 +1127,57 @@ class DatabasePool:
         desc: str = "simple_upsert",
         lock: bool = True,
     ) -> bool:
-        """
+        """Insert a row with values + insertion_values; on conflict, update with values.
 
-        `lock` should generally be set to True (the default), but can be set
-        to False if either of the following are true:
-            1. there is a UNIQUE INDEX on the key columns. In this case a conflict
-            will cause an IntegrityError in which case this function will retry
-            the update.
-            2. we somehow know that we are the only thread which will be updating
-            this table.
-        As an additional note, this parameter only matters for old SQLite versions
-        because we will use native upserts otherwise.
+        All of our supported databases accept the nonstandard "upsert" statement in
+        their dialect of SQL. We call this a "native upsert". The syntax looks roughly
+        like:
+
+            INSERT INTO table VALUES (values + insertion_values)
+            ON CONFLICT (keyvalues)
+            DO UPDATE SET (values); -- overwrite `values` columns only
+
+        If (values) is empty, the resulting query is slighlty simpler:
+
+            INSERT INTO table VALUES (insertion_values)
+            ON CONFLICT (keyvalues)
+            DO NOTHING;             -- do not overwrite any columns
+
+        This function is a helper to build such queries.
+
+        In order for upserts to make sense, the database must be able to determine when
+        an upsert CONFLICTs with an existing row. Postgres and SQLite ensure this by
+        requiring that a unique index exist on the column names used to detect a
+        conflict (i.e. `keyvalues.keys()`).
+
+        If there is no such index, we can "emulate" an upsert with a SELECT followed
+        by either an INSERT or an UPDATE. This is unsafe: we cannot make the same
+        atomicity guarantees that a native upsert can and are very vulnerable to races
+        and crashes. Therefore if we wish to upsert without an appropriate unique index,
+        we must either:
+
+        1. Acquire a table-level lock before the emulated upsert (`lock=True`), or
+        2. VERY CAREFULLY ensure that we are the only thread and worker which will be
+           writing to this table, in which case we can proceed without a lock
+           (`lock=False`).
+
+        Generally speaking, you should use `lock=True`. If the table in question has a
+        unique index[*], this class will use a native upsert (which is atomic and so can
+        ignore the `lock` argument). Otherwise this class will use an emulated upsert,
+        in which case we want the safer option unless we been VERY CAREFUL.
+
+        [*]: Some tables have unique indices added to them in the background. Those
+             tables `T` are keys in the dictionary UNIQUE_INDEX_BACKGROUND_UPDATES,
+             where `T` maps to the background update that adds a unique index to `T`.
+             This dictionary is maintained by hand.
+
+             At runtime, we constantly check to see if each of these background updates
+             has run. If so, we deem the coresponding table safe to upsert into, because
+             we can now use a native insert to do so. If not, we deem the table unsafe
+             to upsert into and require an emulated upsert.
+
+             Tables that do not appear in this dictionary are assumed to have an
+             appropriate unique index and therefore be safe to upsert into.
 
         Args:
             table: The table to upsert into
@@ -1624,7 +1654,7 @@ class DatabasePool:
             table: string giving the table name
             keyvalues: dict of column names and values to select the row with
             retcol: string giving the name of the column to return
-            allow_none: If true, return None instead of failing if the SELECT
+            allow_none: If true, return None instead of raising StoreError if the SELECT
                 statement returns no rows
             desc: description of the transaction, for logging and metrics
         """
@@ -2427,6 +2457,66 @@ def make_in_list_sql_clause(
         return "%s IN (%s)" % (column, ",".join("?" for _ in iterable)), list(iterable)
 
 
+# These overloads ensure that `columns` and `iterable` values have the same length.
+# Suppress "Single overload definition, multiple required" complaint.
+@overload  # type: ignore[misc]
+def make_tuple_in_list_sql_clause(
+    database_engine: BaseDatabaseEngine,
+    columns: Tuple[str, str],
+    iterable: Collection[Tuple[Any, Any]],
+) -> Tuple[str, list]:
+    ...
+
+
+def make_tuple_in_list_sql_clause(
+    database_engine: BaseDatabaseEngine,
+    columns: Tuple[str, ...],
+    iterable: Collection[Tuple[Any, ...]],
+) -> Tuple[str, list]:
+    """Returns an SQL clause that checks the given tuple of columns is in the iterable.
+
+    Args:
+        database_engine
+        columns: Names of the columns in the tuple.
+        iterable: The tuples to check the columns against.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple of SQL query and the args
+    """
+    if len(columns) == 0:
+        # Should be unreachable due to mypy, as long as the overloads are set up right.
+        if () in iterable:
+            return "TRUE", []
+        else:
+            return "FALSE", []
+
+    if len(columns) == 1:
+        # Use `= ANY(?)` on postgres.
+        return make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            database_engine, next(iter(columns)), [values[0] for values in iterable]
+        )
+
+    # There are multiple columns. Avoid using an `= ANY(?)` clause on postgres, as
+    # indices are not used when there are multiple columns. Instead, use an `IN`
+    # expression.
+    #
+    # `IN ((?, ...), ...)` with tuples is supported by postgres only, whereas
+    # `IN (VALUES (?, ...), ...)` is supported by both sqlite and postgres.
+    # Thus, the latter is chosen.
+
+    if len(iterable) == 0:
+        # A 0-length `VALUES` list is not allowed in sqlite or postgres.
+        # Also note that a 0-length `IN (...)` clause (not using `VALUES`) is not
+        # allowed in postgres.
+        return "FALSE", []
+
+    tuple_sql = "(%s)" % (",".join("?" for _ in columns),)
+    return "(%s) IN (VALUES %s)" % (
+        ",".join(column for column in columns),
+        ",".join(tuple_sql for _ in iterable),
+    ), [value for values in iterable for value in values]
+
+
 KV = TypeVar("KV")
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/__init__.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/__init__.py
index 4dccbb732a..0e47592be3 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/__init__.py
@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ from synapse.storage.database import (
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.stats import UserSortOrder
 from synapse.storage.engines import BaseDatabaseEngine
 from synapse.storage.types import Cursor
-from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import StreamIdGenerator
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, get_domain_from_id
-from synapse.util.caches.stream_change_cache import StreamChangeCache
 
 from .account_data import AccountDataStore
 from .appservice import ApplicationServiceStore, ApplicationServiceTransactionStore
@@ -83,6 +81,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class DataStore(
     EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore,
+    DeviceStore,
     RoomMemberStore,
     RoomStore,
     RoomBatchStore,
@@ -114,7 +113,6 @@ class DataStore(
     StreamWorkerStore,
     OpenIdStore,
     ClientIpWorkerStore,
-    DeviceStore,
     DeviceInboxStore,
     UserDirectoryStore,
     UserErasureStore,
@@ -138,41 +136,8 @@ class DataStore(
         self._clock = hs.get_clock()
         self.database_engine = database.engine
 
-        self._device_list_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
-            db_conn,
-            "device_lists_stream",
-            "stream_id",
-            extra_tables=[
-                ("user_signature_stream", "stream_id"),
-                ("device_lists_outbound_pokes", "stream_id"),
-                ("device_lists_changes_in_room", "stream_id"),
-            ],
-        )
-
         super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
 
-        events_max = self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
-        curr_state_delta_prefill, min_curr_state_delta_id = self.db_pool.get_cache_dict(
-            db_conn,
-            "current_state_delta_stream",
-            entity_column="room_id",
-            stream_column="stream_id",
-            max_value=events_max,  # As we share the stream id with events token
-            limit=1000,
-        )
-        self._curr_state_delta_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
-            "_curr_state_delta_stream_cache",
-            min_curr_state_delta_id,
-            prefilled_cache=curr_state_delta_prefill,
-        )
-
-        self._stream_order_on_start = self.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
-        self._min_stream_order_on_start = self.get_room_min_stream_ordering()
-
-    def get_device_stream_token(self) -> int:
-        # TODO: shouldn't this be moved to `DeviceWorkerStore`?
-        return self._device_list_id_gen.get_current_token()
-
     async def get_users(self) -> List[JsonDict]:
         """Function to retrieve a list of users in users table.
 
@@ -201,8 +166,9 @@ class DataStore(
         name: Optional[str] = None,
         guests: bool = True,
         deactivated: bool = False,
-        order_by: str = UserSortOrder.USER_ID.value,
+        order_by: str = UserSortOrder.NAME.value,
         direction: str = "f",
+        approved: bool = True,
     ) -> Tuple[List[JsonDict], int]:
         """Function to retrieve a paginated list of users from
         users list. This will return a json list of users and the
@@ -217,6 +183,7 @@ class DataStore(
             deactivated: whether to include deactivated users
             order_by: the sort order of the returned list
             direction: sort ascending or descending
+            approved: whether to include approved users
         Returns:
             A tuple of a list of mappings from user to information and a count of total users.
         """
@@ -249,11 +216,17 @@ class DataStore(
             if not deactivated:
                 filters.append("deactivated = 0")
 
+            if not approved:
+                # We ignore NULL values for the approved flag because these should only
+                # be already existing users that we consider as already approved.
+                filters.append("approved IS FALSE")
+
             where_clause = "WHERE " + " AND ".join(filters) if len(filters) > 0 else ""
 
             sql_base = f"""
                 FROM users as u
                 LEFT JOIN profiles AS p ON u.name = '@' || p.user_id || ':' || ?
+                LEFT JOIN erased_users AS eu ON u.name = eu.user_id
                 {where_clause}
                 """
             sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) as total_users " + sql_base
@@ -262,7 +235,8 @@ class DataStore(
 
             sql = f"""
                 SELECT name, user_type, is_guest, admin, deactivated, shadow_banned,
-                displayname, avatar_url, creation_ts * 1000 as creation_ts
+                displayname, avatar_url, creation_ts * 1000 as creation_ts, approved,
+                eu.user_id is not null as erased
                 {sql_base}
                 ORDER BY {order_by_column} {order}, u.name ASC
                 LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
@@ -270,6 +244,13 @@ class DataStore(
             args += [limit, start]
             txn.execute(sql, args)
             users = self.db_pool.cursor_to_dict(txn)
+
+            # some of those boolean values are returned as integers when we're on SQLite
+            columns_to_boolify = ["erased"]
+            for user in users:
+                for column in columns_to_boolify:
+                    user[column] = bool(user[column])
+
             return users, count
 
         return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/account_data.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/account_data.py
index c38b8a9e5a..282687ebce 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/account_data.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/account_data.py
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from typing import (
 )
 
 from synapse.api.constants import AccountDataTypes
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
 from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import AccountDataStream, TagAccountDataStream
 from synapse.storage._base import db_to_json
 from synapse.storage.database import (
@@ -68,12 +67,11 @@ class AccountDataWorkerStore(PushRulesWorkerStore, CacheInvalidationWorkerStore)
         # to write account data. A value of `True` implies that `_account_data_id_gen`
         # is an `AbstractStreamIdGenerator` and not just a tracker.
         self._account_data_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdTracker
+        self._can_write_to_account_data = (
+            self._instance_name in hs.config.worker.writers.account_data
+        )
 
         if isinstance(database.engine, PostgresEngine):
-            self._can_write_to_account_data = (
-                self._instance_name in hs.config.worker.writers.account_data
-            )
-
             self._account_data_id_gen = MultiWriterIdGenerator(
                 db_conn=db_conn,
                 db=database,
@@ -95,21 +93,13 @@ class AccountDataWorkerStore(PushRulesWorkerStore, CacheInvalidationWorkerStore)
             # `StreamIdGenerator`, otherwise we use `SlavedIdTracker` which gets
             # updated over replication. (Multiple writers are not supported for
             # SQLite).
-            if self._instance_name in hs.config.worker.writers.account_data:
-                self._can_write_to_account_data = True
-                self._account_data_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
-                    db_conn,
-                    "room_account_data",
-                    "stream_id",
-                    extra_tables=[("room_tags_revisions", "stream_id")],
-                )
-            else:
-                self._account_data_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-                    db_conn,
-                    "room_account_data",
-                    "stream_id",
-                    extra_tables=[("room_tags_revisions", "stream_id")],
-                )
+            self._account_data_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
+                db_conn,
+                "room_account_data",
+                "stream_id",
+                extra_tables=[("room_tags_revisions", "stream_id")],
+                is_writer=self._instance_name in hs.config.worker.writers.account_data,
+            )
 
         account_max = self.get_max_account_data_stream_id()
         self._account_data_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/appservice.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/appservice.py
index 64b70a7b28..63046c0527 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/appservice.py
@@ -157,10 +157,23 @@ class ApplicationServiceWorkerStore(RoomMemberWorkerStore):
         app_service: "ApplicationService",
         cache_context: _CacheContext,
     ) -> List[str]:
-        users_in_room = await self.get_users_in_room(
+        """
+        Get all users in a room that the appservice controls.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id: The room to check in.
+            app_service: The application service to check interest/control against
+
+        Returns:
+            List of user IDs that the appservice controls.
+        """
+        # We can use `get_local_users_in_room(...)` here because an application service
+        # can only be interested in local users of the server it's on (ignore any remote
+        # users that might match the user namespace regex).
+        local_users_in_room = await self.get_local_users_in_room(
             room_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate
         )
-        return list(filter(app_service.is_interested_in_user, users_in_room))
+        return list(filter(app_service.is_interested_in_user, local_users_in_room))
 
 
 class ApplicationServiceStore(ApplicationServiceWorkerStore):
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/cache.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/cache.py
index db6ce83a2b..ddb7397714 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/cache.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/cache.py
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ class CacheInvalidationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 self.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering.invalidate(
                     (data.state_key,)
                 )
+                self.get_rooms_for_user.invalidate((data.state_key,))
         else:
             raise Exception("Unknown events stream row type %s" % (row.type,))
 
@@ -243,12 +244,18 @@ class CacheInvalidationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             # redacted.
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_relations_for_event", (redacts,))
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_applicable_edit", (redacts,))
+            self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_thread_id", (redacts,))
+            self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_thread_id_for_receipts", (redacts,))
 
         if etype == EventTypes.Member:
             self._membership_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(state_key, stream_ordering)
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache(
                 "get_invited_rooms_for_local_user", (state_key,)
             )
+            self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache(
+                "get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering", (state_key,)
+            )
+            self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_rooms_for_user", (state_key,))
 
         if relates_to:
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_relations_for_event", (relates_to,))
@@ -258,9 +265,7 @@ class CacheInvalidationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_applicable_edit", (relates_to,))
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_thread_summary", (relates_to,))
             self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_thread_participated", (relates_to,))
-            self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache(
-                "get_mutual_event_relations_for_rel_type", (relates_to,)
-            )
+            self._attempt_to_invalidate_cache("get_threads", (room_id,))
 
     async def invalidate_cache_and_stream(
         self, cache_name: str, keys: Tuple[Any, ...]
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py
index dfca34550d..360f204d16 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-import abc
 import logging
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ from synapse.logging.tracing import (
     whitelisted_homeserver,
 )
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import wrap_as_background_process
+from synapse.replication.tcp.streams._base import DeviceListsStream, UserSignatureStream
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore, db_to_json, make_in_list_sql_clause
 from synapse.storage.database import (
     DatabasePool,
@@ -47,7 +47,13 @@ from synapse.storage.database import (
     make_tuple_comparison_clause,
 )
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.end_to_end_keys import EndToEndKeyWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.roommember import RoomMemberWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.types import Cursor
+from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import (
+    AbstractStreamIdGenerator,
+    AbstractStreamIdTracker,
+    StreamIdGenerator,
+)
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key
 from synapse.util import json_decoder, json_encoder
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedList
@@ -70,7 +76,7 @@ DROP_DEVICE_LIST_STREAMS_NON_UNIQUE_INDEXES = (
 BG_UPDATE_REMOVE_DUP_OUTBOUND_POKES = "remove_dup_outbound_pokes"
 
 
-class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
+class DeviceWorkerStore(RoomMemberWorkerStore, EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
     def __init__(
         self,
         database: DatabasePool,
@@ -79,9 +85,23 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
     ):
         super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
 
+        # In the worker store this is an ID tracker which we overwrite in the non-worker
+        # class below that is used on the main process.
+        self._device_list_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdTracker = StreamIdGenerator(
+            db_conn,
+            "device_lists_stream",
+            "stream_id",
+            extra_tables=[
+                ("user_signature_stream", "stream_id"),
+                ("device_lists_outbound_pokes", "stream_id"),
+                ("device_lists_changes_in_room", "stream_id"),
+            ],
+            is_writer=hs.config.worker.worker_app is None,
+        )
+
         # Type-ignore: _device_list_id_gen is mixed in from either DataStore (as a
         # StreamIdGenerator) or SlavedDataStore (as a SlavedIdTracker).
-        device_list_max = self._device_list_id_gen.get_current_token()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        device_list_max = self._device_list_id_gen.get_current_token()
         device_list_prefill, min_device_list_id = self.db_pool.get_cache_dict(
             db_conn,
             "device_lists_stream",
@@ -135,6 +155,39 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
                 self._prune_old_outbound_device_pokes, 60 * 60 * 1000
             )
 
+    def process_replication_rows(
+        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: Iterable[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if stream_name == DeviceListsStream.NAME:
+            self._device_list_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
+            self._invalidate_caches_for_devices(token, rows)
+        elif stream_name == UserSignatureStream.NAME:
+            self._device_list_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
+            for row in rows:
+                self._user_signature_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
+        return super().process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
+
+    def _invalidate_caches_for_devices(
+        self, token: int, rows: Iterable[DeviceListsStream.DeviceListsStreamRow]
+    ) -> None:
+        for row in rows:
+            # The entities are either user IDs (starting with '@') whose devices
+            # have changed, or remote servers that we need to tell about
+            # changes.
+            if row.entity.startswith("@"):
+                self._device_list_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.entity, token)
+                self.get_cached_devices_for_user.invalidate((row.entity,))
+                self._get_cached_user_device.invalidate((row.entity,))
+                self.get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote.invalidate((row.entity,))
+
+            else:
+                self._device_list_federation_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
+                    row.entity, token
+                )
+
+    def get_device_stream_token(self) -> int:
+        return self._device_list_id_gen.get_current_token()
+
     async def count_devices_by_users(self, user_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> int:
         """Retrieve number of all devices of given users.
         Only returns number of devices that are not marked as hidden.
@@ -273,6 +326,13 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
             destination, int(from_stream_id)
         )
         if not has_changed:
+            # debugging for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14251
+            issue_8631_logger.debug(
+                "%s: no change between %i and %i",
+                destination,
+                from_stream_id,
+                now_stream_id,
+            )
             return now_stream_id, []
 
         updates = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
@@ -465,7 +525,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
             limit: Maximum number of device updates to return
 
         Returns:
-            List: List of device update tuples:
+            List of device update tuples:
                 - user_id
                 - device_id
                 - stream_id
@@ -538,9 +598,11 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
                     "device_id": device_id,
                     "prev_id": [prev_id] if prev_id else [],
                     "stream_id": stream_id,
-                    EventContentFields.TRACING_CONTEXT: tracing_context,
                 }
 
+                if tracing_context != "{}":
+                    result[EventContentFields.TRACING_CONTEXT] = (tracing_context,)
+
                 prev_id = stream_id
 
                 if device is not None:
@@ -548,7 +610,11 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
                     if keys:
                         result["keys"] = keys
 
-                    device_display_name = device.display_name
+                    device_display_name = None
+                    if (
+                        self.hs.config.federation.allow_device_name_lookup_over_federation
+                    ):
+                        device_display_name = device.display_name
                     if device_display_name:
                         result["device_display_name"] = device_display_name
                 else:
@@ -663,11 +729,6 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
             },
         )
 
-    @abc.abstractmethod
-    def get_device_stream_token(self) -> int:
-        """Get the current stream id from the _device_list_id_gen"""
-        ...
-
     @trace
     @cancellable
     async def get_user_devices_from_cache(
@@ -985,24 +1046,59 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
             desc="mark_remote_user_device_cache_as_valid",
         )
 
+    async def handle_potentially_left_users(self, user_ids: Set[str]) -> None:
+        """Given a set of remote users check if the server still shares a room with
+        them. If not then mark those users' device cache as stale.
+        """
+
+        if not user_ids:
+            return
+
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "_handle_potentially_left_users",
+            self.handle_potentially_left_users_txn,
+            user_ids,
+        )
+
+    def handle_potentially_left_users_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        user_ids: Set[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Given a set of remote users check if the server still shares a room with
+        them. If not then mark those users' device cache as stale.
+        """
+
+        if not user_ids:
+            return
+
+        joined_users = self.get_users_server_still_shares_room_with_txn(txn, user_ids)
+        left_users = user_ids - joined_users
+
+        for user_id in left_users:
+            self.mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed_txn(txn, user_id)
+
     async def mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed(self, user_id: str) -> None:
         """Mark that we no longer track device lists for remote user."""
 
-        def _mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed_txn(
-            txn: LoggingTransaction,
-        ) -> None:
-            self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
-                txn,
-                table="device_lists_remote_extremeties",
-                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
-            )
-            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
-                txn, self.get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote, (user_id,)
-            )
-
         await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed",
-            _mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed_txn,
+            self.mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed_txn,
+            user_id,
+        )
+
+    def mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        user_id: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="device_lists_remote_extremeties",
+            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
+        )
+        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
+            txn, self.get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote, (user_id,)
         )
 
     async def get_dehydrated_device(
@@ -1271,6 +1367,33 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore):
 
         return changes
 
+    async def get_device_list_changes_in_room(
+        self, room_id: str, min_stream_id: int
+    ) -> Collection[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Get all device list changes that happened in the room since the given
+        stream ID.
+
+        Returns:
+            Collection of user ID/device ID tuples of all devices that have
+            changed
+        """
+
+        sql = """
+            SELECT DISTINCT user_id, device_id FROM device_lists_changes_in_room
+            WHERE room_id = ? AND stream_id > ?
+        """
+
+        def get_device_list_changes_in_room_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> Collection[Tuple[str, str]]:
+            txn.execute(sql, (room_id, min_stream_id))
+            return cast(Collection[Tuple[str, str]], txn.fetchall())
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_device_list_changes_in_room",
+            get_device_list_changes_in_room_txn,
+        )
+
 
 class DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore(SQLBaseStore):
     def __init__(
@@ -1405,6 +1528,10 @@ class DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
 
 class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
+    # Because we have write access, this will be a StreamIdGenerator
+    # (see DeviceWorkerStore.__init__)
+    _device_list_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdGenerator
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         database: DatabasePool,
@@ -1729,7 +1856,7 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
                 context,
             )
 
-        async with self._device_list_id_gen.get_next_mult(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        async with self._device_list_id_gen.get_next_mult(
             len(device_ids)
         ) as stream_ids:
             await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
@@ -1779,7 +1906,7 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
         self,
         txn: LoggingTransaction,
         user_id: str,
-        device_ids: Iterable[str],
+        device_id: str,
         hosts: Collection[str],
         stream_ids: List[int],
         context: Optional[Dict[str, str]],
@@ -1795,6 +1922,21 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
         stream_id_iterator = iter(stream_ids)
 
         encoded_context = json_encoder.encode(context)
+        mark_sent = not self.hs.is_mine_id(user_id)
+
+        values = [
+            (
+                destination,
+                next(stream_id_iterator),
+                user_id,
+                device_id,
+                mark_sent,
+                now,
+                encoded_context if whitelisted_homeserver(destination) else "{}",
+            )
+            for destination in hosts
+        ]
+
         self.db_pool.simple_insert_many_txn(
             txn,
             table="device_lists_outbound_pokes",
@@ -1807,23 +1949,21 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
                 "ts",
                 "tracing_context",
             ),
-            values=[
-                (
-                    destination,
-                    next(stream_id_iterator),
-                    user_id,
-                    device_id,
-                    not self.hs.is_mine_id(
-                        user_id
-                    ),  # We only need to send out update for *our* users
-                    now,
-                    encoded_context if whitelisted_homeserver(destination) else "{}",
-                )
-                for destination in hosts
-                for device_id in device_ids
-            ],
+            values=values,
         )
 
+        # debugging for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14251
+        if issue_8631_logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+            issue_8631_logger.debug(
+                "Recorded outbound pokes for %s:%s with device stream ids %s",
+                user_id,
+                device_id,
+                {
+                    stream_id: destination
+                    for (destination, stream_id, _, _, _, _, _) in values
+                },
+            )
+
     def _add_device_outbound_room_poke_txn(
         self,
         txn: LoggingTransaction,
@@ -1910,14 +2050,15 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
         user_id: str,
         device_id: str,
         room_id: str,
-        stream_id: int,
+        stream_id: Optional[int],
         hosts: Collection[str],
         context: Optional[Dict[str, str]],
     ) -> None:
         """Queue the device update to be sent to the given set of hosts,
         calculated from the room ID.
 
-        Marks the associated row in `device_lists_changes_in_room` as handled.
+        Marks the associated row in `device_lists_changes_in_room` as handled,
+        if `stream_id` is provided.
         """
 
         def add_device_list_outbound_pokes_txn(
@@ -1927,23 +2068,24 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
                 self._add_device_outbound_poke_to_stream_txn(
                     txn,
                     user_id=user_id,
-                    device_ids=[device_id],
+                    device_id=device_id,
                     hosts=hosts,
                     stream_ids=stream_ids,
                     context=context,
                 )
 
-            self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
-                txn,
-                table="device_lists_changes_in_room",
-                keyvalues={
-                    "user_id": user_id,
-                    "device_id": device_id,
-                    "stream_id": stream_id,
-                    "room_id": room_id,
-                },
-                updatevalues={"converted_to_destinations": True},
-            )
+            if stream_id:
+                self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
+                    txn,
+                    table="device_lists_changes_in_room",
+                    keyvalues={
+                        "user_id": user_id,
+                        "device_id": device_id,
+                        "stream_id": stream_id,
+                        "room_id": room_id,
+                    },
+                    updatevalues={"converted_to_destinations": True},
+                )
 
         if not hosts:
             # If there are no hosts then we don't try and generate stream IDs.
@@ -1953,9 +2095,64 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
                 [],
             )
 
-        async with self._device_list_id_gen.get_next_mult(len(hosts)) as stream_ids:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        async with self._device_list_id_gen.get_next_mult(len(hosts)) as stream_ids:
             return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
                 "add_device_list_outbound_pokes",
                 add_device_list_outbound_pokes_txn,
                 stream_ids,
             )
+
+    async def add_remote_device_list_to_pending(
+        self, user_id: str, device_id: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a device list update to the table tracking remote device list
+        updates during partial joins.
+        """
+
+        async with self._device_list_id_gen.get_next() as stream_id:
+            await self.db_pool.simple_upsert(
+                table="device_lists_remote_pending",
+                keyvalues={
+                    "user_id": user_id,
+                    "device_id": device_id,
+                },
+                values={"stream_id": stream_id},
+                desc="add_remote_device_list_to_pending",
+            )
+
+    async def get_pending_remote_device_list_updates_for_room(
+        self, room_id: str
+    ) -> Collection[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Get the set of remote device list updates from the pending table for
+        the room.
+        """
+
+        min_device_stream_id = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+            table="partial_state_rooms",
+            keyvalues={
+                "room_id": room_id,
+            },
+            retcol="device_lists_stream_id",
+            desc="get_pending_remote_device_list_updates_for_room_device",
+        )
+
+        sql = """
+            SELECT user_id, device_id FROM device_lists_remote_pending AS d
+            INNER JOIN current_state_events AS c ON
+                type = 'm.room.member'
+                AND state_key = user_id
+                AND membership = 'join'
+            WHERE
+                room_id = ? AND stream_id > ?
+        """
+
+        def get_pending_remote_device_list_updates_for_room_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> Collection[Tuple[str, str]]:
+            txn.execute(sql, (room_id, min_device_stream_id))
+            return cast(Collection[Tuple[str, str]], txn.fetchall())
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_pending_remote_device_list_updates_for_room",
+            get_pending_remote_device_list_updates_for_room_txn,
+        )
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/e2e_room_keys.py
index 6d565102ac..3eccbb5ee4 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -391,10 +391,10 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
         Returns:
             A dict giving the info metadata for this backup version, with
             fields including:
-                version(str)
-                algorithm(str)
-                auth_data(object): opaque dict supplied by the client
-                etag(int): tag of the keys in the backup
+                version (str)
+                algorithm (str)
+                auth_data (object): opaque dict supplied by the client
+                etag (int): tag of the keys in the backup
         """
 
         def _get_e2e_room_keys_version_info_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> JsonDict:
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/end_to_end_keys.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/end_to_end_keys.py
index 210cfab073..1e25fda7eb 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/end_to_end_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/end_to_end_keys.py
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ from synapse.storage.database import (
     LoggingDatabaseConnection,
     LoggingTransaction,
     make_in_list_sql_clause,
+    make_tuple_in_list_sql_clause,
 )
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.cache import CacheInvalidationWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.engines import PostgresEngine
@@ -138,11 +139,15 @@ class EndToEndKeyWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyBackgroundStore, CacheInvalidationWorker
     @trace
     @cancellable
     async def get_e2e_device_keys_for_cs_api(
-        self, query_list: List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]
+        self,
+        query_list: List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]],
+        include_displaynames: bool = True,
     ) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, JsonDict]]:
         """Fetch a list of device keys, formatted suitably for the C/S API.
         Args:
-            query_list(list): List of pairs of user_ids and device_ids.
+            query_list: List of pairs of user_ids and device_ids.
+            include_displaynames: Whether to include the displayname of returned devices
+                (if one exists).
         Returns:
             Dict mapping from user-id to dict mapping from device_id to
             key data.  The key data will be a dict in the same format as the
@@ -165,9 +170,12 @@ class EndToEndKeyWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyBackgroundStore, CacheInvalidationWorker
                     continue
 
                 r["unsigned"] = {}
-                display_name = device_info.display_name
-                if display_name is not None:
-                    r["unsigned"]["device_display_name"] = display_name
+                if include_displaynames:
+                    # Include the device's display name in the "unsigned" dictionary
+                    display_name = device_info.display_name
+                    if display_name is not None:
+                        r["unsigned"]["device_display_name"] = display_name
+
                 rv[user_id][device_id] = r
 
         return rv
@@ -278,7 +286,7 @@ class EndToEndKeyWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyBackgroundStore, CacheInvalidationWorker
     def _get_e2e_device_keys_txn(
         self,
         txn: LoggingTransaction,
-        query_list: Collection[Tuple[str, str]],
+        query_list: Collection[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]],
         include_all_devices: bool = False,
         include_deleted_devices: bool = False,
     ) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[DeviceKeyLookupResult]]]:
@@ -288,8 +296,8 @@ class EndToEndKeyWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyBackgroundStore, CacheInvalidationWorker
         cross-signing signatures which have been added subsequently (for which, see
         get_e2e_device_keys_and_signatures)
         """
-        query_clauses = []
-        query_params = []
+        query_clauses: List[str] = []
+        query_params_list: List[List[object]] = []
 
         if include_all_devices is False:
             include_deleted_devices = False
@@ -297,40 +305,64 @@ class EndToEndKeyWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyBackgroundStore, CacheInvalidationWorker
         if include_deleted_devices:
             deleted_devices = set(query_list)
 
+        # Split the query list into queries for users and queries for particular
+        # devices.
+        user_list = []
+        user_device_list = []
         for (user_id, device_id) in query_list:
-            query_clause = "user_id = ?"
-            query_params.append(user_id)
+            if device_id is None:
+                user_list.append(user_id)
+            else:
+                user_device_list.append((user_id, device_id))
 
-            if device_id is not None:
-                query_clause += " AND device_id = ?"
-                query_params.append(device_id)
+        if user_list:
+            user_id_in_list_clause, user_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+                txn.database_engine, "user_id", user_list
+            )
+            query_clauses.append(user_id_in_list_clause)
+            query_params_list.append(user_args)
 
-            query_clauses.append(query_clause)
-
-        sql = (
-            "SELECT user_id, device_id, "
-            "    d.display_name, "
-            "    k.key_json"
-            " FROM devices d"
-            "    %s JOIN e2e_device_keys_json k USING (user_id, device_id)"
-            " WHERE %s AND NOT d.hidden"
-        ) % (
-            "LEFT" if include_all_devices else "INNER",
-            " OR ".join("(" + q + ")" for q in query_clauses),
-        )
-
-        txn.execute(sql, query_params)
+        if user_device_list:
+            # Divide the device queries into batches, to avoid excessively large
+            # queries.
+            for user_device_batch in batch_iter(user_device_list, 1024):
+                (
+                    user_device_id_in_list_clause,
+                    user_device_args,
+                ) = make_tuple_in_list_sql_clause(
+                    txn.database_engine, ("user_id", "device_id"), user_device_batch
+                )
+                query_clauses.append(user_device_id_in_list_clause)
+                query_params_list.append(user_device_args)
 
         result: Dict[str, Dict[str, Optional[DeviceKeyLookupResult]]] = {}
-        for (user_id, device_id, display_name, key_json) in txn:
-            if include_deleted_devices:
-                deleted_devices.remove((user_id, device_id))
-            result.setdefault(user_id, {})[device_id] = DeviceKeyLookupResult(
-                display_name, db_to_json(key_json) if key_json else None
+        for query_clause, query_params in zip(query_clauses, query_params_list):
+            sql = (
+                "SELECT user_id, device_id, "
+                "    d.display_name, "
+                "    k.key_json"
+                " FROM devices d"
+                "    %s JOIN e2e_device_keys_json k USING (user_id, device_id)"
+                " WHERE %s AND NOT d.hidden"
+            ) % (
+                "LEFT" if include_all_devices else "INNER",
+                query_clause,
             )
 
+            txn.execute(sql, query_params)
+
+            for (user_id, device_id, display_name, key_json) in txn:
+                assert device_id is not None
+                if include_deleted_devices:
+                    deleted_devices.remove((user_id, device_id))
+                result.setdefault(user_id, {})[device_id] = DeviceKeyLookupResult(
+                    display_name, db_to_json(key_json) if key_json else None
+                )
+
         if include_deleted_devices:
             for user_id, device_id in deleted_devices:
+                if device_id is None:
+                    continue
                 result.setdefault(user_id, {})[device_id] = None
 
         return result
@@ -380,10 +412,9 @@ class EndToEndKeyWorkerStore(EndToEndKeyBackgroundStore, CacheInvalidationWorker
         """Retrieve a number of one-time keys for a user
 
         Args:
-            user_id(str): id of user to get keys for
-            device_id(str): id of device to get keys for
-            key_ids(list[str]): list of key ids (excluding algorithm) to
-                retrieve
+            user_id: id of user to get keys for
+            device_id: id of device to get keys for
+            key_ids: list of key ids (excluding algorithm) to retrieve
 
         Returns:
             A map from (algorithm, key_id) to json string for key
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_federation.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_federation.py
index 0261ff4ad6..6bd982da89 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_federation.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_federation.py
@@ -73,13 +73,30 @@ pdus_pruned_from_federation_queue = Counter(
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-BACKFILL_EVENT_BACKOFF_UPPER_BOUND_SECONDS: int = int(
-    datetime.timedelta(days=7).total_seconds()
-)
-BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_SECONDS: int = int(
-    datetime.timedelta(hours=1).total_seconds()
+# Parameters controlling exponential backoff between backfill failures.
+# After the first failure to backfill, we wait 2 hours before trying again. If the
+# second attempt fails, we wait 4 hours before trying again. If the third attempt fails,
+# we wait 8 hours before trying again, ... and so on.
+#
+# Each successive backoff period is twice as long as the last. However we cap this
+# period at a maximum of 2^8 = 256 hours: a little over 10 days. (This is the smallest
+# power of 2 which yields a maximum backoff period of at least 7 days---which was the
+# original maximum backoff period.) Even when we hit this cap, we will continue to
+# make backfill attempts once every 10 days.
+BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_MAXIMUM_DOUBLING_STEPS = 8
+BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_MILLISECONDS = int(
+    datetime.timedelta(hours=1).total_seconds() * 1000
 )
 
+# We need a cap on the power of 2 or else the backoff period
+#   2^N * (milliseconds per hour)
+# will overflow when calcuated within the database. We ensure overflow does not occur
+# by checking that the largest backoff period fits in a 32-bit signed integer.
+_LONGEST_BACKOFF_PERIOD_MILLISECONDS = (
+    2**BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_MAXIMUM_DOUBLING_STEPS
+) * BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_MILLISECONDS
+assert 0 < _LONGEST_BACKOFF_PERIOD_MILLISECONDS <= ((2**31) - 1)
+
 
 # All the info we need while iterating the DAG while backfilling
 @attr.s(frozen=True, slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
@@ -726,17 +743,35 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
     async def get_backfill_points_in_room(
         self,
         room_id: str,
+        current_depth: int,
+        limit: int,
     ) -> List[Tuple[str, int]]:
         """
-        Gets the oldest events(backwards extremities) in the room along with the
-        approximate depth. Sorted by depth, highest to lowest (descending).
+        Get the backward extremities to backfill from in the room along with the
+        approximate depth.
+
+        Only returns events that are at a depth lower than or
+        equal to the `current_depth`. Sorted by depth, highest to lowest (descending)
+        so the closest events to the `current_depth` are first in the list.
+
+        We ignore extremities that are newer than the user's current scroll position
+        (ie, those with depth greater than `current_depth`) as:
+            1. we don't really care about getting events that have happened
+               after our current position; and
+            2. by the nature of paginating and scrolling back, we have likely
+               previously tried and failed to backfill from that extremity, so
+               to avoid getting "stuck" requesting the same backfill repeatedly
+               we drop those extremities.
 
         Args:
             room_id: Room where we want to find the oldest events
+            current_depth: The depth at the user's current scrollback position
+            limit: The max number of backfill points to return
 
         Returns:
             List of (event_id, depth) tuples. Sorted by depth, highest to lowest
-            (descending)
+            (descending) so the closest events to the `current_depth` are first
+            in the list.
         """
 
         def get_backfill_points_in_room_txn(
@@ -749,7 +784,15 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
             # persisted in our database yet (meaning we don't know their depth
             # specifically). So we need to look for the approximate depth from
             # the events connected to the current backwards extremeties.
-            sql = """
+
+            if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+                least_function = "LEAST"
+            elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+                least_function = "MIN"
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("Unknown database engine")
+
+            sql = f"""
                 SELECT backward_extrem.event_id, event.depth FROM events AS event
                 /**
                  * Get the edge connections from the event_edges table
@@ -784,6 +827,18 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
                      * necessarily safe to assume that it will have been completed.
                      */
                     AND edge.is_state is ? /* False */
+                    /**
+                     * We only want backwards extremities that are older than or at
+                     * the same position of the given `current_depth` (where older
+                     * means less than the given depth) because we're looking backwards
+                     * from the `current_depth` when backfilling.
+                     *
+                     *                         current_depth (ignore events that come after this, ignore 2-4)
+                     *                         |
+                     *                         ▼
+                     * <oldest-in-time> [0]<--[1]<--[2]<--[3]<--[4] <newest-in-time>
+                     */
+                    AND event.depth <= ? /* current_depth */
                     /**
                      * Exponential back-off (up to the upper bound) so we don't retry the
                      * same backfill point over and over. ex. 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, 16hr, etc.
@@ -795,31 +850,31 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
                      */
                     AND (
                         failed_backfill_attempt_info.event_id IS NULL
-                        OR ? /* current_time */ >= failed_backfill_attempt_info.last_attempt_ts + /*least*/%s((1 << failed_backfill_attempt_info.num_attempts) * ? /* step */, ? /* upper bound */)
+                        OR ? /* current_time */ >= failed_backfill_attempt_info.last_attempt_ts + (
+                            (1 << {least_function}(failed_backfill_attempt_info.num_attempts, ? /* max doubling steps */))
+                            * ? /* step */
+                        )
                     )
                 /**
-                 * Sort from highest to the lowest depth. Then tie-break on
-                 * alphabetical order of the event_ids so we get a consistent
-                 * ordering which is nice when asserting things in tests.
+                 * Sort from highest (closest to the `current_depth`) to the lowest depth
+                 * because the closest are most relevant to backfill from first.
+                 * Then tie-break on alphabetical order of the event_ids so we get a
+                 * consistent ordering which is nice when asserting things in tests.
                  */
                 ORDER BY event.depth DESC, backward_extrem.event_id DESC
+                LIMIT ?
             """
 
-            if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-                least_function = "least"
-            elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
-                least_function = "min"
-            else:
-                raise RuntimeError("Unknown database engine")
-
             txn.execute(
-                sql % (least_function,),
+                sql,
                 (
                     room_id,
                     False,
+                    current_depth,
                     self._clock.time_msec(),
-                    1000 * BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_SECONDS,
-                    1000 * BACKFILL_EVENT_BACKOFF_UPPER_BOUND_SECONDS,
+                    BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_MAXIMUM_DOUBLING_STEPS,
+                    BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_MILLISECONDS,
+                    limit,
                 ),
             )
 
@@ -835,24 +890,47 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
     async def get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(
         self,
         room_id: str,
+        current_depth: int,
+        limit: int,
     ) -> List[Tuple[str, int]]:
         """
         Get the insertion events we know about that we haven't backfilled yet
-        along with the approximate depth. Sorted by depth, highest to lowest
-        (descending).
+        along with the approximate depth. Only returns insertion events that are
+        at a depth lower than or equal to the `current_depth`. Sorted by depth,
+        highest to lowest (descending) so the closest events to the
+        `current_depth` are first in the list.
+
+        We ignore insertion events that are newer than the user's current scroll
+        position (ie, those with depth greater than `current_depth`) as:
+            1. we don't really care about getting events that have happened
+               after our current position; and
+            2. by the nature of paginating and scrolling back, we have likely
+               previously tried and failed to backfill from that insertion event, so
+               to avoid getting "stuck" requesting the same backfill repeatedly
+               we drop those insertion event.
 
         Args:
             room_id: Room where we want to find the oldest events
+            current_depth: The depth at the user's current scrollback position
+            limit: The max number of insertion event extremities to return
 
         Returns:
             List of (event_id, depth) tuples. Sorted by depth, highest to lowest
-            (descending)
+            (descending) so the closest events to the `current_depth` are first
+            in the list.
         """
 
         def get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room_txn(
             txn: LoggingTransaction, room_id: str
         ) -> List[Tuple[str, int]]:
-            sql = """
+            if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+                least_function = "LEAST"
+            elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+                least_function = "MIN"
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("Unknown database engine")
+
+            sql = f"""
                 SELECT
                     insertion_event_extremity.event_id, event.depth
                 /* We only want insertion events that are also marked as backwards extremities */
@@ -869,6 +947,18 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
                     AND failed_backfill_attempt_info.event_id = insertion_event_extremity.event_id
                 WHERE
                     insertion_event_extremity.room_id = ?
+                    /**
+                     * We only want extremities that are older than or at
+                     * the same position of the given `current_depth` (where older
+                     * means less than the given depth) because we're looking backwards
+                     * from the `current_depth` when backfilling.
+                     *
+                     *                         current_depth (ignore events that come after this, ignore 2-4)
+                     *                         |
+                     *                         ▼
+                     * <oldest-in-time> [0]<--[1]<--[2]<--[3]<--[4] <newest-in-time>
+                     */
+                    AND event.depth <= ? /* current_depth */
                     /**
                      * Exponential back-off (up to the upper bound) so we don't retry the
                      * same backfill point over and over. ex. 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, 16hr, etc
@@ -880,30 +970,30 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
                      */
                     AND (
                         failed_backfill_attempt_info.event_id IS NULL
-                        OR ? /* current_time */ >= failed_backfill_attempt_info.last_attempt_ts + /*least*/%s((1 << failed_backfill_attempt_info.num_attempts) * ? /* step */, ? /* upper bound */)
+                        OR ? /* current_time */ >= failed_backfill_attempt_info.last_attempt_ts + (
+                            (1 << {least_function}(failed_backfill_attempt_info.num_attempts, ? /* max doubling steps */))
+                            * ? /* step */
+                        )
                     )
                 /**
-                 * Sort from highest to the lowest depth. Then tie-break on
-                 * alphabetical order of the event_ids so we get a consistent
-                 * ordering which is nice when asserting things in tests.
+                 * Sort from highest (closest to the `current_depth`) to the lowest depth
+                 * because the closest are most relevant to backfill from first.
+                 * Then tie-break on alphabetical order of the event_ids so we get a
+                 * consistent ordering which is nice when asserting things in tests.
                  */
                 ORDER BY event.depth DESC, insertion_event_extremity.event_id DESC
+                LIMIT ?
             """
 
-            if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-                least_function = "least"
-            elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
-                least_function = "min"
-            else:
-                raise RuntimeError("Unknown database engine")
-
             txn.execute(
-                sql % (least_function,),
+                sql,
                 (
                     room_id,
+                    current_depth,
                     self._clock.time_msec(),
-                    1000 * BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_SECONDS,
-                    1000 * BACKFILL_EVENT_BACKOFF_UPPER_BOUND_SECONDS,
+                    BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_MAXIMUM_DOUBLING_STEPS,
+                    BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_MILLISECONDS,
+                    limit,
                 ),
             )
             return cast(List[Tuple[str, int]], txn.fetchall())
@@ -1411,6 +1501,12 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
             event_id: The event that failed to be fetched or processed
             cause: The error message or reason that we failed to pull the event
         """
+        logger.debug(
+            "record_event_failed_pull_attempt room_id=%s, event_id=%s, cause=%s",
+            room_id,
+            event_id,
+            cause,
+        )
         await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "record_event_failed_pull_attempt",
             self._record_event_failed_pull_attempt_upsert_txn,
@@ -1440,6 +1536,54 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(SignatureWorkerStore, EventsWorkerStore, SQLBas
 
         txn.execute(sql, (room_id, event_id, 1, self._clock.time_msec(), cause))
 
+    @trace
+    async def get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_ids: Collection[str],
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """
+        Filter down the events to ones that we've failed to pull before recently. Uses
+        exponential backoff.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id: The room that the events belong to
+            event_ids: A list of events to filter down
+
+        Returns:
+            List of event_ids that should not be attempted to be pulled
+        """
+        event_failed_pull_attempts = await self.db_pool.simple_select_many_batch(
+            table="event_failed_pull_attempts",
+            column="event_id",
+            iterable=event_ids,
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcols=(
+                "event_id",
+                "last_attempt_ts",
+                "num_attempts",
+            ),
+            desc="get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff",
+        )
+
+        current_time = self._clock.time_msec()
+        return [
+            event_failed_pull_attempt["event_id"]
+            for event_failed_pull_attempt in event_failed_pull_attempts
+            # Exponential back-off (up to the upper bound) so we don't try to
+            # pull the same event over and over. ex. 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, 16hr, etc.
+            if current_time
+            < event_failed_pull_attempt["last_attempt_ts"]
+            + (
+                2
+                ** min(
+                    event_failed_pull_attempt["num_attempts"],
+                    BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_MAXIMUM_DOUBLING_STEPS,
+                )
+            )
+            * BACKFILL_EVENT_EXPONENTIAL_BACKOFF_STEP_MILLISECONDS
+        ]
+
     async def get_missing_events(
         self,
         room_id: str,
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_push_actions.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_push_actions.py
index f4cdc2e399..b283ab0f9c 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_push_actions.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/event_push_actions.py
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ from typing import (
 
 import attr
 
-from synapse.api.constants import ReceiptTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import MAIN_TIMELINE, ReceiptTypes
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import wrap_as_background_process
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore, db_to_json, make_in_list_sql_clause
 from synapse.storage.database import (
@@ -119,6 +119,32 @@ DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_ACTION: List[Union[dict, str]] = [
 ]
 
 
+@attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class _RoomReceipt:
+    """
+    HttpPushAction instances include the information used to generate HTTP
+    requests to a push gateway.
+    """
+
+    unthreaded_stream_ordering: int = 0
+    # threaded_stream_ordering includes the main pseudo-thread.
+    threaded_stream_ordering: Dict[str, int] = attr.Factory(dict)
+
+    def is_unread(self, thread_id: str, stream_ordering: int) -> bool:
+        """Returns True if the stream ordering is unread according to the receipt information."""
+
+        # Only include push actions with a stream ordering after both the unthreaded
+        # and threaded receipt. Properly handles a user without any receipts present.
+        return (
+            self.unthreaded_stream_ordering < stream_ordering
+            and self.threaded_stream_ordering.get(thread_id, 0) < stream_ordering
+        )
+
+
+# A _RoomReceipt with no receipts in it.
+MISSING_ROOM_RECEIPT = _RoomReceipt()
+
+
 @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
 class HttpPushAction:
     """
@@ -157,7 +183,7 @@ class UserPushAction(EmailPushAction):
 @attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
 class NotifCounts:
     """
-    The per-user, per-room count of notifications. Used by sync and push.
+    The per-user, per-room, per-thread count of notifications. Used by sync and push.
     """
 
     notify_count: int = 0
@@ -165,6 +191,21 @@ class NotifCounts:
     highlight_count: int = 0
 
 
+@attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class RoomNotifCounts:
+    """
+    The per-user, per-room count of notifications. Used by sync and push.
+    """
+
+    main_timeline: NotifCounts
+    # Map of thread ID to the notification counts.
+    threads: Dict[str, NotifCounts]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        # To properly account for the amount of space in any caches.
+        return len(self.threads) + 1
+
+
 def _serialize_action(
     actions: Collection[Union[Mapping, str]], is_highlight: bool
 ) -> str:
@@ -205,6 +246,9 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
     ):
         super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
 
+        # Track when the process started.
+        self._started_ts = self._clock.time_msec()
+
         # These get correctly set by _find_stream_orderings_for_times_txn
         self.stream_ordering_month_ago: Optional[int] = None
         self.stream_ordering_day_ago: Optional[int] = None
@@ -224,6 +268,10 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 self._rotate_notifs, 30 * 1000
             )
 
+            self._clear_old_staging_loop = self._clock.looping_call(
+                self._clear_old_push_actions_staging, 30 * 60 * 1000
+            )
+
         self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
             "event_push_summary_unique_index",
             index_name="event_push_summary_unique_index",
@@ -246,6 +294,44 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             self._background_backfill_thread_id,
         )
 
+        # Indexes which will be used to quickly make the thread_id column non-null.
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
+            "event_push_actions_thread_id_null",
+            index_name="event_push_actions_thread_id_null",
+            table="event_push_actions",
+            columns=["thread_id"],
+            where_clause="thread_id IS NULL",
+        )
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
+            "event_push_summary_thread_id_null",
+            index_name="event_push_summary_thread_id_null",
+            table="event_push_summary",
+            columns=["thread_id"],
+            where_clause="thread_id IS NULL",
+        )
+
+        # Check ASAP (and then later, every 1s) to see if we have finished
+        # background updates the event_push_actions and event_push_summary tables.
+        self._clock.call_later(0.0, self._check_event_push_backfill_thread_id)
+        self._event_push_backfill_thread_id_done = False
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("check_event_push_backfill_thread_id")
+    async def _check_event_push_backfill_thread_id(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Has thread_id finished backfilling?
+
+        If not, we need to just-in-time update it so the queries work.
+        """
+        done = await self.db_pool.updates.has_completed_background_update(
+            "event_push_backfill_thread_id"
+        )
+
+        if done:
+            self._event_push_backfill_thread_id_done = True
+        else:
+            # Reschedule to run.
+            self._clock.call_later(15.0, self._check_event_push_backfill_thread_id)
+
     async def _background_backfill_thread_id(
         self, progress: JsonDict, batch_size: int
     ) -> int:
@@ -262,11 +348,11 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         event_push_actions_done = progress.get("event_push_actions_done", False)
 
         def add_thread_id_txn(
-            txn: LoggingTransaction, table_name: str, start_stream_ordering: int
+            txn: LoggingTransaction, start_stream_ordering: int
         ) -> int:
-            sql = f"""
+            sql = """
             SELECT stream_ordering
-            FROM {table_name}
+            FROM event_push_actions
             WHERE
                 thread_id IS NULL
                 AND stream_ordering > ?
@@ -278,7 +364,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             # No more rows to process.
             rows = txn.fetchall()
             if not rows:
-                progress[f"{table_name}_done"] = True
+                progress["event_push_actions_done"] = True
                 self.db_pool.updates._background_update_progress_txn(
                     txn, "event_push_backfill_thread_id", progress
                 )
@@ -287,16 +373,65 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             # Update the thread ID for any of those rows.
             max_stream_ordering = rows[-1][0]
 
-            sql = f"""
-            UPDATE {table_name}
+            sql = """
+            UPDATE event_push_actions
             SET thread_id = 'main'
-            WHERE stream_ordering <= ? AND thread_id IS NULL
+            WHERE ? < stream_ordering AND stream_ordering <= ? AND thread_id IS NULL
             """
-            txn.execute(sql, (max_stream_ordering,))
+            txn.execute(
+                sql,
+                (
+                    start_stream_ordering,
+                    max_stream_ordering,
+                ),
+            )
 
             # Update progress.
             processed_rows = txn.rowcount
-            progress[f"max_{table_name}_stream_ordering"] = max_stream_ordering
+            progress["max_event_push_actions_stream_ordering"] = max_stream_ordering
+            self.db_pool.updates._background_update_progress_txn(
+                txn, "event_push_backfill_thread_id", progress
+            )
+
+            return processed_rows
+
+        def add_thread_id_summary_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
+            min_user_id = progress.get("max_summary_user_id", "")
+            min_room_id = progress.get("max_summary_room_id", "")
+
+            # Slightly overcomplicated query for getting the Nth user ID / room
+            # ID tuple, or the last if there are less than N remaining.
+            sql = """
+            SELECT user_id, room_id FROM (
+                SELECT user_id, room_id FROM event_push_summary
+                WHERE (user_id, room_id) > (?, ?)
+                    AND thread_id IS NULL
+                ORDER BY user_id, room_id
+                LIMIT ?
+            ) AS e
+            ORDER BY user_id DESC, room_id DESC
+            LIMIT 1
+            """
+
+            txn.execute(sql, (min_user_id, min_room_id, batch_size))
+            row = txn.fetchone()
+            if not row:
+                return 0
+
+            max_user_id, max_room_id = row
+
+            sql = """
+            UPDATE event_push_summary
+            SET thread_id = 'main'
+            WHERE
+                (?, ?) < (user_id, room_id) AND (user_id, room_id) <= (?, ?)
+                AND thread_id IS NULL
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (min_user_id, min_room_id, max_user_id, max_room_id))
+            processed_rows = txn.rowcount
+
+            progress["max_summary_user_id"] = max_user_id
+            progress["max_summary_room_id"] = max_room_id
             self.db_pool.updates._background_update_progress_txn(
                 txn, "event_push_backfill_thread_id", progress
             )
@@ -312,15 +447,12 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             result = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
                 "event_push_backfill_thread_id",
                 add_thread_id_txn,
-                "event_push_actions",
                 progress.get("max_event_push_actions_stream_ordering", 0),
             )
         else:
             result = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
                 "event_push_backfill_thread_id",
-                add_thread_id_txn,
-                "event_push_summary",
-                progress.get("max_event_push_summary_stream_ordering", 0),
+                add_thread_id_summary_txn,
             )
 
             # Only done after the event_push_summary table is done.
@@ -331,12 +463,12 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
 
         return result
 
-    @cached(tree=True, max_entries=5000)
+    @cached(tree=True, max_entries=5000, iterable=True)
     async def get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user(
         self,
         room_id: str,
         user_id: str,
-    ) -> NotifCounts:
+    ) -> RoomNotifCounts:
         """Get the notification count, the highlight count and the unread message count
         for a given user in a given room after their latest read receipt.
 
@@ -349,8 +481,9 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             user_id: The user to retrieve the counts for.
 
         Returns
-            A NotifCounts object containing the notification count, the highlight count
-            and the unread message count.
+            A RoomNotifCounts object containing the notification count, the
+            highlight count and the unread message count for both the main timeline
+            and threads.
         """
         return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room",
@@ -364,16 +497,13 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         txn: LoggingTransaction,
         room_id: str,
         user_id: str,
-    ) -> NotifCounts:
+    ) -> RoomNotifCounts:
         # Get the stream ordering of the user's latest receipt in the room.
-        result = self.get_last_receipt_for_user_txn(
+        result = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt_for_user_txn(
             txn,
             user_id,
             room_id,
-            receipt_types=(
-                ReceiptTypes.READ,
-                ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE,
-            ),
+            receipt_types=(ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE),
         )
 
         if result:
@@ -401,8 +531,8 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         txn: LoggingTransaction,
         room_id: str,
         user_id: str,
-        receipt_stream_ordering: int,
-    ) -> NotifCounts:
+        unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering: int,
+    ) -> RoomNotifCounts:
         """Get the number of unread messages for a user/room that have happened
         since the given stream ordering.
 
@@ -410,78 +540,223 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             txn: The database transaction.
             room_id: The room ID to get unread counts for.
             user_id: The user ID to get unread counts for.
-            receipt_stream_ordering: The stream ordering of the user's latest
-                receipt in the room. If there are no receipts, the stream ordering
-                of the user's join event.
+            unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering: The stream ordering of the user's latest
+                unthreaded receipt in the room. If there are no unthreaded receipts,
+                the stream ordering of the user's join event.
 
-        Returns
-            A NotifCounts object containing the notification count, the highlight count
-            and the unread message count.
+        Returns:
+            A RoomNotifCounts object containing the notification count, the
+            highlight count and the unread message count for both the main timeline
+            and threads.
         """
 
-        counts = NotifCounts()
+        main_counts = NotifCounts()
+        thread_counts: Dict[str, NotifCounts] = {}
+
+        def _get_thread(thread_id: str) -> NotifCounts:
+            if thread_id == MAIN_TIMELINE:
+                return main_counts
+            return thread_counts.setdefault(thread_id, NotifCounts())
+
+        receipt_types_clause, receipts_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine,
+            "receipt_type",
+            (ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE),
+        )
+
+        # First ensure that the existing rows have an updated thread_id field.
+        if not self._event_push_backfill_thread_id_done:
+            txn.execute(
+                """
+                UPDATE event_push_summary
+                SET thread_id = ?
+                WHERE room_id = ? AND user_id = ? AND thread_id is NULL
+                """,
+                (MAIN_TIMELINE, room_id, user_id),
+            )
+            txn.execute(
+                """
+                UPDATE event_push_actions
+                SET thread_id = ?
+                WHERE room_id = ? AND user_id = ? AND thread_id is NULL
+                """,
+                (MAIN_TIMELINE, room_id, user_id),
+            )
 
         # First we pull the counts from the summary table.
         #
-        # We check that `last_receipt_stream_ordering` matches the stream
-        # ordering given. If it doesn't match then a new read receipt has arrived and
-        # we haven't yet updated the counts in `event_push_summary` to reflect
-        # that; in that case we simply ignore `event_push_summary` counts
-        # and do a manual count of all of the rows in the `event_push_actions` table
-        # for this user/room.
+        # We check that `last_receipt_stream_ordering` matches the stream ordering of the
+        # latest receipt for the thread (which may be either the unthreaded read receipt
+        # or the threaded read receipt).
         #
-        # If `last_receipt_stream_ordering` is null then that means it's up to
-        # date (as the row was written by an older version of Synapse that
+        # If it doesn't match then a new read receipt has arrived and we haven't yet
+        # updated the counts in `event_push_summary` to reflect that; in that case we
+        # simply ignore `event_push_summary` counts.
+        #
+        # We then do a manual count of all the rows in the `event_push_actions` table
+        # for any user/room/thread which did not have a valid summary found.
+        #
+        # If `last_receipt_stream_ordering` is null then that means it's up-to-date
+        # (as the row was written by an older version of Synapse that
         # updated `event_push_summary` synchronously when persisting a new read
         # receipt).
         txn.execute(
-            """
-                SELECT stream_ordering, notif_count, COALESCE(unread_count, 0)
+            f"""
+                SELECT notif_count, COALESCE(unread_count, 0), thread_id
                 FROM event_push_summary
+                LEFT JOIN (
+                    SELECT thread_id, MAX(stream_ordering) AS threaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                    FROM receipts_linearized
+                    LEFT JOIN events USING (room_id, event_id)
+                    WHERE
+                        user_id = ?
+                        AND room_id = ?
+                        AND stream_ordering > ?
+                        AND {receipt_types_clause}
+                    GROUP BY thread_id
+                ) AS receipts USING (thread_id)
                 WHERE room_id = ? AND user_id = ?
                 AND (
-                    (last_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL AND stream_ordering > ?)
-                    OR last_receipt_stream_ordering = ?
-                )
+                    (last_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL AND stream_ordering > COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?))
+                    OR last_receipt_stream_ordering = COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?)
+                ) AND (notif_count != 0 OR COALESCE(unread_count, 0) != 0)
             """,
-            (room_id, user_id, receipt_stream_ordering, receipt_stream_ordering),
+            (
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *receipts_args,
+                room_id,
+                user_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+            ),
         )
-        row = txn.fetchone()
-
-        summary_stream_ordering = 0
-        if row:
-            summary_stream_ordering = row[0]
-            counts.notify_count += row[1]
-            counts.unread_count += row[2]
+        summarised_threads = set()
+        for notif_count, unread_count, thread_id in txn:
+            summarised_threads.add(thread_id)
+            counts = _get_thread(thread_id)
+            counts.notify_count += notif_count
+            counts.unread_count += unread_count
 
         # Next we need to count highlights, which aren't summarised
-        sql = """
-            SELECT COUNT(*) FROM event_push_actions
+        sql = f"""
+            SELECT COUNT(*), thread_id FROM event_push_actions
+            LEFT JOIN (
+                SELECT thread_id, MAX(stream_ordering) AS threaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                FROM receipts_linearized
+                LEFT JOIN events USING (room_id, event_id)
+                WHERE
+                    user_id = ?
+                    AND room_id = ?
+                    AND stream_ordering > ?
+                    AND {receipt_types_clause}
+                GROUP BY thread_id
+            ) AS receipts USING (thread_id)
             WHERE user_id = ?
                 AND room_id = ?
-                AND stream_ordering > ?
+                AND stream_ordering > COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?)
                 AND highlight = 1
+            GROUP BY thread_id
         """
-        txn.execute(sql, (user_id, room_id, receipt_stream_ordering))
-        row = txn.fetchone()
-        if row:
-            counts.highlight_count += row[0]
+        txn.execute(
+            sql,
+            (
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *receipts_args,
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+            ),
+        )
+        for highlight_count, thread_id in txn:
+            _get_thread(thread_id).highlight_count += highlight_count
+
+        # For threads which were summarised we need to count actions since the last
+        # rotation.
+        thread_id_clause, thread_id_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine, "thread_id", summarised_threads
+        )
+
+        # The (inclusive) event stream ordering that was previously summarised.
+        rotated_upto_stream_ordering = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="event_push_summary_stream_ordering",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="stream_ordering",
+        )
+
+        unread_counts = self._get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
+            txn, room_id, user_id, rotated_upto_stream_ordering
+        )
+        for notif_count, unread_count, thread_id in unread_counts:
+            if thread_id not in summarised_threads:
+                continue
+
+            if thread_id == MAIN_TIMELINE:
+                counts.notify_count += notif_count
+                counts.unread_count += unread_count
+            elif thread_id in thread_counts:
+                thread_counts[thread_id].notify_count += notif_count
+                thread_counts[thread_id].unread_count += unread_count
+            else:
+                # Previous thread summaries of 0 are discarded above.
+                #
+                # TODO If empty summaries are deleted this can be removed.
+                thread_counts[thread_id] = NotifCounts(
+                    notify_count=notif_count,
+                    unread_count=unread_count,
+                    highlight_count=0,
+                )
 
         # Finally we need to count push actions that aren't included in the
         # summary returned above. This might be due to recent events that haven't
         # been summarised yet or the summary is out of date due to a recent read
         # receipt.
-        start_unread_stream_ordering = max(
-            receipt_stream_ordering, summary_stream_ordering
-        )
-        notify_count, unread_count = self._get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
-            txn, room_id, user_id, start_unread_stream_ordering
+        sql = f"""
+            SELECT
+                COUNT(CASE WHEN notif = 1 THEN 1 END),
+                COUNT(CASE WHEN unread = 1 THEN 1 END),
+                thread_id
+            FROM event_push_actions
+            LEFT JOIN (
+                SELECT thread_id, MAX(stream_ordering) AS threaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                FROM receipts_linearized
+                LEFT JOIN events USING (room_id, event_id)
+                WHERE
+                    user_id = ?
+                    AND room_id = ?
+                    AND stream_ordering > ?
+                    AND {receipt_types_clause}
+                GROUP BY thread_id
+            ) AS receipts USING (thread_id)
+            WHERE user_id = ?
+                AND room_id = ?
+                AND stream_ordering > COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?)
+                AND NOT {thread_id_clause}
+            GROUP BY thread_id
+        """
+        txn.execute(
+            sql,
+            (
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *receipts_args,
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *thread_id_args,
+            ),
         )
+        for notif_count, unread_count, thread_id in txn:
+            counts = _get_thread(thread_id)
+            counts.notify_count += notif_count
+            counts.unread_count += unread_count
 
-        counts.notify_count += notify_count
-        counts.unread_count += unread_count
-
-        return counts
+        return RoomNotifCounts(main_counts, thread_counts)
 
     def _get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
         self,
@@ -490,7 +765,8 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         user_id: str,
         stream_ordering: int,
         max_stream_ordering: Optional[int] = None,
-    ) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        thread_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[int, int, str]]:
         """Returns the notify and unread counts from `event_push_actions` for
         the given user/room in the given range.
 
@@ -504,45 +780,55 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             stream_ordering: The (exclusive) minimum stream ordering to consider.
             max_stream_ordering: The (inclusive) maximum stream ordering to consider.
                 If this is not given, then no maximum is applied.
+            thread_id: The thread ID to fetch unread counts for. If this is not provided
+                then the results for *all* threads is returned.
+
+                Note that if this is provided the resulting list will only have 0 or
+                1 tuples in it.
 
         Return:
-            A tuple of the notif count and unread count in the given range.
+            A tuple of the notif count and unread count in the given range for
+            each thread.
         """
 
         # If there have been no events in the room since the stream ordering,
         # there can't be any push actions either.
         if not self._events_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(room_id, stream_ordering):
-            return 0, 0
+            return []
 
-        clause = ""
+        stream_ordering_clause = ""
         args = [user_id, room_id, stream_ordering]
         if max_stream_ordering is not None:
-            clause = "AND ea.stream_ordering <= ?"
+            stream_ordering_clause = "AND ea.stream_ordering <= ?"
             args.append(max_stream_ordering)
 
             # If the max stream ordering is less than the min stream ordering,
             # then obviously there are zero push actions in that range.
             if max_stream_ordering <= stream_ordering:
-                return 0, 0
+                return []
+
+        # Either limit the results to a specific thread or fetch all threads.
+        thread_id_clause = ""
+        if thread_id is not None:
+            thread_id_clause = "AND thread_id = ?"
+            args.append(thread_id)
 
         sql = f"""
             SELECT
                COUNT(CASE WHEN notif = 1 THEN 1 END),
-               COUNT(CASE WHEN unread = 1 THEN 1 END)
-             FROM event_push_actions ea
-             WHERE user_id = ?
+               COUNT(CASE WHEN unread = 1 THEN 1 END),
+               thread_id
+            FROM event_push_actions ea
+            WHERE user_id = ?
                AND room_id = ?
                AND ea.stream_ordering > ?
-               {clause}
+               {stream_ordering_clause}
+               {thread_id_clause}
+            GROUP BY thread_id
         """
 
         txn.execute(sql, args)
-        row = txn.fetchone()
-
-        if row:
-            return cast(Tuple[int, int], row)
-
-        return 0, 0
+        return cast(List[Tuple[int, int, str]], txn.fetchall())
 
     async def get_push_action_users_in_range(
         self, min_stream_ordering: int, max_stream_ordering: int
@@ -559,7 +845,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
 
     def _get_receipts_by_room_txn(
         self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str
-    ) -> Dict[str, int]:
+    ) -> Dict[str, _RoomReceipt]:
         """
         Generate a map of room ID to the latest stream ordering that has been
         read by the given user.
@@ -569,32 +855,36 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             user_id: The user to fetch receipts for.
 
         Returns:
-            A map of room ID to stream ordering for all rooms the user has a receipt in.
+            A map including all rooms the user is in with a receipt. It maps
+            room IDs to _RoomReceipt instances
         """
         receipt_types_clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
             self.database_engine,
             "receipt_type",
-            (
-                ReceiptTypes.READ,
-                ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE,
-            ),
+            (ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE),
         )
 
         sql = f"""
-            SELECT room_id, MAX(stream_ordering)
+            SELECT room_id, thread_id, MAX(stream_ordering)
             FROM receipts_linearized
             INNER JOIN events USING (room_id, event_id)
             WHERE {receipt_types_clause}
             AND user_id = ?
-            GROUP BY room_id
+            GROUP BY room_id, thread_id
         """
 
         args.extend((user_id,))
         txn.execute(sql, args)
-        return {
-            room_id: latest_stream_ordering
-            for room_id, latest_stream_ordering in txn.fetchall()
-        }
+
+        result: Dict[str, _RoomReceipt] = {}
+        for room_id, thread_id, stream_ordering in txn:
+            room_receipt = result.setdefault(room_id, _RoomReceipt())
+            if thread_id is None:
+                room_receipt.unthreaded_stream_ordering = stream_ordering
+            else:
+                room_receipt.threaded_stream_ordering[thread_id] = stream_ordering
+
+        return result
 
     async def get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_for_http(
         self,
@@ -627,9 +917,10 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
 
         def get_push_actions_txn(
             txn: LoggingTransaction,
-        ) -> List[Tuple[str, str, int, str, bool]]:
+        ) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool]]:
             sql = """
-                SELECT ep.event_id, ep.room_id, ep.stream_ordering, ep.actions, ep.highlight
+                SELECT ep.event_id, ep.room_id, ep.thread_id, ep.stream_ordering,
+                    ep.actions, ep.highlight
                 FROM event_push_actions AS ep
                 WHERE
                     ep.user_id = ?
@@ -639,7 +930,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 ORDER BY ep.stream_ordering ASC LIMIT ?
             """
             txn.execute(sql, (user_id, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering, limit))
-            return cast(List[Tuple[str, str, int, str, bool]], txn.fetchall())
+            return cast(List[Tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool]], txn.fetchall())
 
         push_actions = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_http", get_push_actions_txn
@@ -652,10 +943,10 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 stream_ordering=stream_ordering,
                 actions=_deserialize_action(actions, highlight),
             )
-            for event_id, room_id, stream_ordering, actions, highlight in push_actions
-            # Only include push actions with a stream ordering after any receipt, or without any
-            # receipt present (invited to but never read rooms).
-            if stream_ordering > receipts_by_room.get(room_id, 0)
+            for event_id, room_id, thread_id, stream_ordering, actions, highlight in push_actions
+            if receipts_by_room.get(room_id, MISSING_ROOM_RECEIPT).is_unread(
+                thread_id, stream_ordering
+            )
         ]
 
         # Now sort it so it's ordered correctly, since currently it will
@@ -699,10 +990,10 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
 
         def get_push_actions_txn(
             txn: LoggingTransaction,
-        ) -> List[Tuple[str, str, int, str, bool, int]]:
+        ) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool, int]]:
             sql = """
-                SELECT ep.event_id, ep.room_id, ep.stream_ordering, ep.actions,
-                    ep.highlight, e.received_ts
+                SELECT ep.event_id, ep.room_id, ep.thread_id, ep.stream_ordering,
+                    ep.actions, ep.highlight, e.received_ts
                 FROM event_push_actions AS ep
                 INNER JOIN events AS e USING (room_id, event_id)
                 WHERE
@@ -713,7 +1004,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 ORDER BY ep.stream_ordering DESC LIMIT ?
             """
             txn.execute(sql, (user_id, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering, limit))
-            return cast(List[Tuple[str, str, int, str, bool, int]], txn.fetchall())
+            return cast(List[Tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool, int]], txn.fetchall())
 
         push_actions = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_email", get_push_actions_txn
@@ -728,10 +1019,10 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 actions=_deserialize_action(actions, highlight),
                 received_ts=received_ts,
             )
-            for event_id, room_id, stream_ordering, actions, highlight, received_ts in push_actions
-            # Only include push actions with a stream ordering after any receipt, or without any
-            # receipt present (invited to but never read rooms).
-            if stream_ordering > receipts_by_room.get(room_id, 0)
+            for event_id, room_id, thread_id, stream_ordering, actions, highlight, received_ts in push_actions
+            if receipts_by_room.get(room_id, MISSING_ROOM_RECEIPT).is_unread(
+                thread_id, stream_ordering
+            )
         ]
 
         # Now sort it so it's ordered correctly, since currently it will
@@ -797,7 +1088,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         # can be used to insert into the `event_push_actions_staging` table.
         def _gen_entry(
             user_id: str, actions: Collection[Union[Mapping, str]]
-        ) -> Tuple[str, str, str, int, int, int, str]:
+        ) -> Tuple[str, str, str, int, int, int, str, int]:
             is_highlight = 1 if _action_has_highlight(actions) else 0
             notif = 1 if "notify" in actions else 0
             return (
@@ -808,6 +1099,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 is_highlight,  # highlight column
                 int(count_as_unread),  # unread column
                 thread_id,  # thread_id column
+                self._clock.time_msec(),  # inserted_ts column
             )
 
         await self.db_pool.simple_insert_many(
@@ -820,6 +1112,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 "highlight",
                 "unread",
                 "thread_id",
+                "inserted_ts",
             ),
             values=[
                 _gen_entry(user_id, actions)
@@ -1053,7 +1346,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         )
 
         sql = """
-            SELECT r.stream_id, r.room_id, r.user_id, e.stream_ordering
+            SELECT r.stream_id, r.room_id, r.user_id, r.thread_id, e.stream_ordering
             FROM receipts_linearized AS r
             INNER JOIN events AS e USING (event_id)
             WHERE ? < r.stream_id AND r.stream_id <= ? AND user_id LIKE ?
@@ -1074,63 +1367,122 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
                 limit,
             ),
         )
-        rows = txn.fetchall()
+        rows = cast(List[Tuple[int, str, str, Optional[str], int]], txn.fetchall())
 
         # For each new read receipt we delete push actions from before it and
         # recalculate the summary.
-        for _, room_id, user_id, stream_ordering in rows:
+        #
+        # Care must be taken of whether it is a threaded or unthreaded receipt.
+        for _, room_id, user_id, thread_id, stream_ordering in rows:
             # Only handle our own read receipts.
             if not self.hs.is_mine_id(user_id):
                 continue
 
+            thread_clause = ""
+            thread_args: Tuple = ()
+            if thread_id is not None:
+                thread_clause = "AND thread_id = ?"
+                thread_args = (thread_id,)
+
+            # For each new read receipt we delete push actions from before it and
+            # recalculate the summary.
             txn.execute(
-                """
+                f"""
                 DELETE FROM event_push_actions
                 WHERE room_id = ?
                     AND user_id = ?
                     AND stream_ordering <= ?
                     AND highlight = 0
+                    {thread_clause}
                 """,
-                (room_id, user_id, stream_ordering),
+                (room_id, user_id, stream_ordering, *thread_args),
             )
 
+            # First ensure that the existing rows have an updated thread_id field.
+            if not self._event_push_backfill_thread_id_done:
+                txn.execute(
+                    """
+                    UPDATE event_push_summary
+                    SET thread_id = ?
+                    WHERE room_id = ? AND user_id = ? AND thread_id is NULL
+                    """,
+                    (MAIN_TIMELINE, room_id, user_id),
+                )
+                txn.execute(
+                    """
+                    UPDATE event_push_actions
+                    SET thread_id = ?
+                    WHERE room_id = ? AND user_id = ? AND thread_id is NULL
+                    """,
+                    (MAIN_TIMELINE, room_id, user_id),
+                )
+
             # Fetch the notification counts between the stream ordering of the
             # latest receipt and what was previously summarised.
-            notif_count, unread_count = self._get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
-                txn, room_id, user_id, stream_ordering, old_rotate_stream_ordering
+            unread_counts = self._get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
+                txn,
+                room_id,
+                user_id,
+                stream_ordering,
+                old_rotate_stream_ordering,
+                thread_id,
             )
 
-            # Replace the previous summary with the new counts.
-            #
-            # TODO(threads): Upsert per-thread instead of setting them all to main.
-            self.db_pool.simple_upsert_txn(
+            # For an unthreaded receipt, mark the summary for all threads in the room
+            # as cleared.
+            if thread_id is None:
+                self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
+                    txn,
+                    table="event_push_summary",
+                    keyvalues={"user_id": user_id, "room_id": room_id},
+                    updatevalues={
+                        "notif_count": 0,
+                        "unread_count": 0,
+                        "stream_ordering": old_rotate_stream_ordering,
+                        "last_receipt_stream_ordering": stream_ordering,
+                    },
+                )
+
+            # For a threaded receipt, we *always* want to update that receipt,
+            # event if there are no new notifications in that thread. This ensures
+            # the stream_ordering & last_receipt_stream_ordering are updated.
+            elif not unread_counts:
+                unread_counts = [(0, 0, thread_id)]
+
+            # Then any updated threads get their notification count and unread
+            # count updated.
+            self.db_pool.simple_update_many_txn(
                 txn,
                 table="event_push_summary",
-                keyvalues={"room_id": room_id, "user_id": user_id},
-                values={
-                    "notif_count": notif_count,
-                    "unread_count": unread_count,
-                    "stream_ordering": old_rotate_stream_ordering,
-                    "last_receipt_stream_ordering": stream_ordering,
-                    "thread_id": "main",
-                },
+                key_names=("room_id", "user_id", "thread_id"),
+                key_values=[(room_id, user_id, row[2]) for row in unread_counts],
+                value_names=(
+                    "notif_count",
+                    "unread_count",
+                    "stream_ordering",
+                    "last_receipt_stream_ordering",
+                ),
+                value_values=[
+                    (row[0], row[1], old_rotate_stream_ordering, stream_ordering)
+                    for row in unread_counts
+                ],
             )
 
         # We always update `event_push_summary_last_receipt_stream_id` to
         # ensure that we don't rescan the same receipts for remote users.
 
-        upper_limit = max_receipts_stream_id
+        receipts_last_processed_stream_id = max_receipts_stream_id
         if len(rows) >= limit:
             # If we pulled out a limited number of rows we only update the
             # position to the last receipt we processed, so we continue
             # processing the rest next iteration.
-            upper_limit = rows[-1][0]
+            receipts_last_processed_stream_id = rows[-1][0]
 
         self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
             txn,
             table="event_push_summary_last_receipt_stream_id",
             keyvalues={},
-            updatevalues={"stream_id": upper_limit},
+            updatevalues={"stream_id": receipts_last_processed_stream_id},
         )
 
         return len(rows) < limit
@@ -1199,25 +1551,38 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             rotate_to_stream_ordering: The new maximum event stream ordering to summarise.
         """
 
+        # Ensure that any new actions have an updated thread_id.
+        if not self._event_push_backfill_thread_id_done:
+            txn.execute(
+                """
+                UPDATE event_push_actions
+                SET thread_id = ?
+                WHERE ? < stream_ordering AND stream_ordering <= ? AND thread_id IS NULL
+                """,
+                (MAIN_TIMELINE, old_rotate_stream_ordering, rotate_to_stream_ordering),
+            )
+
+        # XXX Do we need to update summaries here too?
+
         # Calculate the new counts that should be upserted into event_push_summary
         sql = """
-            SELECT user_id, room_id,
+            SELECT user_id, room_id, thread_id,
                 coalesce(old.%s, 0) + upd.cnt,
                 upd.stream_ordering
             FROM (
-                SELECT user_id, room_id, count(*) as cnt,
+                SELECT user_id, room_id, thread_id, count(*) as cnt,
                     max(ea.stream_ordering) as stream_ordering
                 FROM event_push_actions AS ea
-                LEFT JOIN event_push_summary AS old USING (user_id, room_id)
+                LEFT JOIN event_push_summary AS old USING (user_id, room_id, thread_id)
                 WHERE ? < ea.stream_ordering AND ea.stream_ordering <= ?
                     AND (
                         old.last_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL
                         OR old.last_receipt_stream_ordering < ea.stream_ordering
                     )
                     AND %s = 1
-                GROUP BY user_id, room_id
+                GROUP BY user_id, room_id, thread_id
             ) AS upd
-            LEFT JOIN event_push_summary AS old USING (user_id, room_id)
+            LEFT JOIN event_push_summary AS old USING (user_id, room_id, thread_id)
         """
 
         # First get the count of unread messages.
@@ -1231,11 +1596,11 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         # object because we might not have the same amount of rows in each of them. To do
         # this, we use a dict indexed on the user ID and room ID to make it easier to
         # populate.
-        summaries: Dict[Tuple[str, str], _EventPushSummary] = {}
+        summaries: Dict[Tuple[str, str, str], _EventPushSummary] = {}
         for row in txn:
-            summaries[(row[0], row[1])] = _EventPushSummary(
-                unread_count=row[2],
-                stream_ordering=row[3],
+            summaries[(row[0], row[1], row[2])] = _EventPushSummary(
+                unread_count=row[3],
+                stream_ordering=row[4],
                 notif_count=0,
             )
 
@@ -1246,34 +1611,49 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         )
 
         for row in txn:
-            if (row[0], row[1]) in summaries:
-                summaries[(row[0], row[1])].notif_count = row[2]
+            if (row[0], row[1], row[2]) in summaries:
+                summaries[(row[0], row[1], row[2])].notif_count = row[3]
             else:
                 # Because the rules on notifying are different than the rules on marking
                 # a message unread, we might end up with messages that notify but aren't
                 # marked unread, so we might not have a summary for this (user, room)
                 # tuple to complete.
-                summaries[(row[0], row[1])] = _EventPushSummary(
+                summaries[(row[0], row[1], row[2])] = _EventPushSummary(
                     unread_count=0,
-                    stream_ordering=row[3],
-                    notif_count=row[2],
+                    stream_ordering=row[4],
+                    notif_count=row[3],
                 )
 
         logger.info("Rotating notifications, handling %d rows", len(summaries))
 
-        # TODO(threads): Update on a per-thread basis.
+        # Ensure that any updated threads have the proper thread_id.
+        if not self._event_push_backfill_thread_id_done:
+            txn.execute_batch(
+                """
+                UPDATE event_push_summary
+                SET thread_id = ?
+                WHERE room_id = ? AND user_id = ? AND thread_id is NULL
+                """,
+                [
+                    (MAIN_TIMELINE, room_id, user_id)
+                    for user_id, room_id, _ in summaries
+                ],
+            )
+
         self.db_pool.simple_upsert_many_txn(
             txn,
             table="event_push_summary",
-            key_names=("user_id", "room_id"),
-            key_values=[(user_id, room_id) for user_id, room_id in summaries],
-            value_names=("notif_count", "unread_count", "stream_ordering", "thread_id"),
+            key_names=("user_id", "room_id", "thread_id"),
+            key_values=[
+                (user_id, room_id, thread_id)
+                for user_id, room_id, thread_id in summaries
+            ],
+            value_names=("notif_count", "unread_count", "stream_ordering"),
             value_values=[
                 (
                     summary.notif_count,
                     summary.unread_count,
                     summary.stream_ordering,
-                    "main",
                 )
                 for summary in summaries.values()
             ],
@@ -1285,7 +1665,10 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
         )
 
     async def _remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated(self) -> None:
-        """Clear out old push actions that have been summarised."""
+        """
+        Clear out old push actions that have been summarised (and are older than
+        1 day ago).
+        """
 
         # We want to clear out anything that is older than a day that *has* already
         # been rotated.
@@ -1346,6 +1729,53 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBas
             if done:
                 break
 
+    @wrap_as_background_process("_clear_old_push_actions_staging")
+    async def _clear_old_push_actions_staging(self) -> None:
+        """Clear out any old event push actions from the staging table for
+        events that we failed to persist.
+        """
+
+        # We delete anything more than an hour old, on the assumption that we'll
+        # never take more than an hour to persist an event.
+        delete_before_ts = self._clock.time_msec() - 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+        if self._started_ts > delete_before_ts:
+            # We need to wait for at least an hour before we started deleting,
+            # so that we know it's safe to delete rows with NULL `inserted_ts`.
+            return
+
+        # We don't have an index on `inserted_ts`, instead we assume that the
+        # number of "live" rows in `event_push_actions_staging` is small enough
+        # that an infrequent periodic scan won't cause a problem.
+        #
+        # Note: we also delete any columns with NULL `inserted_ts`, this is safe
+        # as we added a default value to new rows and so they must be at least
+        # an hour old.
+        limit = 1000
+        sql = """
+            DELETE FROM event_push_actions_staging WHERE event_id IN (
+                SELECT event_id FROM event_push_actions_staging WHERE
+                inserted_ts < ? OR inserted_ts IS NULL
+                LIMIT ?
+            )
+        """
+
+        def _clear_old_push_actions_staging_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
+            txn.execute(sql, (delete_before_ts, limit))
+            return txn.rowcount >= limit
+
+        while True:
+            # Returns true if we have more stuff to delete from the table.
+            deleted = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                "_clear_old_push_actions_staging", _clear_old_push_actions_staging_txn
+            )
+
+            if not deleted:
+                return
+
+            # We sleep to ensure that we don't overwhelm the DB.
+            await self._clock.sleep(1.0)
+
 
 class EventPushActionsStore(EventPushActionsWorkerStore):
     EPA_HIGHLIGHT_INDEX = "epa_highlight_index"
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/events.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/events.py
index 0b86a53085..354ac21ced 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/events.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/events.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import attr
 from prometheus_client import Counter
 
 import synapse.metrics
-from synapse.api.constants import EventContentFields, EventTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import EventContentFields, EventTypes, RelationTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
 from synapse.events import EventBase, relation_from_event
@@ -355,9 +355,9 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
         txn: LoggingTransaction,
         *,
         events_and_contexts: List[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]],
-        inhibit_local_membership_updates: bool = False,
-        state_delta_for_room: Optional[Dict[str, DeltaState]] = None,
-        new_forward_extremities: Optional[Dict[str, Set[str]]] = None,
+        inhibit_local_membership_updates: bool,
+        state_delta_for_room: Dict[str, DeltaState],
+        new_forward_extremities: Dict[str, Set[str]],
     ) -> None:
         """Insert some number of room events into the necessary database tables.
 
@@ -384,9 +384,6 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
             PartialStateConflictError: if attempting to persist a partial state event in
                 a room that has been un-partial stated.
         """
-        state_delta_for_room = state_delta_for_room or {}
-        new_forward_extremities = new_forward_extremities or {}
-
         all_events_and_contexts = events_and_contexts
 
         min_stream_order = events_and_contexts[0][0].internal_metadata.stream_ordering
@@ -1202,6 +1199,12 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
                 txn, room_id, members_changed
             )
 
+            # Check if any of the remote membership changes requires us to
+            # unsubscribe from their device lists.
+            self.store.handle_potentially_left_users_txn(
+                txn, {m for m in members_changed if not self.hs.is_mine_id(m)}
+            )
+
     def _upsert_room_version_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction, room_id: str) -> None:
         """Update the room version in the database based off current state
         events.
@@ -1276,9 +1279,10 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
         Pick the earliest non-outlier if there is one, else the earliest one.
 
         Args:
-            events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]):
+            events_and_contexts:
+
         Returns:
-            list[(EventBase, EventContext)]: filtered list
+            filtered list
         """
         new_events_and_contexts: OrderedDict[
             str, Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]
@@ -1304,9 +1308,8 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
         """Update min_depth for each room
 
         Args:
-            txn (twisted.enterprise.adbapi.Connection): db connection
-            events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]): events
-                we are persisting
+            txn: db connection
+            events_and_contexts: events we are persisting
         """
         depth_updates: Dict[str, int] = {}
         for event, context in events_and_contexts:
@@ -1577,13 +1580,11 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
         """Update all the miscellaneous tables for new events
 
         Args:
-            txn (twisted.enterprise.adbapi.Connection): db connection
-            events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]): events
-                we are persisting
-            all_events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]): all
-                events that we were going to persist. This includes events
-                we've already persisted, etc, that wouldn't appear in
-                events_and_context.
+            txn: db connection
+            events_and_contexts: events we are persisting
+            all_events_and_contexts: all events that we were going to persist.
+                This includes events we've already persisted, etc, that wouldn't
+                appear in events_and_context.
             inhibit_local_membership_updates: Stop the local_current_membership
                 from being updated by these events. This should be set to True
                 for backfilled events because backfilled events in the past do
@@ -1610,7 +1611,7 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
                 )
 
                 # Remove from relations table.
-                self._handle_redact_relations(txn, event.redacts)
+                self._handle_redact_relations(txn, event.room_id, event.redacts)
 
         # Update the event_forward_extremities, event_backward_extremities and
         # event_edges tables.
@@ -1860,6 +1861,34 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
             },
         )
 
+        if relation.rel_type == RelationTypes.THREAD:
+            # Upsert into the threads table, but only overwrite the value if the
+            # new event is of a later topological order OR if the topological
+            # ordering is equal, but the stream ordering is later.
+            sql = """
+            INSERT INTO threads (room_id, thread_id, latest_event_id, topological_ordering, stream_ordering)
+            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+            ON CONFLICT (room_id, thread_id)
+            DO UPDATE SET
+                latest_event_id = excluded.latest_event_id,
+                topological_ordering = excluded.topological_ordering,
+                stream_ordering = excluded.stream_ordering
+            WHERE
+                threads.topological_ordering <= excluded.topological_ordering AND
+                threads.stream_ordering < excluded.stream_ordering
+            """
+
+            txn.execute(
+                sql,
+                (
+                    event.room_id,
+                    relation.parent_id,
+                    event.event_id,
+                    event.depth,
+                    event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering,
+                ),
+            )
+
     def _handle_insertion_event(
         self, txn: LoggingTransaction, event: EventBase
     ) -> None:
@@ -1983,35 +2012,48 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
         txn.execute(sql, (batch_id,))
 
     def _handle_redact_relations(
-        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, redacted_event_id: str
+        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, room_id: str, redacted_event_id: str
     ) -> None:
         """Handles receiving a redaction and checking whether the redacted event
         has any relations which must be removed from the database.
 
         Args:
             txn
+            room_id: The room ID of the event that was redacted.
             redacted_event_id: The event that was redacted.
         """
 
-        # Fetch the current relation of the event being redacted.
-        redacted_relates_to = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+        # Fetch the relation of the event being redacted.
+        row = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
             txn,
             table="event_relations",
             keyvalues={"event_id": redacted_event_id},
-            retcol="relates_to_id",
+            retcols=("relates_to_id", "relation_type"),
             allow_none=True,
         )
+        # Nothing to do if no relation is found.
+        if row is None:
+            return
+
+        redacted_relates_to = row["relates_to_id"]
+        rel_type = row["relation_type"]
+        self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
+            txn, table="event_relations", keyvalues={"event_id": redacted_event_id}
+        )
+
         # Any relation information for the related event must be cleared.
-        if redacted_relates_to is not None:
-            self.store._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
-                txn, self.store.get_relations_for_event, (redacted_relates_to,)
-            )
+        self.store._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
+            txn, self.store.get_relations_for_event, (redacted_relates_to,)
+        )
+        if rel_type == RelationTypes.ANNOTATION:
             self.store._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
                 txn, self.store.get_aggregation_groups_for_event, (redacted_relates_to,)
             )
+        if rel_type == RelationTypes.REPLACE:
             self.store._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
                 txn, self.store.get_applicable_edit, (redacted_relates_to,)
             )
+        if rel_type == RelationTypes.THREAD:
             self.store._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
                 txn, self.store.get_thread_summary, (redacted_relates_to,)
             )
@@ -2019,14 +2061,41 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
                 txn, self.store.get_thread_participated, (redacted_relates_to,)
             )
             self.store._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
-                txn,
-                self.store.get_mutual_event_relations_for_rel_type,
-                (redacted_relates_to,),
+                txn, self.store.get_threads, (room_id,)
             )
 
-        self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
-            txn, table="event_relations", keyvalues={"event_id": redacted_event_id}
-        )
+            # Find the new latest event in the thread.
+            sql = """
+            SELECT event_id, topological_ordering, stream_ordering
+            FROM event_relations
+            INNER JOIN events USING (event_id)
+            WHERE relates_to_id = ? AND relation_type = ?
+            ORDER BY topological_ordering DESC, stream_ordering DESC
+            LIMIT 1
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (redacted_relates_to, RelationTypes.THREAD))
+
+            # If a latest event is found, update the threads table, this might
+            # be the same current latest event (if an earlier event in the thread
+            # was redacted).
+            latest_event_row = txn.fetchone()
+            if latest_event_row:
+                self.db_pool.simple_upsert_txn(
+                    txn,
+                    table="threads",
+                    keyvalues={"room_id": room_id, "thread_id": redacted_relates_to},
+                    values={
+                        "latest_event_id": latest_event_row[0],
+                        "topological_ordering": latest_event_row[1],
+                        "stream_ordering": latest_event_row[2],
+                    },
+                )
+
+            # Otherwise, delete the thread: it no longer exists.
+            else:
+                self.db_pool.simple_delete_one_txn(
+                    txn, table="threads", keyvalues={"thread_id": redacted_relates_to}
+                )
 
     def _store_room_topic_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction, event: EventBase) -> None:
         if isinstance(event.content.get("topic"), str):
@@ -2128,13 +2197,13 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
                 appear in events_and_context.
         """
 
-        # Only non outlier events will have push actions associated with them,
+        # Only notifiable events will have push actions associated with them,
         # so let's filter them out. (This makes joining large rooms faster, as
         # these queries took seconds to process all the state events).
-        non_outlier_events = [
+        notifiable_events = [
             event
             for event, _ in events_and_contexts
-            if not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
+            if event.internal_metadata.is_notifiable()
         ]
 
         sql = """
@@ -2147,7 +2216,7 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
             WHERE event_id = ?
         """
 
-        if non_outlier_events:
+        if notifiable_events:
             txn.execute_batch(
                 sql,
                 (
@@ -2157,7 +2226,7 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
                         event.depth,
                         event.event_id,
                     )
-                    for event in non_outlier_events
+                    for event in notifiable_events
                 ),
             )
 
@@ -2168,7 +2237,7 @@ class PersistEventsStore:
             (
                 (event.event_id,)
                 for event, _ in all_events_and_contexts
-                if not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
+                if event.internal_metadata.is_notifiable()
             ),
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_bg_updates.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_bg_updates.py
index 6e8aeed7b4..9e31798ab1 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_bg_updates.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_bg_updates.py
@@ -1435,16 +1435,16 @@ class EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 ),
             )
 
-            endpoint = None
             row = txn.fetchone()
             if row:
                 endpoint = row[0]
+            else:
+                # if the query didn't return a row, we must be almost done. We just
+                # need to go up to the recorded max_stream_ordering.
+                endpoint = max_stream_ordering_inclusive
 
-            where_clause = "stream_ordering > ?"
-            args = [min_stream_ordering_exclusive]
-            if endpoint:
-                where_clause += " AND stream_ordering <= ?"
-                args.append(endpoint)
+            where_clause = "stream_ordering > ? AND stream_ordering <= ?"
+            args = [min_stream_ordering_exclusive, endpoint]
 
             # now do the updates.
             txn.execute(
@@ -1458,13 +1458,13 @@ class EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore(SQLBaseStore):
             )
 
             logger.info(
-                "populated new `events` columns up to %s/%i: updated %i rows",
+                "populated new `events` columns up to %i/%i: updated %i rows",
                 endpoint,
                 max_stream_ordering_inclusive,
                 txn.rowcount,
             )
 
-            if endpoint is None:
+            if endpoint >= max_stream_ordering_inclusive:
                 # we're done
                 return True
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_worker.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_worker.py
index 9f6b1fcef1..579fac021b 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_worker.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/events_worker.py
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import (
     run_as_background_process,
     wrap_as_background_process,
 )
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
 from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import BackfillStream
 from synapse.replication.tcp.streams.events import EventsStream
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore, db_to_json, make_in_list_sql_clause
@@ -81,6 +80,7 @@ from synapse.util import unwrapFirstError
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import ObservableDeferred, delay_cancellation
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedList
 from synapse.util.caches.lrucache import AsyncLruCache
+from synapse.util.caches.stream_change_cache import StreamChangeCache
 from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
 from synapse.util.iterutils import batch_iter
 from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
@@ -212,26 +212,35 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             # `StreamIdGenerator`, otherwise we use `SlavedIdTracker` which gets
             # updated over replication. (Multiple writers are not supported for
             # SQLite).
-            if hs.get_instance_name() in hs.config.worker.writers.events:
-                self._stream_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
-                    db_conn,
-                    "events",
-                    "stream_ordering",
-                )
-                self._backfill_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
-                    db_conn,
-                    "events",
-                    "stream_ordering",
-                    step=-1,
-                    extra_tables=[("ex_outlier_stream", "event_stream_ordering")],
-                )
-            else:
-                self._stream_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-                    db_conn, "events", "stream_ordering"
-                )
-                self._backfill_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-                    db_conn, "events", "stream_ordering", step=-1
-                )
+            self._stream_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
+                db_conn,
+                "events",
+                "stream_ordering",
+                is_writer=hs.get_instance_name() in hs.config.worker.writers.events,
+            )
+            self._backfill_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
+                db_conn,
+                "events",
+                "stream_ordering",
+                step=-1,
+                extra_tables=[("ex_outlier_stream", "event_stream_ordering")],
+                is_writer=hs.get_instance_name() in hs.config.worker.writers.events,
+            )
+
+        events_max = self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
+        curr_state_delta_prefill, min_curr_state_delta_id = self.db_pool.get_cache_dict(
+            db_conn,
+            "current_state_delta_stream",
+            entity_column="room_id",
+            stream_column="stream_id",
+            max_value=events_max,  # As we share the stream id with events token
+            limit=1000,
+        )
+        self._curr_state_delta_stream_cache: StreamChangeCache = StreamChangeCache(
+            "_curr_state_delta_stream_cache",
+            min_curr_state_delta_id,
+            prefilled_cache=curr_state_delta_prefill,
+        )
 
         if hs.config.worker.run_background_tasks:
             # We periodically clean out old transaction ID mappings
@@ -374,7 +383,7 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 If there is a mismatch, behave as per allow_none.
 
         Returns:
-            The event, or None if the event was not found.
+            The event, or None if the event was not found and allow_none is `True`.
         """
         if not isinstance(event_id, str):
             raise TypeError("Invalid event event_id %r" % (event_id,))
@@ -474,7 +483,7 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             return []
 
         # there may be duplicates so we cast the list to a set
-        event_entry_map = await self._get_events_from_cache_or_db(
+        event_entry_map = await self.get_unredacted_events_from_cache_or_db(
             set(event_ids), allow_rejected=allow_rejected
         )
 
@@ -509,7 +518,9 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
                     continue
 
                 redacted_event_id = entry.event.redacts
-                event_map = await self._get_events_from_cache_or_db([redacted_event_id])
+                event_map = await self.get_unredacted_events_from_cache_or_db(
+                    [redacted_event_id]
+                )
                 original_event_entry = event_map.get(redacted_event_id)
                 if not original_event_entry:
                     # we don't have the redacted event (or it was rejected).
@@ -588,11 +599,16 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         return events
 
     @cancellable
-    async def _get_events_from_cache_or_db(
-        self, event_ids: Iterable[str], allow_rejected: bool = False
+    async def get_unredacted_events_from_cache_or_db(
+        self,
+        event_ids: Iterable[str],
+        allow_rejected: bool = False,
     ) -> Dict[str, EventCacheEntry]:
         """Fetch a bunch of events from the cache or the database.
 
+        Note that the events pulled by this function will not have any redactions
+        applied, and no guarantee is made about the ordering of the events returned.
+
         If events are pulled from the database, they will be cached for future lookups.
 
         Unknown events are omitted from the response.
@@ -1474,36 +1490,36 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         # the batches as big as possible.
 
         results: Set[str] = set()
-        for chunk in batch_iter(event_ids, 500):
-            r = await self._have_seen_events_dict(
-                [(room_id, event_id) for event_id in chunk]
+        for event_ids_chunk in batch_iter(event_ids, 500):
+            events_seen_dict = await self._have_seen_events_dict(
+                room_id, event_ids_chunk
+            )
+            results.update(
+                eid for (eid, have_event) in events_seen_dict.items() if have_event
             )
-            results.update(eid for ((_rid, eid), have_event) in r.items() if have_event)
 
         return results
 
-    @cachedList(cached_method_name="have_seen_event", list_name="keys")
+    @cachedList(cached_method_name="have_seen_event", list_name="event_ids")
     async def _have_seen_events_dict(
-        self, keys: Collection[Tuple[str, str]]
-    ) -> Dict[Tuple[str, str], bool]:
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_ids: Collection[str],
+    ) -> Dict[str, bool]:
         """Helper for have_seen_events
 
         Returns:
-             a dict {(room_id, event_id)-> bool}
+             a dict {event_id -> bool}
         """
-        # if the event cache contains the event, obviously we've seen it.
+        # TODO: We used to query the _get_event_cache here as a fast-path before
+        #  hitting the database. For if an event were in the cache, we've presumably
+        #  seen it before.
+        #
+        #  But this is currently an invalid assumption due to the _get_event_cache
+        #  not being invalidated when purging events from a room. The optimisation can
+        #  be re-added after https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13476
 
-        cache_results = {
-            (rid, eid)
-            for (rid, eid) in keys
-            if await self._get_event_cache.contains((eid,))
-        }
-        results = dict.fromkeys(cache_results, True)
-        remaining = [k for k in keys if k not in cache_results]
-        if not remaining:
-            return results
-
-        def have_seen_events_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+        def have_seen_events_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Dict[str, bool]:
             # we deliberately do *not* query the database for room_id, to make the
             # query an index-only lookup on `events_event_id_key`.
             #
@@ -1511,23 +1527,22 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
             sql = "SELECT event_id FROM events AS e WHERE "
             clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
-                txn.database_engine, "e.event_id", [eid for (_rid, eid) in remaining]
+                txn.database_engine, "e.event_id", event_ids
             )
             txn.execute(sql + clause, args)
             found_events = {eid for eid, in txn}
 
             # ... and then we can update the results for each key
-            results.update(
-                {(rid, eid): (eid in found_events) for (rid, eid) in remaining}
-            )
+            return {eid: (eid in found_events) for eid in event_ids}
 
-        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("have_seen_events", have_seen_events_txn)
-        return results
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "have_seen_events", have_seen_events_txn
+        )
 
     @cached(max_entries=100000, tree=True)
     async def have_seen_event(self, room_id: str, event_id: str) -> bool:
-        res = await self._have_seen_events_dict(((room_id, event_id),))
-        return res[(room_id, event_id)]
+        res = await self._have_seen_events_dict(room_id, [event_id])
+        return res[event_id]
 
     def _get_current_state_event_counts_txn(
         self, txn: LoggingTransaction, room_id: str
@@ -1567,7 +1582,7 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             room_id: The room ID to query.
 
         Returns:
-            dict[str:float] of complexity version to complexity.
+            Map of complexity version to complexity.
         """
         state_events = await self.get_current_state_event_counts(room_id)
 
@@ -1965,12 +1980,17 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
         Args:
             room_id: room where the event lives
-            event_id: event to check
+            event: event to check (can't be an `outlier`)
 
         Returns:
             Boolean indicating whether it's an extremity
         """
 
+        assert not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier(), (
+            "is_event_next_to_backward_gap(...) can't be used with `outlier` events. "
+            "This function relies on `event_backward_extremities` which won't be filled in for `outliers`."
+        )
+
         def is_event_next_to_backward_gap_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
             # If the event in question has any of its prev_events listed as a
             # backward extremity, it's next to a gap.
@@ -2020,12 +2040,17 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
         Args:
             room_id: room where the event lives
-            event_id: event to check
+            event: event to check (can't be an `outlier`)
 
         Returns:
             Boolean indicating whether it's an extremity
         """
 
+        assert not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier(), (
+            "is_event_next_to_forward_gap(...) can't be used with `outlier` events. "
+            "This function relies on `event_edges` and `event_forward_extremities` which won't be filled in for `outliers`."
+        )
+
         def is_event_next_to_gap_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
             # If the event in question is a forward extremity, we will just
             # consider any potential forward gap as not a gap since it's one of
@@ -2106,13 +2131,33 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             The closest event_id otherwise None if we can't find any event in
             the given direction.
         """
+        if direction == "b":
+            # Find closest event *before* a given timestamp. We use descending
+            # (which gives values largest to smallest) because we want the
+            # largest possible timestamp *before* the given timestamp.
+            comparison_operator = "<="
+            order = "DESC"
+        else:
+            # Find closest event *after* a given timestamp. We use ascending
+            # (which gives values smallest to largest) because we want the
+            # closest possible timestamp *after* the given timestamp.
+            comparison_operator = ">="
+            order = "ASC"
 
-        sql_template = """
+        sql_template = f"""
             SELECT event_id FROM events
             LEFT JOIN rejections USING (event_id)
             WHERE
-                origin_server_ts %s ?
-                AND room_id = ?
+                room_id = ?
+                AND origin_server_ts {comparison_operator} ?
+                /**
+                 * Make sure the event isn't an `outlier` because we have no way
+                 * to later check whether it's next to a gap. `outliers` do not
+                 * have entries in the `event_edges`, `event_forward_extremeties`,
+                 * and `event_backward_extremities` tables to check against
+                 * (used by `is_event_next_to_backward_gap` and `is_event_next_to_forward_gap`).
+                 */
+                AND NOT outlier
                 /* Make sure event is not rejected */
                 AND rejections.event_id IS NULL
             /**
@@ -2122,27 +2167,14 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
              * Finally, we can tie-break based on when it was received on the server
              * (`stream_ordering`).
              */
-            ORDER BY origin_server_ts %s, depth %s, stream_ordering %s
+            ORDER BY origin_server_ts {order}, depth {order}, stream_ordering {order}
             LIMIT 1;
         """
 
         def get_event_id_for_timestamp_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Optional[str]:
-            if direction == "b":
-                # Find closest event *before* a given timestamp. We use descending
-                # (which gives values largest to smallest) because we want the
-                # largest possible timestamp *before* the given timestamp.
-                comparison_operator = "<="
-                order = "DESC"
-            else:
-                # Find closest event *after* a given timestamp. We use ascending
-                # (which gives values smallest to largest) because we want the
-                # closest possible timestamp *after* the given timestamp.
-                comparison_operator = ">="
-                order = "ASC"
-
             txn.execute(
-                sql_template % (comparison_operator, order, order, order),
-                (timestamp, room_id),
+                sql_template,
+                (room_id, timestamp),
             )
             row = txn.fetchone()
             if row:
@@ -2196,7 +2228,15 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         return result is not None
 
     async def get_partial_state_events_batch(self, room_id: str) -> List[str]:
-        """Get a list of events in the given room that have partial state"""
+        """
+        Get a list of events in the given room that:
+        - have partial state; and
+        - are ready to be resynced (because they have no prev_events that are
+          partial-stated)
+
+        See the docstring on `_get_partial_state_events_batch_txn` for more
+        information.
+        """
         return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "get_partial_state_events_batch",
             self._get_partial_state_events_batch_txn,
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/filtering.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/filtering.py
index cb9ee08fa8..12f3b601f1 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/filtering.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/filtering.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached
 
 
-class FilteringStore(SQLBaseStore):
+class FilteringWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
     @cached(num_args=2)
     async def get_user_filter(
         self, user_localpart: str, filter_id: Union[int, str]
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ class FilteringStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
         return db_to_json(def_json)
 
+
+class FilteringStore(FilteringWorkerStore):
     async def add_user_filter(self, user_localpart: str, user_filter: JsonDict) -> int:
         def_json = encode_canonical_json(user_filter)
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py
index efd136a864..db9a24db5e 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersWorkerStore(RegistrationWorkerStore):
         def _reap_users(txn: LoggingTransaction, reserved_users: List[str]) -> None:
             """
             Args:
-                reserved_users (tuple): reserved users to preserve
+                reserved_users: reserved users to preserve
             """
 
             thirty_days_ago = int(self._clock.time_msec()) - (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30)
@@ -370,8 +370,8 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersWorkerStore(RegistrationWorkerStore):
         should not appear in the MAU stats).
 
         Args:
-            txn (cursor):
-            user_id (str): user to add/update
+            txn:
+            user_id: user to add/update
         """
         assert (
             self._update_on_this_worker
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersWorkerStore(RegistrationWorkerStore):
         add the user to the monthly active tables
 
         Args:
-            user_id(str): the user_id to query
+            user_id: the user_id to query
         """
         assert (
             self._update_on_this_worker
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/push_rule.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/push_rule.py
index ed17b2e70c..12ad44dbb3 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/push_rule.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/push_rule.py
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-import abc
 import logging
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Collection,
     Dict,
+    Iterable,
     List,
     Mapping,
     Optional,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from typing import (
 
 from synapse.api.errors import StoreError
 from synapse.config.homeserver import ExperimentalConfig
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
+from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import PushRulesStream
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore
 from synapse.storage.database import (
     DatabasePool,
@@ -81,22 +81,15 @@ def _load_rules(
         for rawrule in rawrules
     ]
 
-    push_rules = PushRules(
-        ruleslist,
-    )
+    push_rules = PushRules(ruleslist)
 
     filtered_rules = FilteredPushRules(
-        push_rules,
-        enabled_map,
-        msc3786_enabled=experimental_config.msc3786_enabled,
-        msc3772_enabled=experimental_config.msc3772_enabled,
+        push_rules, enabled_map, msc3664_enabled=experimental_config.msc3664_enabled
     )
 
     return filtered_rules
 
 
-# The ABCMeta metaclass ensures that it cannot be instantiated without
-# the abstract methods being implemented.
 class PushRulesWorkerStore(
     ApplicationServiceWorkerStore,
     PusherWorkerStore,
@@ -104,7 +97,6 @@ class PushRulesWorkerStore(
     ReceiptsWorkerStore,
     EventsWorkerStore,
     SQLBaseStore,
-    metaclass=abc.ABCMeta,
 ):
     """This is an abstract base class where subclasses must implement
     `get_max_push_rules_stream_id` which can be called in the initializer.
@@ -118,14 +110,14 @@ class PushRulesWorkerStore(
     ):
         super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
 
-        if hs.config.worker.worker_app is None:
-            self._push_rules_stream_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdTracker = StreamIdGenerator(
-                db_conn, "push_rules_stream", "stream_id"
-            )
-        else:
-            self._push_rules_stream_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-                db_conn, "push_rules_stream", "stream_id"
-            )
+        # In the worker store this is an ID tracker which we overwrite in the non-worker
+        # class below that is used on the main process.
+        self._push_rules_stream_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdTracker = StreamIdGenerator(
+            db_conn,
+            "push_rules_stream",
+            "stream_id",
+            is_writer=hs.config.worker.worker_app is None,
+        )
 
         push_rules_prefill, push_rules_id = self.db_pool.get_cache_dict(
             db_conn,
@@ -141,14 +133,23 @@ class PushRulesWorkerStore(
             prefilled_cache=push_rules_prefill,
         )
 
-    @abc.abstractmethod
     def get_max_push_rules_stream_id(self) -> int:
         """Get the position of the push rules stream.
 
         Returns:
             int
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError()
+        return self._push_rules_stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
+
+    def process_replication_rows(
+        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: Iterable[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if stream_name == PushRulesStream.NAME:
+            self._push_rules_stream_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
+            for row in rows:
+                self.get_push_rules_for_user.invalidate((row.user_id,))
+                self.push_rules_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
+        return super().process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
 
     @cached(max_entries=5000)
     async def get_push_rules_for_user(self, user_id: str) -> FilteredPushRules:
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/pusher.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/pusher.py
index 01206950a9..fee37b9ce4 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/pusher.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/pusher.py
@@ -27,13 +27,18 @@ from typing import (
 )
 
 from synapse.push import PusherConfig, ThrottleParams
+from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import PushersStream
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore, db_to_json
 from synapse.storage.database import (
     DatabasePool,
     LoggingDatabaseConnection,
     LoggingTransaction,
 )
-from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import StreamIdGenerator
+from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import (
+    AbstractStreamIdGenerator,
+    AbstractStreamIdTracker,
+    StreamIdGenerator,
+)
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util import json_encoder
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached
@@ -52,8 +57,15 @@ class PusherWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         hs: "HomeServer",
     ):
         super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
-        self._pushers_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
-            db_conn, "pushers", "id", extra_tables=[("deleted_pushers", "stream_id")]
+
+        # In the worker store this is an ID tracker which we overwrite in the non-worker
+        # class below that is used on the main process.
+        self._pushers_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdTracker = StreamIdGenerator(
+            db_conn,
+            "pushers",
+            "id",
+            extra_tables=[("deleted_pushers", "stream_id")],
+            is_writer=hs.config.worker.worker_app is None,
         )
 
         self.db_pool.updates.register_background_update_handler(
@@ -96,6 +108,16 @@ class PusherWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
             yield PusherConfig(**r)
 
+    def get_pushers_stream_token(self) -> int:
+        return self._pushers_id_gen.get_current_token()
+
+    def process_replication_rows(
+        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: Iterable[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if stream_name == PushersStream.NAME:
+            self._pushers_id_gen.advance(instance_name, token)
+        return super().process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
+
     async def get_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey(
         self, app_id: str, pushkey: str
     ) -> Iterator[PusherConfig]:
@@ -545,8 +567,9 @@ class PusherBackgroundUpdatesStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
 
 class PusherStore(PusherWorkerStore, PusherBackgroundUpdatesStore):
-    def get_pushers_stream_token(self) -> int:
-        return self._pushers_id_gen.get_current_token()
+    # Because we have write access, this will be a StreamIdGenerator
+    # (see PusherWorkerStore.__init__)
+    _pushers_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdGenerator
 
     async def add_pusher(
         self,
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/receipts.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/receipts.py
index 52fe0db924..a580e4bdda 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/receipts.py
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from typing import (
 )
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
 from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import ReceiptsStream
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore, db_to_json, make_in_list_sql_clause
 from synapse.storage.database import (
@@ -61,6 +60,9 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         hs: "HomeServer",
     ):
         self._instance_name = hs.get_instance_name()
+
+        # In the worker store this is an ID tracker which we overwrite in the non-worker
+        # class below that is used on the main process.
         self._receipts_id_gen: AbstractStreamIdTracker
 
         if isinstance(database.engine, PostgresEngine):
@@ -87,14 +89,12 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             # `StreamIdGenerator`, otherwise we use `SlavedIdTracker` which gets
             # updated over replication. (Multiple writers are not supported for
             # SQLite).
-            if hs.get_instance_name() in hs.config.worker.writers.receipts:
-                self._receipts_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
-                    db_conn, "receipts_linearized", "stream_id"
-                )
-            else:
-                self._receipts_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-                    db_conn, "receipts_linearized", "stream_id"
-                )
+            self._receipts_id_gen = StreamIdGenerator(
+                db_conn,
+                "receipts_linearized",
+                "stream_id",
+                is_writer=hs.get_instance_name() in hs.config.worker.writers.receipts,
+            )
 
         super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
 
@@ -113,56 +113,11 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             prefilled_cache=receipts_stream_prefill,
         )
 
-        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
-            "receipts_linearized_unique_index",
-            index_name="receipts_linearized_unique_index",
-            table="receipts_linearized",
-            columns=["room_id", "receipt_type", "user_id"],
-            where_clause="thread_id IS NULL",
-            unique=True,
-        )
-
-        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
-            "receipts_graph_unique_index",
-            index_name="receipts_graph_unique_index",
-            table="receipts_graph",
-            columns=["room_id", "receipt_type", "user_id"],
-            where_clause="thread_id IS NULL",
-            unique=True,
-        )
-
     def get_max_receipt_stream_id(self) -> int:
         """Get the current max stream ID for receipts stream"""
         return self._receipts_id_gen.get_current_token()
 
-    async def get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
-        self, user_id: str, room_id: str, receipt_types: Collection[str]
-    ) -> Optional[str]:
-        """
-        Fetch the event ID for the latest receipt in a room with one of the given receipt types.
-
-        Args:
-            user_id: The user to fetch receipts for.
-            room_id: The room ID to fetch the receipt for.
-            receipt_type: The receipt types to fetch.
-
-        Returns:
-            The latest receipt, if one exists.
-        """
-        result = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
-            "get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user",
-            self.get_last_receipt_for_user_txn,
-            user_id,
-            room_id,
-            receipt_types,
-        )
-        if not result:
-            return None
-
-        event_id, _ = result
-        return event_id
-
-    def get_last_receipt_for_user_txn(
+    def get_last_unthreaded_receipt_for_user_txn(
         self,
         txn: LoggingTransaction,
         user_id: str,
@@ -170,13 +125,13 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         receipt_types: Collection[str],
     ) -> Optional[Tuple[str, int]]:
         """
-        Fetch the event ID and stream_ordering for the latest receipt in a room
-        with one of the given receipt types.
+        Fetch the event ID and stream_ordering for the latest unthreaded receipt
+        in a room with one of the given receipt types.
 
         Args:
             user_id: The user to fetch receipts for.
             room_id: The room ID to fetch the receipt for.
-            receipt_type: The receipt types to fetch.
+            receipt_types: The receipt types to fetch.
 
         Returns:
             The event ID and stream ordering of the latest receipt, if one exists.
@@ -193,6 +148,7 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             WHERE {clause}
             AND user_id = ?
             AND room_id = ?
+            AND thread_id IS NULL
             ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
             LIMIT 1
         """
@@ -444,6 +400,8 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             receipt_type = event_entry.setdefault(row["receipt_type"], {})
 
             receipt_type[row["user_id"]] = db_to_json(row["data"])
+            if row["thread_id"]:
+                receipt_type[row["user_id"]]["thread_id"] = row["thread_id"]
 
         results = {
             room_id: [results[room_id]] if room_id in results else []
@@ -726,9 +684,6 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 "data": json_encoder.encode(data),
             },
             where_clause=where_clause,
-            # receipts_linearized has a unique constraint on
-            # (user_id, room_id, receipt_type), so no need to lock
-            lock=False,
         )
 
         return rx_ts
@@ -886,14 +841,13 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 "data": json_encoder.encode(data),
             },
             where_clause=where_clause,
-            # receipts_graph has a unique constraint on
-            # (user_id, room_id, receipt_type), so no need to lock
-            lock=False,
         )
 
 
 class ReceiptsBackgroundUpdateStore(SQLBaseStore):
     POPULATE_RECEIPT_EVENT_STREAM_ORDERING = "populate_event_stream_ordering"
+    RECEIPTS_LINEARIZED_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "receipts_linearized_unique_index"
+    RECEIPTS_GRAPH_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "receipts_graph_unique_index"
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -907,6 +861,14 @@ class ReceiptsBackgroundUpdateStore(SQLBaseStore):
             self.POPULATE_RECEIPT_EVENT_STREAM_ORDERING,
             self._populate_receipt_event_stream_ordering,
         )
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_update_handler(
+            self.RECEIPTS_LINEARIZED_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME,
+            self._background_receipts_linearized_unique_index,
+        )
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_update_handler(
+            self.RECEIPTS_GRAPH_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME,
+            self._background_receipts_graph_unique_index,
+        )
 
     async def _populate_receipt_event_stream_ordering(
         self, progress: JsonDict, batch_size: int
@@ -962,6 +924,143 @@ class ReceiptsBackgroundUpdateStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
         return batch_size
 
+    async def _create_receipts_index(self, index_name: str, table: str) -> None:
+        """Adds a unique index on `(room_id, receipt_type, user_id)` to the given
+        receipts table, for non-thread receipts."""
+
+        def _create_index(conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection) -> None:
+            conn.rollback()
+
+            # we have to set autocommit, because postgres refuses to
+            # CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY without it.
+            if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+                conn.set_session(autocommit=True)
+
+            try:
+                c = conn.cursor()
+
+                # Now that the duplicates are gone, we can create the index.
+                concurrently = (
+                    "CONCURRENTLY"
+                    if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine)
+                    else ""
+                )
+                sql = f"""
+                    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX {concurrently} {index_name}
+                    ON {table}(room_id, receipt_type, user_id)
+                    WHERE thread_id IS NULL
+                """
+                c.execute(sql)
+            finally:
+                if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+                    conn.set_session(autocommit=False)
+
+        await self.db_pool.runWithConnection(_create_index)
+
+    async def _background_receipts_linearized_unique_index(
+        self, progress: dict, batch_size: int
+    ) -> int:
+        """Removes duplicate receipts and adds a unique index on
+        `(room_id, receipt_type, user_id)` to `receipts_linearized`, for non-thread
+        receipts."""
+
+        def _remote_duplicate_receipts_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+            # Identify any duplicate receipts arising from
+            # https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14406.
+            # We expect the following query to use the per-thread receipt index and take
+            # less than a minute.
+            sql = """
+                SELECT MAX(stream_id), room_id, receipt_type, user_id
+                FROM receipts_linearized
+                WHERE thread_id IS NULL
+                GROUP BY room_id, receipt_type, user_id
+                HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql)
+            duplicate_keys = cast(List[Tuple[int, str, str, str]], list(txn))
+
+            # Then remove duplicate receipts, keeping the one with the highest
+            # `stream_id`. There should only be a single receipt with any given
+            # `stream_id`.
+            for max_stream_id, room_id, receipt_type, user_id in duplicate_keys:
+                sql = """
+                    DELETE FROM receipts_linearized
+                    WHERE
+                        room_id = ? AND
+                        receipt_type = ? AND
+                        user_id = ? AND
+                        thread_id IS NULL AND
+                        stream_id < ?
+                """
+                txn.execute(sql, (room_id, receipt_type, user_id, max_stream_id))
+
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            self.RECEIPTS_LINEARIZED_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME,
+            _remote_duplicate_receipts_txn,
+        )
+
+        await self._create_receipts_index(
+            "receipts_linearized_unique_index",
+            "receipts_linearized",
+        )
+
+        await self.db_pool.updates._end_background_update(
+            self.RECEIPTS_LINEARIZED_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME
+        )
+
+        return 1
+
+    async def _background_receipts_graph_unique_index(
+        self, progress: dict, batch_size: int
+    ) -> int:
+        """Removes duplicate receipts and adds a unique index on
+        `(room_id, receipt_type, user_id)` to `receipts_graph`, for non-thread
+        receipts."""
+
+        def _remote_duplicate_receipts_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+            # Identify any duplicate receipts arising from
+            # https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14406.
+            # We expect the following query to use the per-thread receipt index and take
+            # less than a minute.
+            sql = """
+                SELECT room_id, receipt_type, user_id FROM receipts_graph
+                WHERE thread_id IS NULL
+                GROUP BY room_id, receipt_type, user_id
+                HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql)
+            duplicate_keys = cast(List[Tuple[str, str, str]], list(txn))
+
+            # Then remove all duplicate receipts.
+            # We could be clever and try to keep the latest receipt out of every set of
+            # duplicates, but it's far simpler to remove them all.
+            for room_id, receipt_type, user_id in duplicate_keys:
+                sql = """
+                    DELETE FROM receipts_graph
+                    WHERE
+                        room_id = ? AND
+                        receipt_type = ? AND
+                        user_id = ? AND
+                        thread_id IS NULL
+                """
+                txn.execute(sql, (room_id, receipt_type, user_id))
+
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            self.RECEIPTS_GRAPH_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME,
+            _remote_duplicate_receipts_txn,
+        )
+
+        await self._create_receipts_index(
+            "receipts_graph_unique_index",
+            "receipts_graph",
+        )
+
+        await self.db_pool.updates._end_background_update(
+            self.RECEIPTS_GRAPH_UNIQUE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME
+        )
+
+        return 1
+
 
 class ReceiptsStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, ReceiptsBackgroundUpdateStore):
     pass
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/registration.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/registration.py
index ac821878b0..31f0f2bd3d 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/registration.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/registration.py
@@ -21,7 +21,13 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
 import attr
 
 from synapse.api.constants import UserTypes
-from synapse.api.errors import Codes, StoreError, SynapseError, ThreepidValidationError
+from synapse.api.errors import (
+    Codes,
+    NotFoundError,
+    StoreError,
+    SynapseError,
+    ThreepidValidationError,
+)
 from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import wrap_as_background_process
 from synapse.storage.database import (
@@ -50,6 +56,14 @@ class ExternalIDReuseException(Exception):
     because this external id is given to an other user."""
 
 
+class LoginTokenExpired(Exception):
+    """Exception if the login token sent expired"""
+
+
+class LoginTokenReused(Exception):
+    """Exception if the login token sent was already used"""
+
+
 @attr.s(frozen=True, slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
 class TokenLookupResult:
     """Result of looking up an access token.
@@ -115,6 +129,20 @@ class RefreshTokenLookupResult:
     If None, the session can be refreshed indefinitely."""
 
 
+@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, frozen=True, slots=True)
+class LoginTokenLookupResult:
+    """Result of looking up a login token."""
+
+    user_id: str
+    """The user this token belongs to."""
+
+    auth_provider_id: Optional[str]
+    """The SSO Identity Provider that the user authenticated with, to get this token."""
+
+    auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str]
+    """The session ID advertised by the SSO Identity Provider."""
+
+
 class RegistrationWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -166,27 +194,49 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
     @cached()
     async def get_user_by_id(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         """Deprecated: use get_userinfo_by_id instead"""
-        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_one(
-            table="users",
-            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
-            retcols=[
-                "name",
-                "password_hash",
-                "is_guest",
-                "admin",
-                "consent_version",
-                "consent_ts",
-                "consent_server_notice_sent",
-                "appservice_id",
-                "creation_ts",
-                "user_type",
-                "deactivated",
-                "shadow_banned",
-            ],
-            allow_none=True,
+
+        def get_user_by_id_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+            # We could technically use simple_select_one here, but it would not perform
+            # the COALESCEs (unless hacked into the column names), which could yield
+            # confusing results.
+            txn.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT
+                    name, password_hash, is_guest, admin, consent_version, consent_ts,
+                    consent_server_notice_sent, appservice_id, creation_ts, user_type,
+                    deactivated, COALESCE(shadow_banned, FALSE) AS shadow_banned,
+                    COALESCE(approved, TRUE) AS approved
+                FROM users
+                WHERE name = ?
+                """,
+                (user_id,),
+            )
+
+            rows = self.db_pool.cursor_to_dict(txn)
+
+            if len(rows) == 0:
+                return None
+
+            return rows[0]
+
+        row = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             desc="get_user_by_id",
+            func=get_user_by_id_txn,
         )
 
+        if row is not None:
+            # If we're using SQLite our boolean values will be integers. Because we
+            # present some of this data as is to e.g. server admins via REST APIs, we
+            # want to make sure we're returning the right type of data.
+            # Note: when adding a column name to this list, be wary of NULLable columns,
+            # since NULL values will be turned into False.
+            boolean_columns = ["admin", "deactivated", "shadow_banned", "approved"]
+            for column in boolean_columns:
+                if not isinstance(row[column], bool):
+                    row[column] = bool(row[column])
+
+        return row
+
     async def get_userinfo_by_id(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[UserInfo]:
         """Get a UserInfo object for a user by user ID.
 
@@ -903,7 +953,7 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
         """Returns user id from threepid
 
         Args:
-            txn (cursor):
+            txn:
             medium: threepid medium e.g. email
             address: threepid address e.g. me@example.com
 
@@ -1233,8 +1283,8 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
         """Sets an expiration date to the account with the given user ID.
 
         Args:
-             user_id (str): User ID to set an expiration date for.
-             use_delta (bool): If set to False, the expiration date for the user will be
+             user_id: User ID to set an expiration date for.
+             use_delta: If set to False, the expiration date for the user will be
                 now + validity period. If set to True, this expiration date will be a
                 random value in the [now + period - d ; now + period] range, d being a
                 delta equal to 10% of the validity period.
@@ -1767,6 +1817,130 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
             "replace_refresh_token", _replace_refresh_token_txn
         )
 
+    async def add_login_token_to_user(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        token: str,
+        expiry_ts: int,
+        auth_provider_id: Optional[str],
+        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Adds a short-term login token for the given user.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The user ID.
+            token: The new login token to add.
+            expiry_ts (milliseconds since the epoch): Time after which the login token
+                cannot be used.
+            auth_provider_id: The SSO Identity Provider that the user authenticated with
+                to get this token, if any
+            auth_provider_session_id: The session ID advertised by the SSO Identity
+                Provider, if any.
+        """
+        await self.db_pool.simple_insert(
+            "login_tokens",
+            {
+                "token": token,
+                "user_id": user_id,
+                "expiry_ts": expiry_ts,
+                "auth_provider_id": auth_provider_id,
+                "auth_provider_session_id": auth_provider_session_id,
+            },
+            desc="add_login_token_to_user",
+        )
+
+    def _consume_login_token(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        token: str,
+        ts: int,
+    ) -> LoginTokenLookupResult:
+        values = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
+            txn,
+            "login_tokens",
+            keyvalues={"token": token},
+            retcols=(
+                "user_id",
+                "expiry_ts",
+                "used_ts",
+                "auth_provider_id",
+                "auth_provider_session_id",
+            ),
+            allow_none=True,
+        )
+
+        if values is None:
+            raise NotFoundError()
+
+        self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
+            txn,
+            "login_tokens",
+            keyvalues={"token": token},
+            updatevalues={"used_ts": ts},
+        )
+        user_id = values["user_id"]
+        expiry_ts = values["expiry_ts"]
+        used_ts = values["used_ts"]
+        auth_provider_id = values["auth_provider_id"]
+        auth_provider_session_id = values["auth_provider_session_id"]
+
+        # Token was already used
+        if used_ts is not None:
+            raise LoginTokenReused()
+
+        # Token expired
+        if ts > int(expiry_ts):
+            raise LoginTokenExpired()
+
+        return LoginTokenLookupResult(
+            user_id=user_id,
+            auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
+            auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
+        )
+
+    async def consume_login_token(self, token: str) -> LoginTokenLookupResult:
+        """Lookup a login token and consume it.
+
+        Args:
+            token: The login token.
+
+        Returns:
+            The data stored with that token, including the `user_id`. Returns `None` if
+            the token does not exist or if it expired.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotFound if the login token was not found in database
+            LoginTokenExpired if the login token expired
+            LoginTokenReused if the login token was already used
+        """
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "consume_login_token",
+            self._consume_login_token,
+            token,
+            self._clock.time_msec(),
+        )
+
+    async def invalidate_login_tokens_by_session_id(
+        self, auth_provider_id: str, auth_provider_session_id: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Invalidate login tokens with the given IdP session ID.
+
+        Args:
+            auth_provider_id: The SSO Identity Provider that the user authenticated with
+                to get this token
+            auth_provider_session_id: The session ID advertised by the SSO Identity
+                Provider
+        """
+        await self.db_pool.simple_update(
+            table="login_tokens",
+            keyvalues={
+                "auth_provider_id": auth_provider_id,
+                "auth_provider_session_id": auth_provider_session_id,
+            },
+            updatevalues={"used_ts": self._clock.time_msec()},
+            desc="invalidate_login_tokens_by_session_id",
+        )
+
     @cached()
     async def is_guest(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
         res = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
@@ -1779,6 +1953,40 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
 
         return res if res else False
 
+    @cached()
+    async def is_user_approved(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
+        """Checks if a user is approved and therefore can be allowed to log in.
+
+        If the user's 'approved' column is NULL, we consider it as true given it means
+        the user was registered when support for an approval flow was either disabled
+        or nonexistent.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user to check the approval status of.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean that is True if the user is approved, False otherwise.
+        """
+
+        def is_user_approved_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
+            txn.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT COALESCE(approved, TRUE) AS approved FROM users WHERE name = ?
+                """,
+                (user_id,),
+            )
+
+            rows = self.db_pool.cursor_to_dict(txn)
+
+            # We cast to bool because the value returned by the database engine might
+            # be an integer if we're using SQLite.
+            return bool(rows[0]["approved"])
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            desc="is_user_pending_approval",
+            func=is_user_approved_txn,
+        )
+
 
 class RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore(RegistrationWorkerStore):
     def __init__(
@@ -1916,6 +2124,29 @@ class RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore(RegistrationWorkerStore):
         self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))
         txn.call_after(self.is_guest.invalidate, (user_id,))
 
+    def update_user_approval_status_txn(
+        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str, approved: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the user's 'approved' flag to the given value.
+
+        The boolean is turned into an int because the column is a smallint.
+
+        Args:
+            txn: the current database transaction.
+            user_id: the user to update the flag for.
+            approved: the value to set the flag to.
+        """
+        self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
+            txn=txn,
+            table="users",
+            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
+            updatevalues={"approved": approved},
+        )
+
+        # Invalidate the caches of methods that read the value of the 'approved' flag.
+        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))
+        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.is_user_approved, (user_id,))
+
 
 class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
     def __init__(
@@ -1933,6 +2164,19 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
         self._access_tokens_id_gen = IdGenerator(db_conn, "access_tokens", "id")
         self._refresh_tokens_id_gen = IdGenerator(db_conn, "refresh_tokens", "id")
 
+        # If support for MSC3866 is enabled and configured to require approval for new
+        # account, we will create new users with an 'approved' flag set to false.
+        self._require_approval = (
+            hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
+            and hs.config.experimental.msc3866.require_approval_for_new_accounts
+        )
+
+        # Create a background job for removing expired login tokens
+        if hs.config.worker.run_background_tasks:
+            self._clock.looping_call(
+                self._delete_expired_login_tokens, THIRTY_MINUTES_IN_MS
+            )
+
     async def add_access_token_to_user(
         self,
         user_id: str,
@@ -2065,6 +2309,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
         admin: bool = False,
         user_type: Optional[str] = None,
         shadow_banned: bool = False,
+        approved: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """Attempts to register an account.
 
@@ -2083,6 +2328,8 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
                 or None for a normal user.
             shadow_banned: Whether the user is shadow-banned, i.e. they may be
                 told their requests succeeded but we ignore them.
+            approved: Whether to consider the user has already been approved by an
+                administrator.
 
         Raises:
             StoreError if the user_id could not be registered.
@@ -2099,6 +2346,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
             admin,
             user_type,
             shadow_banned,
+            approved,
         )
 
     def _register_user(
@@ -2113,11 +2361,14 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
         admin: bool,
         user_type: Optional[str],
         shadow_banned: bool,
+        approved: bool,
     ) -> None:
         user_id_obj = UserID.from_string(user_id)
 
         now = int(self._clock.time())
 
+        user_approved = approved or not self._require_approval
+
         try:
             if was_guest:
                 # Ensure that the guest user actually exists
@@ -2143,6 +2394,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
                         "admin": 1 if admin else 0,
                         "user_type": user_type,
                         "shadow_banned": shadow_banned,
+                        "approved": user_approved,
                     },
                 )
             else:
@@ -2158,6 +2410,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
                         "admin": 1 if admin else 0,
                         "user_type": user_type,
                         "shadow_banned": shadow_banned,
+                        "approved": user_approved,
                     },
                 )
 
@@ -2503,6 +2756,42 @@ class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
             start_or_continue_validation_session_txn,
         )
 
+    async def update_user_approval_status(
+        self, user_id: UserID, approved: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the user's 'approved' flag to the given value.
+
+        The boolean will be turned into an int (in update_user_approval_status_txn)
+        because the column is a smallint.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user to update the flag for.
+            approved: the value to set the flag to.
+        """
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "update_user_approval_status",
+            self.update_user_approval_status_txn,
+            user_id.to_string(),
+            approved,
+        )
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("delete_expired_login_tokens")
+    async def _delete_expired_login_tokens(self) -> None:
+        """Remove login tokens with expiry dates that have passed."""
+
+        def _delete_expired_login_tokens_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction, ts: int) -> None:
+            sql = "DELETE FROM login_tokens WHERE expiry_ts <= ?"
+            txn.execute(sql, (ts,))
+
+        # We keep the expired tokens for an extra 5 minutes so we can measure how many
+        # times a token is being used after its expiry
+        now = self._clock.time_msec()
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "delete_expired_login_tokens",
+            _delete_expired_login_tokens_txn,
+            now - (5 * 60 * 1000),
+        )
+
 
 def find_max_generated_user_id_localpart(cur: Cursor) -> int:
     """
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py
index 64cba763c4..8a1c206d95 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 import logging
 from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
     Collection,
     Dict,
     FrozenSet,
@@ -28,19 +29,48 @@ from typing import (
 
 import attr
 
-from synapse.api.constants import RelationTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import MAIN_TIMELINE, RelationTypes
+from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.logging.tracing import trace
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore
-from synapse.storage.database import LoggingTransaction, make_in_list_sql_clause
+from synapse.storage.database import (
+    DatabasePool,
+    LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+    LoggingTransaction,
+    make_in_list_sql_clause,
+)
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.stream import generate_pagination_where_clause
 from synapse.storage.engines import PostgresEngine
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, RoomStreamToken, StreamKeyType, StreamToken
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedList
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class ThreadsNextBatch:
+    topological_ordering: int
+    stream_ordering: int
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.topological_ordering}_{self.stream_ordering}"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, string: str) -> "ThreadsNextBatch":
+        """
+        Creates a ThreadsNextBatch from its textual representation.
+        """
+        try:
+            keys = (int(s) for s in string.split("_"))
+            return cls(*keys)
+        except Exception:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid threads token")
+
+
 @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
 class _RelatedEvent:
     """
@@ -57,6 +87,76 @@ class _RelatedEvent:
 
 
 class RelationsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        database: DatabasePool,
+        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+    ):
+        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
+
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_update_handler(
+            "threads_backfill", self._backfill_threads
+        )
+
+    async def _backfill_threads(self, progress: JsonDict, batch_size: int) -> int:
+        """Backfill the threads table."""
+
+        def threads_backfill_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
+            last_thread_id = progress.get("last_thread_id", "")
+
+            # Get the latest event in each thread by topo ordering / stream ordering.
+            #
+            # Note that the MAX(event_id) is needed to abide by the rules of group by,
+            # but doesn't actually do anything since there should only be a single event
+            # ID per topo/stream ordering pair.
+            sql = f"""
+            SELECT room_id, relates_to_id, MAX(topological_ordering), MAX(stream_ordering), MAX(event_id)
+            FROM event_relations
+            INNER JOIN events USING (event_id)
+            WHERE
+                relates_to_id > ? AND
+                relation_type = '{RelationTypes.THREAD}'
+            GROUP BY room_id, relates_to_id
+            ORDER BY relates_to_id
+            LIMIT ?
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (last_thread_id, batch_size))
+
+            # No more rows to process.
+            rows = txn.fetchall()
+            if not rows:
+                return 0
+
+            # Insert the rows into the threads table. If a matching thread already exists,
+            # assume it is from a newer event.
+            sql = """
+            INSERT INTO threads (room_id, thread_id, topological_ordering, stream_ordering, latest_event_id)
+            VALUES %s
+            ON CONFLICT (room_id, thread_id)
+            DO NOTHING
+            """
+            if isinstance(txn.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+                txn.execute_values(sql % ("?",), rows, fetch=False)
+            else:
+                txn.execute_batch(sql % ("(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",), rows)
+
+            # Mark the progress.
+            self.db_pool.updates._background_update_progress_txn(
+                txn, "threads_backfill", {"last_thread_id": rows[-1][1]}
+            )
+
+            return txn.rowcount
+
+        result = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "threads_backfill", threads_backfill_txn
+        )
+
+        if not result:
+            await self.db_pool.updates._end_background_update("threads_backfill")
+
+        return result
+
     @cached(uncached_args=("event",), tree=True)
     async def get_relations_for_event(
         self,
@@ -196,6 +296,42 @@ class RelationsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             "get_recent_references_for_event", _get_recent_references_for_event_txn
         )
 
+    async def get_all_relations_for_event_with_types(
+        self,
+        event_id: str,
+        relation_types: List[str],
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Get the event IDs of all events that have a relation to the given event with
+        one of the given relation types.
+
+        Args:
+            event_id: The event for which to look for related events.
+            relation_types: The types of relations to look for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of the IDs of the events that relate to the given event with one of
+            the given relation types.
+        """
+
+        def get_all_relation_ids_for_event_with_types_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> List[str]:
+            rows = self.db_pool.simple_select_many_txn(
+                txn=txn,
+                table="event_relations",
+                column="relation_type",
+                iterable=relation_types,
+                keyvalues={"relates_to_id": event_id},
+                retcols=["event_id"],
+            )
+
+            return [row["event_id"] for row in rows]
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            desc="get_all_relation_ids_for_event_with_types",
+            func=get_all_relation_ids_for_event_with_types_txn,
+        )
+
     async def event_includes_relation(self, event_id: str) -> bool:
         """Check if the given event relates to another event.
 
@@ -784,57 +920,192 @@ class RelationsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             "get_if_user_has_annotated_event", _get_if_user_has_annotated_event
         )
 
-    @cached(iterable=True)
-    async def get_mutual_event_relations_for_rel_type(
-        self, event_id: str, relation_type: str
-    ) -> Set[Tuple[str, str]]:
-        raise NotImplementedError()
-
-    @cachedList(
-        cached_method_name="get_mutual_event_relations_for_rel_type",
-        list_name="relation_types",
-    )
-    async def get_mutual_event_relations(
-        self, event_id: str, relation_types: Collection[str]
-    ) -> Dict[str, Set[Tuple[str, str]]]:
-        """
-        Fetch event metadata for events which related to the same event as the given event.
-
-        If the given event has no relation information, returns an empty dictionary.
+    @cached(tree=True)
+    async def get_threads(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        limit: int = 5,
+        from_token: Optional[ThreadsNextBatch] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[str], Optional[ThreadsNextBatch]]:
+        """Get a list of thread IDs, ordered by topological ordering of their
+        latest reply.
 
         Args:
-            event_id: The event ID which is targeted by relations.
-            relation_types: The relation types to check for mutual relations.
+            room_id: The room the event belongs to.
+            limit: Only fetch the most recent `limit` threads.
+            from_token: Fetch rows from a previous next_batch, or from the start if None.
 
         Returns:
-            A dictionary of relation type to:
-                A set of tuples of:
-                    The sender
-                    The event type
+            A tuple of:
+                A list of thread root event IDs.
+
+                The next_batch, if one exists.
         """
-        rel_type_sql, rel_type_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
-            self.database_engine, "relation_type", relation_types
-        )
+        # Generate the pagination clause, if necessary.
+        #
+        # Find any threads where the latest reply is equal / before the last
+        # thread's topo ordering and earlier in stream ordering.
+        pagination_clause = ""
+        pagination_args: tuple = ()
+        if from_token:
+            pagination_clause = "AND topological_ordering <= ? AND stream_ordering < ?"
+            pagination_args = (
+                from_token.topological_ordering,
+                from_token.stream_ordering,
+            )
 
         sql = f"""
-            SELECT DISTINCT relation_type, sender, type FROM event_relations
-            INNER JOIN events USING (event_id)
-            WHERE relates_to_id = ? AND {rel_type_sql}
+            SELECT thread_id, topological_ordering, stream_ordering
+            FROM threads
+            WHERE
+                room_id = ?
+                {pagination_clause}
+            ORDER BY topological_ordering DESC, stream_ordering DESC
+            LIMIT ?
         """
 
-        def _get_event_relations(
+        def _get_threads_txn(
             txn: LoggingTransaction,
-        ) -> Dict[str, Set[Tuple[str, str]]]:
-            txn.execute(sql, [event_id] + rel_type_args)
-            result: Dict[str, Set[Tuple[str, str]]] = {
-                rel_type: set() for rel_type in relation_types
-            }
-            for rel_type, sender, type in txn.fetchall():
-                result[rel_type].add((sender, type))
-            return result
+        ) -> Tuple[List[str], Optional[ThreadsNextBatch]]:
+            txn.execute(sql, (room_id, *pagination_args, limit + 1))
+
+            rows = cast(List[Tuple[str, int, int]], txn.fetchall())
+            thread_ids = [r[0] for r in rows]
+
+            # If there are more events, generate the next pagination key from the
+            # last thread which will be returned.
+            next_token = None
+            if len(thread_ids) > limit:
+                last_topo_id = rows[-2][1]
+                last_stream_id = rows[-2][2]
+                next_token = ThreadsNextBatch(last_topo_id, last_stream_id)
+
+            return thread_ids[:limit], next_token
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("get_threads", _get_threads_txn)
+
+    @cached()
+    async def get_thread_id(self, event_id: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Get the thread ID for an event. This considers multi-level relations,
+        e.g. an annotation to an event which is part of a thread.
+
+        It only searches up the relations tree, i.e. it only searches for events
+        which the given event is related to (and which those events are related
+        to, etc.)
+
+        Given the following DAG:
+
+            A <---[m.thread]-- B <--[m.annotation]-- C
+            ^
+            |--[m.reference]-- D <--[m.annotation]-- E
+
+        get_thread_id(X) considers events B and C as part of thread A.
+
+        See also get_thread_id_for_receipts.
+
+        Args:
+            event_id: The event ID to fetch the thread ID for.
+
+        Returns:
+            The event ID of the root event in the thread, if this event is part
+            of a thread. "main", otherwise.
+        """
+
+        # Recurse event relations up to the *root* event, then search that chain
+        # of relations for a thread relation. If one is found, the root event is
+        # returned.
+        #
+        # Note that this should only ever find 0 or 1 entries since it is invalid
+        # for an event to have a thread relation to an event which also has a
+        # relation.
+        sql = """
+            WITH RECURSIVE related_events AS (
+                SELECT event_id, relates_to_id, relation_type, 0 depth
+                FROM event_relations
+                WHERE event_id = ?
+                UNION SELECT e.event_id, e.relates_to_id, e.relation_type, depth + 1
+                FROM event_relations e
+                INNER JOIN related_events r ON r.relates_to_id = e.event_id
+                WHERE depth <= 3
+            )
+            SELECT relates_to_id FROM related_events
+            WHERE relation_type = 'm.thread'
+            ORDER BY depth DESC
+            LIMIT 1;
+        """
+
+        def _get_thread_id(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> str:
+            txn.execute(sql, (event_id,))
+            row = txn.fetchone()
+            if row:
+                return row[0]
+
+            # If no thread was found, it is part of the main timeline.
+            return MAIN_TIMELINE
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("get_thread_id", _get_thread_id)
+
+    @cached()
+    async def get_thread_id_for_receipts(self, event_id: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Get the thread ID for an event by traversing to the top-most related event
+        and confirming any children events form a thread.
+
+        Given the following DAG:
+
+            A <---[m.thread]-- B <--[m.annotation]-- C
+            ^
+            |--[m.reference]-- D <--[m.annotation]-- E
+
+        get_thread_id_for_receipts(X) considers events A, B, C, D, and E as part
+        of thread A.
+
+        See also get_thread_id.
+
+        Args:
+            event_id: The event ID to fetch the thread ID for.
+
+        Returns:
+            The event ID of the root event in the thread, if this event is part
+            of a thread. "main", otherwise.
+        """
+
+        # Recurse event relations up to the *root* event, then search for any events
+        # related to that root node for a thread relation. If one is found, the
+        # root event is returned.
+        #
+        # Note that there cannot be thread relations in the middle of the chain since
+        # it is invalid for an event to have a thread relation to an event which also
+        # has a relation.
+        sql = """
+        SELECT relates_to_id FROM event_relations WHERE relates_to_id = COALESCE((
+            WITH RECURSIVE related_events AS (
+                SELECT event_id, relates_to_id, relation_type, 0 depth
+                FROM event_relations
+                WHERE event_id = ?
+                UNION SELECT e.event_id, e.relates_to_id, e.relation_type, depth + 1
+                FROM event_relations e
+                INNER JOIN related_events r ON r.relates_to_id = e.event_id
+                WHERE depth <= 3
+            )
+            SELECT relates_to_id FROM related_events
+            ORDER BY depth DESC
+            LIMIT 1
+        ), ?) AND relation_type = 'm.thread' LIMIT 1;
+        """
+
+        def _get_related_thread_id(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> str:
+            txn.execute(sql, (event_id, event_id))
+            row = txn.fetchone()
+            if row:
+                return row[0]
+
+            # If no thread was found, it is part of the main timeline.
+            return MAIN_TIMELINE
 
         return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
-            "get_event_relations", _get_event_relations
+            "get_related_thread_id", _get_related_thread_id
         )
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/room.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/room.py
index 5dd116d766..4fbaefad73 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/room.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/room.py
@@ -97,6 +97,12 @@ class RoomSortOrder(Enum):
     STATE_EVENTS = "state_events"
 
 
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class PartialStateResyncInfo:
+    joined_via: Optional[str]
+    servers_in_room: List[str] = attr.ib(factory=list)
+
+
 class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -207,21 +213,30 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
 
     def _construct_room_type_where_clause(
         self, room_types: Union[List[Union[str, None]], None]
-    ) -> Tuple[Union[str, None], List[str]]:
+    ) -> Tuple[Union[str, None], list]:
         if not room_types:
             return None, []
-        else:
-            # We use None when we want get rooms without a type
-            is_null_clause = ""
-            if None in room_types:
-                is_null_clause = "OR room_type IS NULL"
-                room_types = [value for value in room_types if value is not None]
 
+        # Since None is used to represent a room without a type, care needs to
+        # be taken into account when constructing the where clause.
+        clauses = []
+        args: list = []
+
+        room_types_set = set(room_types)
+
+        # We use None to represent a room without a type.
+        if None in room_types_set:
+            clauses.append("room_type IS NULL")
+            room_types_set.remove(None)
+
+        # If there are other room types, generate the proper clause.
+        if room_types:
             list_clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
-                self.database_engine, "room_type", room_types
+                self.database_engine, "room_type", room_types_set
             )
+            clauses.append(list_clause)
 
-            return f"({list_clause} {is_null_clause})", args
+        return f"({' OR '.join(clauses)})", args
 
     async def count_public_rooms(
         self,
@@ -241,14 +256,6 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
         def _count_public_rooms_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
             query_args = []
 
-            room_type_clause, args = self._construct_room_type_where_clause(
-                search_filter.get(PublicRoomsFilterFields.ROOM_TYPES, None)
-                if search_filter
-                else None
-            )
-            room_type_clause = f" AND {room_type_clause}" if room_type_clause else ""
-            query_args += args
-
             if network_tuple:
                 if network_tuple.appservice_id:
                     published_sql = """
@@ -268,6 +275,14 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
                     UNION SELECT room_id from appservice_room_list
             """
 
+            room_type_clause, args = self._construct_room_type_where_clause(
+                search_filter.get(PublicRoomsFilterFields.ROOM_TYPES, None)
+                if search_filter
+                else None
+            )
+            room_type_clause = f" AND {room_type_clause}" if room_type_clause else ""
+            query_args += args
+
             sql = f"""
                 SELECT
                     COUNT(*)
@@ -1134,6 +1149,7 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
             get_rooms_for_retention_period_in_range_txn,
         )
 
+    @cached(iterable=True)
     async def get_partial_state_servers_at_join(self, room_id: str) -> Sequence[str]:
         """Gets the list of servers in a partial state room at the time we joined it.
 
@@ -1150,17 +1166,29 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
             desc="get_partial_state_servers_at_join",
         )
 
-    async def get_partial_state_rooms_and_servers(
+    async def get_partial_state_room_resync_info(
         self,
-    ) -> Mapping[str, Collection[str]]:
-        """Get all rooms containing events with partial state, and the servers known
-        to be in the room.
+    ) -> Mapping[str, PartialStateResyncInfo]:
+        """Get all rooms containing events with partial state, and the information
+        needed to restart a "resync" of those rooms.
 
         Returns:
             A dictionary of rooms with partial state, with room IDs as keys and
             lists of servers in rooms as values.
         """
-        room_servers: Dict[str, List[str]] = {}
+        room_servers: Dict[str, PartialStateResyncInfo] = {}
+
+        rows = await self.db_pool.simple_select_list(
+            table="partial_state_rooms",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcols=("room_id", "joined_via"),
+            desc="get_server_which_served_partial_join",
+        )
+
+        for row in rows:
+            room_id = row["room_id"]
+            joined_via = row["joined_via"]
+            room_servers[room_id] = PartialStateResyncInfo(joined_via=joined_via)
 
         rows = await self.db_pool.simple_select_list(
             "partial_state_rooms_servers",
@@ -1172,7 +1200,15 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
         for row in rows:
             room_id = row["room_id"]
             server_name = row["server_name"]
-            room_servers.setdefault(room_id, []).append(server_name)
+            entry = room_servers.get(room_id)
+            if entry is None:
+                # There is a foreign key constraint which enforces that every room_id in
+                # partial_state_rooms_servers appears in partial_state_rooms. So we
+                # expect `entry` to be non-null. (This reasoning fails if we've
+                # partial-joined between the two SELECTs, but this is unlikely to happen
+                # in practice.)
+                continue
+            entry.servers_in_room.append(server_name)
 
         return room_servers
 
@@ -1216,6 +1252,29 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
             keyvalues={"room_id": room_id},
         )
         self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.is_partial_state_room, (room_id,))
+        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
+            txn, self.get_partial_state_servers_at_join, (room_id,)
+        )
+
+        # We now delete anything from `device_lists_remote_pending` with a
+        # stream ID less than the minimum
+        # `partial_state_rooms.device_lists_stream_id`, as we no longer need them.
+        device_lists_stream_id = DatabasePool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="partial_state_rooms",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="MIN(device_lists_stream_id)",
+            allow_none=True,
+        )
+        if device_lists_stream_id is None:
+            # There are no rooms being currently partially joined, so we delete everything.
+            txn.execute("DELETE FROM device_lists_remote_pending")
+        else:
+            sql = """
+                DELETE FROM device_lists_remote_pending
+                WHERE stream_id <= ?
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (device_lists_stream_id,))
 
     @cached()
     async def is_partial_state_room(self, room_id: str) -> bool:
@@ -1236,6 +1295,22 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
 
         return entry is not None
 
+    async def get_join_event_id_and_device_lists_stream_id_for_partial_state(
+        self, room_id: str
+    ) -> Tuple[str, int]:
+        """Get the event ID of the initial join that started the partial
+        join, and the device list stream ID at the point we started the partial
+        join.
+        """
+
+        result = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one(
+            table="partial_state_rooms",
+            keyvalues={"room_id": room_id},
+            retcols=("join_event_id", "device_lists_stream_id"),
+            desc="get_join_event_id_for_partial_state",
+        )
+        return result["join_event_id"], result["device_lists_stream_id"]
+
 
 class _BackgroundUpdates:
     REMOVE_TOMESTONED_ROOMS_BG_UPDATE = "remove_tombstoned_rooms_from_directory"
@@ -1777,28 +1852,51 @@ class RoomStore(RoomBackgroundUpdateStore, RoomWorkerStore):
         self,
         room_id: str,
         servers: Collection[str],
+        device_lists_stream_id: int,
+        joined_via: str,
     ) -> None:
-        """Mark the given room as containing events with partial state
+        """Mark the given room as containing events with partial state.
+
+        We also store additional data that describes _when_ we first partial-joined this
+        room, which helps us to keep other homeservers in sync when we finally fully
+        join this room.
+
+        We do not include a `join_event_id` here---we need to wait for the join event
+        to be persisted first.
 
         Args:
             room_id: the ID of the room
             servers: other servers known to be in the room
+            device_lists_stream_id: the device_lists stream ID at the time when we first
+                joined the room.
+            joined_via: the server name we requested a partial join from.
         """
         await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "store_partial_state_room",
             self._store_partial_state_room_txn,
             room_id,
             servers,
+            device_lists_stream_id,
+            joined_via,
         )
 
     def _store_partial_state_room_txn(
-        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, room_id: str, servers: Collection[str]
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        room_id: str,
+        servers: Collection[str],
+        device_lists_stream_id: int,
+        joined_via: str,
     ) -> None:
         DatabasePool.simple_insert_txn(
             txn,
             table="partial_state_rooms",
             values={
                 "room_id": room_id,
+                "device_lists_stream_id": device_lists_stream_id,
+                # To be updated later once the join event is persisted.
+                "join_event_id": None,
+                "joined_via": joined_via,
             },
         )
         DatabasePool.simple_insert_many_txn(
@@ -1808,6 +1906,39 @@ class RoomStore(RoomBackgroundUpdateStore, RoomWorkerStore):
             values=((room_id, s) for s in servers),
         )
         self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.is_partial_state_room, (room_id,))
+        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
+            txn, self.get_partial_state_servers_at_join, (room_id,)
+        )
+
+    async def write_partial_state_rooms_join_event_id(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        join_event_id: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Record the join event which resulted from a partial join.
+
+        We do this separately to `store_partial_state_room` because we need to wait for
+        the join event to be persisted. Otherwise we violate a foreign key constraint.
+        """
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "write_partial_state_rooms_join_event_id",
+            self._write_partial_state_rooms_join_event_id,
+            room_id,
+            join_event_id,
+        )
+
+    def _write_partial_state_rooms_join_event_id(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        room_id: str,
+        join_event_id: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        DatabasePool.simple_update_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="partial_state_rooms",
+            keyvalues={"room_id": room_id},
+            updatevalues={"join_event_id": join_event_id},
+        )
 
     async def maybe_store_room_on_outlier_membership(
         self, room_id: str, room_version: RoomVersion
@@ -1926,7 +2057,8 @@ class RoomStore(RoomBackgroundUpdateStore, RoomWorkerStore):
         Args:
             report_id: ID of reported event in database
         Returns:
-            event_report: json list of information from event report
+            JSON dict of information from an event report or None if the
+            report does not exist.
         """
 
         def _get_event_report_txn(
@@ -1999,8 +2131,9 @@ class RoomStore(RoomBackgroundUpdateStore, RoomWorkerStore):
             user_id: search for user_id. Ignored if user_id is None
             room_id: search for room_id. Ignored if room_id is None
         Returns:
-            event_reports: json list of event reports
-            count: total number of event reports matching the filter criteria
+            Tuple of:
+                json list of event reports
+                total number of event reports matching the filter criteria
         """
 
         def _get_event_reports_paginate_txn(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/roommember.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/roommember.py
index a8d224602a..f02c1d7ea7 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/roommember.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/roommember.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 import logging
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Callable,
     Collection,
     Dict,
     FrozenSet,
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ from synapse.types import JsonDict, PersistedEventPosition, StateMap, get_domain
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer
 from synapse.util.caches import intern_string
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import _CacheContext, cached, cachedList
-from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
 from synapse.util.iterutils import batch_iter
 from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
 
@@ -148,42 +146,40 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
 
     @cached(max_entries=100000, iterable=True)
     async def get_users_in_room(self, room_id: str) -> List[str]:
-        """
-        Returns a list of users in the room sorted by longest in the room first
-        (aka. with the lowest depth). This is done to match the sort in
-        `get_current_hosts_in_room()` and so we can re-use the cache but it's
-        not horrible to have here either.
-
-        Uses `m.room.member`s in the room state at the current forward extremities to
-        determine which users are in the room.
+        """Returns a list of users in the room.
 
         Will return inaccurate results for rooms with partial state, since the state for
         the forward extremities of those rooms will exclude most members. We may also
         calculate room state incorrectly for such rooms and believe that a member is or
         is not in the room when the opposite is true.
+
+        Note: If you only care about users in the room local to the homeserver, use
+        `get_local_users_in_room(...)` instead which will be more performant.
         """
-        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
-            "get_users_in_room", self.get_users_in_room_txn, room_id
+        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_onecol(
+            table="current_state_events",
+            keyvalues={
+                "type": EventTypes.Member,
+                "room_id": room_id,
+                "membership": Membership.JOIN,
+            },
+            retcol="state_key",
+            desc="get_users_in_room",
         )
 
     def get_users_in_room_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction, room_id: str) -> List[str]:
-        """
-        Returns a list of users in the room sorted by longest in the room first
-        (aka. with the lowest depth). This is done to match the sort in
-        `get_current_hosts_in_room()` and so we can re-use the cache but it's
-        not horrible to have here either.
-        """
-        sql = """
-            SELECT c.state_key FROM current_state_events as c
-            /* Get the depth of the event from the events table */
-            INNER JOIN events AS e USING (event_id)
-            WHERE c.type = 'm.room.member' AND c.room_id = ? AND membership = ?
-            /* Sorted by lowest depth first */
-            ORDER BY e.depth ASC;
-        """
+        """Returns a list of users in the room."""
 
-        txn.execute(sql, (room_id, Membership.JOIN))
-        return [r[0] for r in txn]
+        return self.db_pool.simple_select_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="current_state_events",
+            keyvalues={
+                "type": EventTypes.Member,
+                "room_id": room_id,
+                "membership": Membership.JOIN,
+            },
+            retcol="state_key",
+        )
 
     @cached()
     def get_user_in_room_with_profile(
@@ -600,58 +596,6 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
             for room_id, instance, stream_id in txn
         )
 
-    @cachedList(
-        cached_method_name="get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering",
-        list_name="user_ids",
-    )
-    async def get_rooms_for_users_with_stream_ordering(
-        self, user_ids: Collection[str]
-    ) -> Dict[str, FrozenSet[GetRoomsForUserWithStreamOrdering]]:
-        """A batched version of `get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering`.
-
-        Returns:
-            Map from user_id to set of rooms that is currently in.
-        """
-        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
-            "get_rooms_for_users_with_stream_ordering",
-            self._get_rooms_for_users_with_stream_ordering_txn,
-            user_ids,
-        )
-
-    def _get_rooms_for_users_with_stream_ordering_txn(
-        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_ids: Collection[str]
-    ) -> Dict[str, FrozenSet[GetRoomsForUserWithStreamOrdering]]:
-
-        clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
-            self.database_engine,
-            "c.state_key",
-            user_ids,
-        )
-
-        sql = f"""
-            SELECT c.state_key, room_id, e.instance_name, e.stream_ordering
-            FROM current_state_events AS c
-            INNER JOIN events AS e USING (room_id, event_id)
-            WHERE
-                c.type = 'm.room.member'
-                AND c.membership = ?
-                AND {clause}
-        """
-
-        txn.execute(sql, [Membership.JOIN] + args)
-
-        result: Dict[str, Set[GetRoomsForUserWithStreamOrdering]] = {
-            user_id: set() for user_id in user_ids
-        }
-        for user_id, room_id, instance, stream_id in txn:
-            result[user_id].add(
-                GetRoomsForUserWithStreamOrdering(
-                    room_id, PersistedEventPosition(instance, stream_id)
-                )
-            )
-
-        return {user_id: frozenset(v) for user_id, v in result.items()}
-
     async def get_users_server_still_shares_room_with(
         self, user_ids: Collection[str]
     ) -> Set[str]:
@@ -662,44 +606,114 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
         if not user_ids:
             return set()
 
-        def _get_users_server_still_shares_room_with_txn(
-            txn: LoggingTransaction,
-        ) -> Set[str]:
-            sql = """
-                SELECT state_key FROM current_state_events
-                WHERE
-                    type = 'm.room.member'
-                    AND membership = 'join'
-                    AND %s
-                GROUP BY state_key
-            """
-
-            clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
-                self.database_engine, "state_key", user_ids
-            )
-
-            txn.execute(sql % (clause,), args)
-
-            return {row[0] for row in txn}
-
         return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "get_users_server_still_shares_room_with",
-            _get_users_server_still_shares_room_with_txn,
+            self.get_users_server_still_shares_room_with_txn,
+            user_ids,
         )
 
-    @cancellable
-    async def get_rooms_for_user(
-        self, user_id: str, on_invalidate: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None
-    ) -> FrozenSet[str]:
+    def get_users_server_still_shares_room_with_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        user_ids: Collection[str],
+    ) -> Set[str]:
+        if not user_ids:
+            return set()
+
+        sql = """
+            SELECT state_key FROM current_state_events
+            WHERE
+                type = 'm.room.member'
+                AND membership = 'join'
+                AND %s
+            GROUP BY state_key
+        """
+
+        clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine, "state_key", user_ids
+        )
+
+        txn.execute(sql % (clause,), args)
+
+        return {row[0] for row in txn}
+
+    @cached(max_entries=500000, iterable=True)
+    async def get_rooms_for_user(self, user_id: str) -> FrozenSet[str]:
         """Returns a set of room_ids the user is currently joined to.
 
         If a remote user only returns rooms this server is currently
         participating in.
         """
-        rooms = await self.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering(
-            user_id, on_invalidate=on_invalidate
+        rooms = self.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering.cache.get_immediate(
+            (user_id,),
+            None,
+            update_metrics=False,
         )
-        return frozenset(r.room_id for r in rooms)
+        if rooms:
+            return frozenset(r.room_id for r in rooms)
+
+        room_ids = await self.db_pool.simple_select_onecol(
+            table="current_state_events",
+            keyvalues={
+                "type": EventTypes.Member,
+                "membership": Membership.JOIN,
+                "state_key": user_id,
+            },
+            retcol="room_id",
+            desc="get_rooms_for_user",
+        )
+
+        return frozenset(room_ids)
+
+    @cachedList(
+        cached_method_name="get_rooms_for_user",
+        list_name="user_ids",
+    )
+    async def _get_rooms_for_users(
+        self, user_ids: Collection[str]
+    ) -> Dict[str, FrozenSet[str]]:
+        """A batched version of `get_rooms_for_user`.
+
+        Returns:
+            Map from user_id to set of rooms that is currently in.
+        """
+
+        rows = await self.db_pool.simple_select_many_batch(
+            table="current_state_events",
+            column="state_key",
+            iterable=user_ids,
+            retcols=(
+                "state_key",
+                "room_id",
+            ),
+            keyvalues={
+                "type": EventTypes.Member,
+                "membership": Membership.JOIN,
+            },
+            desc="get_rooms_for_users",
+        )
+
+        user_rooms: Dict[str, Set[str]] = {user_id: set() for user_id in user_ids}
+
+        for row in rows:
+            user_rooms[row["state_key"]].add(row["room_id"])
+
+        return {key: frozenset(rooms) for key, rooms in user_rooms.items()}
+
+    async def get_rooms_for_users(
+        self, user_ids: Collection[str]
+    ) -> Dict[str, FrozenSet[str]]:
+        """A batched wrapper around `_get_rooms_for_users`, to prevent locking
+        other calls to `get_rooms_for_user` for large user lists.
+        """
+        all_user_rooms: Dict[str, FrozenSet[str]] = {}
+
+        # 250 users is pretty arbitrary but the data can be quite large if users
+        # are in many rooms.
+        for batch_user_ids in batch_iter(user_ids, 250):
+            all_user_rooms.update(await self._get_rooms_for_users(batch_user_ids))
+
+        return all_user_rooms
 
     @cached(max_entries=10000)
     async def does_pair_of_users_share_a_room(
@@ -731,7 +745,7 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
             # user and the set of other users, and then checking if there is any
             # overlap.
             sql = f"""
-                SELECT b.state_key
+                SELECT DISTINCT b.state_key
                 FROM (
                     SELECT room_id FROM current_state_events
                     WHERE type = 'm.room.member' AND membership = 'join' AND state_key = ?
@@ -740,7 +754,6 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
                     SELECT room_id, state_key FROM current_state_events
                     WHERE type = 'm.room.member' AND membership = 'join' AND {clause}
                 ) AS b using (room_id)
-                LIMIT 1
             """
 
             txn.execute(sql, (user_id, *args))
@@ -930,7 +943,44 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
         return True
 
     @cached(iterable=True, max_entries=10000)
-    async def get_current_hosts_in_room(self, room_id: str) -> List[str]:
+    async def get_current_hosts_in_room(self, room_id: str) -> Set[str]:
+        """Get current hosts in room based on current state."""
+
+        # First we check if we already have `get_users_in_room` in the cache, as
+        # we can just calculate result from that
+        users = self.get_users_in_room.cache.get_immediate(
+            (room_id,), None, update_metrics=False
+        )
+        if users is not None:
+            return {get_domain_from_id(u) for u in users}
+
+        if isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+            # If we're using SQLite then let's just always use
+            # `get_users_in_room` rather than funky SQL.
+            users = await self.get_users_in_room(room_id)
+            return {get_domain_from_id(u) for u in users}
+
+        # For PostgreSQL we can use a regex to pull out the domains from the
+        # joined users in `current_state_events` via regex.
+
+        def get_current_hosts_in_room_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Set[str]:
+            sql = """
+                SELECT DISTINCT substring(state_key FROM '@[^:]*:(.*)$')
+                FROM current_state_events
+                WHERE
+                    type = 'm.room.member'
+                    AND membership = 'join'
+                    AND room_id = ?
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (room_id,))
+            return {d for d, in txn}
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_current_hosts_in_room", get_current_hosts_in_room_txn
+        )
+
+    @cached(iterable=True, max_entries=10000)
+    async def get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered(self, room_id: str) -> List[str]:
         """
         Get current hosts in room based on current state.
 
@@ -938,48 +988,33 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
         longest is good because they're most likely to have anything we ask
         about.
 
-        Uses `m.room.member`s in the room state at the current forward extremities to
-        determine which hosts are in the room.
+        For SQLite the returned list is not ordered, as SQLite doesn't support
+        the appropriate SQL.
 
-        Will return inaccurate results for rooms with partial state, since the state for
-        the forward extremities of those rooms will exclude most members. We may also
-        calculate room state incorrectly for such rooms and believe that a host is or
-        is not in the room when the opposite is true.
+        Uses `m.room.member`s in the room state at the current forward
+        extremities to determine which hosts are in the room.
+
+        Will return inaccurate results for rooms with partial state, since the
+        state for the forward extremities of those rooms will exclude most
+        members. We may also calculate room state incorrectly for such rooms and
+        believe that a host is or is not in the room when the opposite is true.
 
         Returns:
             Returns a list of servers sorted by longest in the room first. (aka.
             sorted by join with the lowest depth first).
         """
 
-        # First we check if we already have `get_users_in_room` in the cache, as
-        # we can just calculate result from that
-        users = self.get_users_in_room.cache.get_immediate(
-            (room_id,), None, update_metrics=False
-        )
-        if users is None and isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+        if isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
             # If we're using SQLite then let's just always use
             # `get_users_in_room` rather than funky SQL.
-            users = await self.get_users_in_room(room_id)
 
-        if users is not None:
-            # Because `users` is sorted from lowest -> highest depth, the list
-            # of domains will also be sorted that way.
-            domains: List[str] = []
-            # We use a `Set` just for fast lookups
-            domain_set: Set[str] = set()
-            for u in users:
-                if ":" not in u:
-                    continue
-                domain = get_domain_from_id(u)
-                if domain not in domain_set:
-                    domain_set.add(domain)
-                    domains.append(domain)
-            return domains
+            domains = await self.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
+            return list(domains)
 
         # For PostgreSQL we can use a regex to pull out the domains from the
         # joined users in `current_state_events` via regex.
 
-        def get_current_hosts_in_room_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> List[str]:
+        def get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> List[str]:
             # Returns a list of servers currently joined in the room sorted by
             # longest in the room first (aka. with the lowest depth). The
             # heuristic of sorting by servers who have been in the room the
@@ -1007,7 +1042,7 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
             return [d for d, in txn if d is not None]
 
         return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
-            "get_current_hosts_in_room", get_current_hosts_in_room_txn
+            "get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered", get_current_hosts_in_room_ordered_txn
         )
 
     async def get_joined_hosts(
@@ -1482,6 +1517,36 @@ class RoomMemberStore(
         await self.db_pool.runInteraction("forget_membership", f)
 
 
+def extract_heroes_from_room_summary(
+    details: Mapping[str, MemberSummary], me: str
+) -> List[str]:
+    """Determine the users that represent a room, from the perspective of the `me` user.
+
+    The rules which say which users we select are specified in the "Room Summary"
+    section of
+    https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/client-server-api/#get_matrixclientv3sync
+
+    Returns a list (possibly empty) of heroes' mxids.
+    """
+    empty_ms = MemberSummary([], 0)
+
+    joined_user_ids = [
+        r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.JOIN, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
+    ]
+    invited_user_ids = [
+        r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.INVITE, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
+    ]
+    gone_user_ids = [
+        r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.LEAVE, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
+    ] + [r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.BAN, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me]
+
+    # FIXME: order by stream ordering rather than as returned by SQL
+    if joined_user_ids or invited_user_ids:
+        return sorted(joined_user_ids + invited_user_ids)[0:5]
+    else:
+        return sorted(gone_user_ids)[0:5]
+
+
 @attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
 class _JoinedHostsCache:
     """The cached data used by the `_get_joined_hosts_cache`."""
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/search.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/search.py
index f6e24b68d2..3fe433f66c 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/search.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/search.py
@@ -11,10 +11,22 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-
+import enum
 import logging
 import re
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Collection, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+from collections import deque
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Collection,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
 
 import attr
 
@@ -27,7 +39,7 @@ from synapse.storage.database import (
     LoggingTransaction,
 )
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventRedactBehaviour
-from synapse.storage.engines import BaseDatabaseEngine, PostgresEngine, Sqlite3Engine
+from synapse.storage.engines import PostgresEngine, Sqlite3Engine
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -68,11 +80,11 @@ class SearchWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         if not self.hs.config.server.enable_search:
             return
         if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-            sql = (
-                "INSERT INTO event_search"
-                " (event_id, room_id, key, vector, stream_ordering, origin_server_ts)"
-                " VALUES (?,?,?,to_tsvector('english', ?),?,?)"
-            )
+            sql = """
+            INSERT INTO event_search
+            (event_id, room_id, key, vector, stream_ordering, origin_server_ts)
+            VALUES (?,?,?,to_tsvector('english', ?),?,?)
+            """
 
             args1 = (
                 (
@@ -89,20 +101,20 @@ class SearchWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             txn.execute_batch(sql, args1)
 
         elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
-            sql = (
-                "INSERT INTO event_search (event_id, room_id, key, value)"
-                " VALUES (?,?,?,?)"
+            self.db_pool.simple_insert_many_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="event_search",
+                keys=("event_id", "room_id", "key", "value"),
+                values=(
+                    (
+                        entry.event_id,
+                        entry.room_id,
+                        entry.key,
+                        _clean_value_for_search(entry.value),
+                    )
+                    for entry in entries
+                ),
             )
-            args2 = (
-                (
-                    entry.event_id,
-                    entry.room_id,
-                    entry.key,
-                    _clean_value_for_search(entry.value),
-                )
-                for entry in entries
-            )
-            txn.execute_batch(sql, args2)
 
         else:
             # This should be unreachable.
@@ -150,15 +162,17 @@ class SearchBackgroundUpdateStore(SearchWorkerStore):
         TYPES = ["m.room.name", "m.room.message", "m.room.topic"]
 
         def reindex_search_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
-            sql = (
-                "SELECT stream_ordering, event_id, room_id, type, json, "
-                " origin_server_ts FROM events"
-                " JOIN event_json USING (room_id, event_id)"
-                " WHERE ? <= stream_ordering AND stream_ordering < ?"
-                " AND (%s)"
-                " ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC"
-                " LIMIT ?"
-            ) % (" OR ".join("type = '%s'" % (t,) for t in TYPES),)
+            sql = """
+            SELECT stream_ordering, event_id, room_id, type, json, origin_server_ts
+            FROM events
+            JOIN event_json USING (room_id, event_id)
+            WHERE ? <= stream_ordering AND stream_ordering < ?
+            AND (%s)
+            ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+            LIMIT ?
+            """ % (
+                " OR ".join("type = '%s'" % (t,) for t in TYPES),
+            )
 
             txn.execute(sql, (target_min_stream_id, max_stream_id, batch_size))
 
@@ -272,8 +286,10 @@ class SearchBackgroundUpdateStore(SearchWorkerStore):
 
                 try:
                     c.execute(
-                        "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY event_search_fts_idx"
-                        " ON event_search USING GIN (vector)"
+                        """
+                        CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY event_search_fts_idx
+                        ON event_search USING GIN (vector)
+                        """
                     )
                 except psycopg2.ProgrammingError as e:
                     logger.warning(
@@ -311,12 +327,16 @@ class SearchBackgroundUpdateStore(SearchWorkerStore):
                 # We create with NULLS FIRST so that when we search *backwards*
                 # we get the ones with non null origin_server_ts *first*
                 c.execute(
-                    "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY event_search_room_order ON event_search("
-                    "room_id, origin_server_ts NULLS FIRST, stream_ordering NULLS FIRST)"
+                    """
+                    CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY event_search_room_order
+                    ON event_search(room_id, origin_server_ts NULLS FIRST, stream_ordering NULLS FIRST)
+                    """
                 )
                 c.execute(
-                    "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY event_search_order ON event_search("
-                    "origin_server_ts NULLS FIRST, stream_ordering NULLS FIRST)"
+                    """
+                    CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY event_search_order
+                    ON event_search(origin_server_ts NULLS FIRST, stream_ordering NULLS FIRST)
+                    """
                 )
                 conn.set_session(autocommit=False)
 
@@ -333,14 +353,14 @@ class SearchBackgroundUpdateStore(SearchWorkerStore):
             )
 
         def reindex_search_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Tuple[int, bool]:
-            sql = (
-                "UPDATE event_search AS es SET stream_ordering = e.stream_ordering,"
-                " origin_server_ts = e.origin_server_ts"
-                " FROM events AS e"
-                " WHERE e.event_id = es.event_id"
-                " AND ? <= e.stream_ordering AND e.stream_ordering < ?"
-                " RETURNING es.stream_ordering"
-            )
+            sql = """
+            UPDATE event_search AS es
+            SET stream_ordering = e.stream_ordering, origin_server_ts = e.origin_server_ts
+            FROM events AS e
+            WHERE e.event_id = es.event_id
+            AND ? <= e.stream_ordering AND e.stream_ordering < ?
+            RETURNING es.stream_ordering
+            """
 
             min_stream_id = max_stream_id - batch_size
             txn.execute(sql, (min_stream_id, max_stream_id))
@@ -421,8 +441,6 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
         """
         clauses = []
 
-        search_query = _parse_query(self.database_engine, search_term)
-
         args: List[Any] = []
 
         # Make sure we don't explode because the person is in too many rooms.
@@ -444,32 +462,35 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
         count_clauses = clauses
 
         if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-            sql = (
-                "SELECT ts_rank_cd(vector, to_tsquery('english', ?)) AS rank,"
-                " room_id, event_id"
-                " FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE vector @@ to_tsquery('english', ?)"
-            )
+            search_query = search_term
+            sql = """
+            SELECT ts_rank_cd(vector, websearch_to_tsquery('english', ?)) AS rank,
+            room_id, event_id
+            FROM event_search
+            WHERE vector @@  websearch_to_tsquery('english', ?)
+            """
             args = [search_query, search_query] + args
 
-            count_sql = (
-                "SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE vector @@ to_tsquery('english', ?)"
-            )
+            count_sql = """
+            SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search
+            WHERE vector @@ websearch_to_tsquery('english', ?)
+            """
             count_args = [search_query] + count_args
         elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
-            sql = (
-                "SELECT rank(matchinfo(event_search)) as rank, room_id, event_id"
-                " FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE value MATCH ?"
-            )
+            search_query = _parse_query_for_sqlite(search_term)
+
+            sql = """
+            SELECT rank(matchinfo(event_search)) as rank, room_id, event_id
+            FROM event_search
+            WHERE value MATCH ?
+            """
             args = [search_query] + args
 
-            count_sql = (
-                "SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE value MATCH ?"
-            )
-            count_args = [search_term] + count_args
+            count_sql = """
+            SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search
+            WHERE value MATCH ?
+            """
+            count_args = [search_query] + count_args
         else:
             # This should be unreachable.
             raise Exception("Unrecognized database engine")
@@ -510,7 +531,6 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
         )
 
         count = sum(row["count"] for row in count_results if row["room_id"] in room_ids)
-
         return {
             "results": [
                 {"event": event_map[r["event_id"]], "rank": r["rank"]}
@@ -542,9 +562,6 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
             Each match as a dictionary.
         """
         clauses = []
-
-        search_query = _parse_query(self.database_engine, search_term)
-
         args: List[Any] = []
 
         # Make sure we don't explode because the person is in too many rooms.
@@ -576,26 +593,29 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid pagination token")
 
             clauses.append(
-                "(origin_server_ts < ?"
-                " OR (origin_server_ts = ? AND stream_ordering < ?))"
+                """
+                (origin_server_ts < ? OR (origin_server_ts = ? AND stream_ordering < ?))
+                """
             )
             args.extend([origin_server_ts, origin_server_ts, stream])
 
         if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-            sql = (
-                "SELECT ts_rank_cd(vector, to_tsquery('english', ?)) as rank,"
-                " origin_server_ts, stream_ordering, room_id, event_id"
-                " FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE vector @@ to_tsquery('english', ?) AND "
-            )
+            search_query = search_term
+            sql = """
+            SELECT ts_rank_cd(vector, websearch_to_tsquery('english', ?)) as rank,
+            origin_server_ts, stream_ordering, room_id, event_id
+            FROM event_search
+            WHERE vector @@ websearch_to_tsquery('english', ?) AND
+            """
             args = [search_query, search_query] + args
 
-            count_sql = (
-                "SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE vector @@ to_tsquery('english', ?) AND "
-            )
+            count_sql = """
+            SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search
+            WHERE vector @@ websearch_to_tsquery('english', ?) AND
+            """
             count_args = [search_query] + count_args
         elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+
             # We use CROSS JOIN here to ensure we use the right indexes.
             # https://sqlite.org/optoverview.html#crossjoin
             #
@@ -604,23 +624,25 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
             # in the events table to get the topological ordering. We need
             # to use the indexes in this order because sqlite refuses to
             # MATCH unless it uses the full text search index
-            sql = (
-                "SELECT rank(matchinfo) as rank, room_id, event_id,"
-                " origin_server_ts, stream_ordering"
-                " FROM (SELECT key, event_id, matchinfo(event_search) as matchinfo"
-                " FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE value MATCH ?"
-                " )"
-                " CROSS JOIN events USING (event_id)"
-                " WHERE "
+            sql = """
+            SELECT
+                rank(matchinfo) as rank, room_id, event_id, origin_server_ts, stream_ordering
+            FROM (
+                SELECT key, event_id, matchinfo(event_search) as matchinfo
+                FROM event_search
+                WHERE value MATCH ?
             )
+            CROSS JOIN events USING (event_id)
+            WHERE
+            """
+            search_query = _parse_query_for_sqlite(search_term)
             args = [search_query] + args
 
-            count_sql = (
-                "SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search"
-                " WHERE value MATCH ? AND "
-            )
-            count_args = [search_term] + count_args
+            count_sql = """
+            SELECT room_id, count(*) as count FROM event_search
+            WHERE value MATCH ? AND
+            """
+            count_args = [search_query] + count_args
         else:
             # This should be unreachable.
             raise Exception("Unrecognized database engine")
@@ -631,17 +653,17 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
         # We add an arbitrary limit here to ensure we don't try to pull the
         # entire table from the database.
         if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-            sql += (
-                " ORDER BY origin_server_ts DESC NULLS LAST,"
-                " stream_ordering DESC NULLS LAST LIMIT ?"
-            )
+            sql += """
+            ORDER BY origin_server_ts DESC NULLS LAST, stream_ordering DESC NULLS LAST
+            LIMIT ?
+            """
         elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
             sql += " ORDER BY origin_server_ts DESC, stream_ordering DESC LIMIT ?"
         else:
             raise Exception("Unrecognized database engine")
 
         # mypy expects to append only a `str`, not an `int`
-        args.append(limit)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        args.append(limit)
 
         results = await self.db_pool.execute(
             "search_rooms", self.db_pool.cursor_to_dict, sql, *args
@@ -729,13 +751,16 @@ class SearchStore(SearchBackgroundUpdateStore):
                 while stop_sel in value:
                     stop_sel += ">"
 
-                query = "SELECT ts_headline(?, to_tsquery('english', ?), %s)" % (
-                    _to_postgres_options(
-                        {
-                            "StartSel": start_sel,
-                            "StopSel": stop_sel,
-                            "MaxFragments": "50",
-                        }
+                query = (
+                    "SELECT ts_headline(?, websearch_to_tsquery('english', ?), %s)"
+                    % (
+                        _to_postgres_options(
+                            {
+                                "StartSel": start_sel,
+                                "StopSel": stop_sel,
+                                "MaxFragments": "50",
+                            }
+                        )
                     )
                 )
                 txn.execute(query, (value, search_query))
@@ -760,20 +785,127 @@ def _to_postgres_options(options_dict: JsonDict) -> str:
     return "'%s'" % (",".join("%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in options_dict.items()),)
 
 
-def _parse_query(database_engine: BaseDatabaseEngine, search_term: str) -> str:
-    """Takes a plain unicode string from the user and converts it into a form
-    that can be passed to database.
-    We use this so that we can add prefix matching, which isn't something
-    that is supported by default.
+@dataclass
+class Phrase:
+    phrase: List[str]
+
+
+class SearchToken(enum.Enum):
+    Not = enum.auto()
+    Or = enum.auto()
+    And = enum.auto()
+
+
+Token = Union[str, Phrase, SearchToken]
+TokenList = List[Token]
+
+
+def _is_stop_word(word: str) -> bool:
+    # TODO Pull these out of the dictionary:
+    #  https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/snowball/stopwords/english.stop
+    return word in {"the", "a", "you", "me", "and", "but"}
+
+
+def _tokenize_query(query: str) -> TokenList:
     """
+    Convert the user-supplied `query` into a TokenList, which can be translated into
+    some DB-specific syntax.
 
-    # Pull out the individual words, discarding any non-word characters.
-    results = re.findall(r"([\w\-]+)", search_term, re.UNICODE)
+    The following constructs are supported:
 
-    if isinstance(database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-        return " & ".join(result + ":*" for result in results)
-    elif isinstance(database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
-        return " & ".join(result + "*" for result in results)
-    else:
-        # This should be unreachable.
-        raise Exception("Unrecognized database engine")
+    - phrase queries using "double quotes"
+    - case-insensitive `or` and `and` operators
+    - negation of a keyword via unary `-`
+    - unary hyphen to denote NOT e.g. 'include -exclude'
+
+    The following differs from websearch_to_tsquery:
+
+    - Stop words are not removed.
+    - Unclosed phrases are treated differently.
+
+    """
+    tokens: TokenList = []
+
+    # Find phrases.
+    in_phrase = False
+    parts = deque(query.split('"'))
+    for i, part in enumerate(parts):
+        # The contents inside double quotes is treated as a phrase.
+        in_phrase = bool(i % 2)
+
+        # Pull out the individual words, discarding any non-word characters.
+        words = deque(re.findall(r"([\w\-]+)", part, re.UNICODE))
+
+        # Phrases have simplified handling of words.
+        if in_phrase:
+            # Skip stop words.
+            phrase = [word for word in words if not _is_stop_word(word)]
+
+            # Consecutive words are implicitly ANDed together.
+            if tokens and tokens[-1] not in (SearchToken.Not, SearchToken.Or):
+                tokens.append(SearchToken.And)
+
+            # Add the phrase.
+            tokens.append(Phrase(phrase))
+            continue
+
+        # Otherwise, not in a phrase.
+        while words:
+            word = words.popleft()
+
+            if word.startswith("-"):
+                tokens.append(SearchToken.Not)
+
+                # If there's more word, put it back to be processed again.
+                word = word[1:]
+                if word:
+                    words.appendleft(word)
+            elif word.lower() == "or":
+                tokens.append(SearchToken.Or)
+            else:
+                # Skip stop words.
+                if _is_stop_word(word):
+                    continue
+
+                # Consecutive words are implicitly ANDed together.
+                if tokens and tokens[-1] not in (SearchToken.Not, SearchToken.Or):
+                    tokens.append(SearchToken.And)
+
+                # Add the search term.
+                tokens.append(word)
+
+    return tokens
+
+
+def _tokens_to_sqlite_match_query(tokens: TokenList) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert the list of tokens to a string suitable for passing to sqlite's MATCH.
+    Assume sqlite was compiled with enhanced query syntax.
+
+    Ref: https://www.sqlite.org/fts3.html#full_text_index_queries
+    """
+    match_query = []
+    for token in tokens:
+        if isinstance(token, str):
+            match_query.append(token)
+        elif isinstance(token, Phrase):
+            match_query.append('"' + " ".join(token.phrase) + '"')
+        elif token == SearchToken.Not:
+            # TODO: SQLite treats NOT as a *binary* operator. Hopefully a search
+            # term has already been added before this.
+            match_query.append(" NOT ")
+        elif token == SearchToken.Or:
+            match_query.append(" OR ")
+        elif token == SearchToken.And:
+            match_query.append(" AND ")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"unknown token {token}")
+
+    return "".join(match_query)
+
+
+def _parse_query_for_sqlite(search_term: str) -> str:
+    """Takes a plain unicode string from the user and converts it into a form
+    that can be passed to sqllite's matchinfo().
+    """
+    return _tokens_to_sqlite_match_query(_tokenize_query(search_term))
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/stream.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/stream.py
index 323c7bf7a5..fbf619dd8c 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/stream.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/stream.py
@@ -357,6 +357,24 @@ def filter_to_clause(event_filter: Optional[Filter]) -> Tuple[str, List[str]]:
         )
         args.extend(event_filter.related_by_rel_types)
 
+    if event_filter.rel_types:
+        clauses.append(
+            "(%s)"
+            % " OR ".join(
+                "event_relation.relation_type = ?" for _ in event_filter.rel_types
+            )
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.rel_types)
+
+    if event_filter.not_rel_types:
+        clauses.append(
+            "((%s) OR event_relation.relation_type IS NULL)"
+            % " AND ".join(
+                "event_relation.relation_type != ?" for _ in event_filter.not_rel_types
+            )
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.not_rel_types)
+
     return " AND ".join(clauses), args
 
 
@@ -397,6 +415,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
         )
 
         self._stream_order_on_start = self.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+        self._min_stream_order_on_start = self.get_room_min_stream_ordering()
 
     def get_room_max_stream_ordering(self) -> int:
         """Get the stream_ordering of regular events that we have committed up to
@@ -1024,28 +1043,31 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
             "after": {"event_ids": events_after, "token": end_token},
         }
 
-    async def get_all_new_events_stream(
-        self, from_id: int, current_id: int, limit: int, get_prev_content: bool = False
-    ) -> Tuple[int, List[EventBase], Dict[str, Optional[int]]]:
+    async def get_all_new_event_ids_stream(
+        self,
+        from_id: int,
+        current_id: int,
+        limit: int,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[str, Optional[int]]]:
         """Get all new events
 
-        Returns all events with from_id < stream_ordering <= current_id.
+        Returns all event ids with from_id < stream_ordering <= current_id.
 
         Args:
             from_id:  the stream_ordering of the last event we processed
             current_id:  the stream_ordering of the most recently processed event
             limit: the maximum number of events to return
-            get_prev_content: whether to fetch previous event content
 
         Returns:
-            A tuple of (next_id, events, event_to_received_ts), where `next_id`
+            A tuple of (next_id, event_to_received_ts), where `next_id`
             is the next value to pass as `from_id` (it will either be the
             stream_ordering of the last returned event, or, if fewer than `limit`
             events were found, the `current_id`). The `event_to_received_ts` is
-            a dictionary mapping event ID to the event `received_ts`.
+            a dictionary mapping event ID to the event `received_ts`, sorted by ascending
+            stream_ordering.
         """
 
-        def get_all_new_events_stream_txn(
+        def get_all_new_event_ids_stream_txn(
             txn: LoggingTransaction,
         ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[str, Optional[int]]]:
             sql = (
@@ -1070,15 +1092,10 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
             return upper_bound, event_to_received_ts
 
         upper_bound, event_to_received_ts = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
-            "get_all_new_events_stream", get_all_new_events_stream_txn
+            "get_all_new_event_ids_stream", get_all_new_event_ids_stream_txn
         )
 
-        events = await self.get_events_as_list(
-            event_to_received_ts.keys(),
-            get_prev_content=get_prev_content,
-        )
-
-        return upper_bound, events, event_to_received_ts
+        return upper_bound, event_to_received_ts
 
     async def get_federation_out_pos(self, typ: str) -> int:
         if self._need_to_reset_federation_stream_positions:
@@ -1202,8 +1219,6 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
             `to_token`), or `limit` is zero.
         """
 
-        assert int(limit) >= 0
-
         # Tokens really represent positions between elements, but we use
         # the convention of pointing to the event before the gap. Hence
         # we have a bit of asymmetry when it comes to equalities.
@@ -1282,8 +1297,8 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
                 # Multiple labels could cause the same event to appear multiple times.
                 needs_distinct = True
 
-        # If there is a filter on relation_senders and relation_types join to the
-        # relations table.
+        # If there is a relation_senders and relation_types filter join to the
+        # relations table to get events related to the current event.
         if event_filter and (
             event_filter.related_by_senders or event_filter.related_by_rel_types
         ):
@@ -1298,6 +1313,13 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
                     LEFT JOIN events AS related_event ON (relation.event_id = related_event.event_id)
                 """
 
+        # If there is a not_rel_types filter join to the relations table to get
+        # the event's relation information.
+        if event_filter and (event_filter.rel_types or event_filter.not_rel_types):
+            join_clause += """
+                LEFT JOIN event_relations AS event_relation USING (event_id)
+            """
+
         if needs_distinct:
             select_keywords += " DISTINCT"
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/user_directory.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/user_directory.py
index ddb25b5cea..698d6f7515 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/user_directory.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/user_directory.py
@@ -185,9 +185,8 @@ class UserDirectoryBackgroundUpdateStore(StateDeltasStore):
         - who should be in the user_directory.
 
         Args:
-            progress (dict)
-            batch_size (int): Maximum number of state events to process
-                per cycle.
+            progress
+            batch_size: Maximum number of state events to process per cycle.
 
         Returns:
             number of events processed.
@@ -708,10 +707,10 @@ class UserDirectoryStore(UserDirectoryBackgroundUpdateStore):
         Returns the rooms that a user is in.
 
         Args:
-            user_id(str): Must be a local user
+            user_id: Must be a local user
 
         Returns:
-            list: user_id
+            List of room IDs
         """
         rows = await self.db_pool.simple_select_onecol(
             table="users_who_share_private_rooms",
diff --git a/synapse/storage/engines/postgres.py b/synapse/storage/engines/postgres.py
index d8c0f64d9a..719a517336 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/engines/postgres.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/engines/postgres.py
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ class PostgresEngine(
         allow_unsafe_locale = self.config.get("allow_unsafe_locale", False)
 
         # Are we on a supported PostgreSQL version?
-        if not allow_outdated_version and self._version < 100000:
-            raise RuntimeError("Synapse requires PostgreSQL 10 or above.")
+        if not allow_outdated_version and self._version < 110000:
+            raise RuntimeError("Synapse requires PostgreSQL 11 or above.")
 
         with db_conn.cursor() as txn:
             txn.execute("SHOW SERVER_ENCODING")
diff --git a/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py b/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py
index faa574dbfd..14260442b6 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ class Sqlite3Engine(BaseDatabaseEngine[sqlite3.Connection, sqlite3.Cursor]):
 
         db_conn.create_function("rank", 1, _rank)
         db_conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;")
+
+        # Enable WAL.
+        # see https://www.sqlite.org/wal.html
+        db_conn.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;")
         db_conn.commit()
 
     def is_deadlock(self, error: Exception) -> bool:
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/__init__.py b/synapse/storage/schema/__init__.py
index 74a9b42951..c15bdd1f13 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/__init__.py
@@ -85,15 +85,16 @@ Changes in SCHEMA_VERSION = 73;
       events over federation.
     - Add indexes to various tables (`event_failed_pull_attempts`, `insertion_events`,
       `batch_events`) to make it easy to delete all associated rows when purging a room.
+    - `inserted_ts` column is added to `event_push_actions_staging` table.
     - Rename column in `device_lists_outbound_pokes` and `device_lists_changes_in_room`
       from `opentracing_context` to generalized `tracing_context`.
 """
 
 
 SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION = (
-    # The groups tables are no longer accessible, so synapses with SCHEMA_VERSION < 72
-    # could break.
-    72
+    # The threads_id column must exist for event_push_actions, event_push_summary,
+    # receipts_linearized, and receipts_graph.
+    73
 )
 """Limit on how far the synapse codebase can be rolled back without breaking db compat
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/03users_approved_column.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/03users_approved_column.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5328d592ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/03users_approved_column.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- Add a column to the users table to track whether the user needs to be approved by an
+-- administrator.
+-- A NULL column means the user was created before this feature was supported by Synapse,
+-- and should be considered as TRUE.
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN approved BOOLEAN;
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/04partial_join_details.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/04partial_join_details.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fb2bfe1a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/04partial_join_details.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- To ensure we correctly notify other homeservers about device list changes from our
+-- users after a partial join transitions to a full join, we need to know when we began
+-- the partial join. For now it's sufficient to know the device_list stream_id at the
+-- time of the partial join, and the join event created for us during a partial join.
+--
+-- Both columns are backwards compatible.
+ALTER TABLE partial_state_rooms ADD COLUMN device_lists_stream_id BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;
+ALTER TABLE partial_state_rooms ADD COLUMN join_event_id TEXT REFERENCES events(event_id);
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/04pending_device_list_updates.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/04pending_device_list_updates.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbd78d677d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/04pending_device_list_updates.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- Stores remote device lists we have received for remote users while a partial
+-- join is in progress.
+--
+-- This allows us to replay any device list updates if it turns out the remote
+-- user was in the partially joined room
+CREATE TABLE device_lists_remote_pending(
+    stream_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    device_id TEXT NOT NULL
+);
+
+-- We only keep the most recent update for a given user/device pair.
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX device_lists_remote_pending_user_device_id ON device_lists_remote_pending(user_id, device_id);
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/05old_push_actions.sql.postgres b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/05old_push_actions.sql.postgres
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4af1a8470b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/05old_push_actions.sql.postgres
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- Add a column so that we know when a push action was inserted, to make it
+-- easier to clear out old ones.
+ALTER TABLE event_push_actions_staging ADD COLUMN inserted_ts BIGINT;
+
+-- We now add a default for *new* rows. We don't do this above as we don't want
+-- to have to update every remove with the new default.
+ALTER TABLE event_push_actions_staging ALTER COLUMN inserted_ts SET DEFAULT extract(epoch from now()) * 1000;
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/05old_push_actions.sql.sqlite b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/05old_push_actions.sql.sqlite
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7482dabba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/05old_push_actions.sql.sqlite
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- On SQLite we must be in monolith mode and updating the database from Synapse,
+-- so its safe to assume that `event_push_actions_staging` should be empty (as
+-- over restart an event must either have been fully persisted or we'll
+-- recalculate the push actions)
+DELETE FROM event_push_actions_staging;
+
+-- Add a column so that we know when a push action was inserted, to make it
+-- easier to clear out old ones.
+ALTER TABLE event_push_actions_staging ADD COLUMN inserted_ts BIGINT;
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/06thread_notifications_thread_id_idx.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/06thread_notifications_thread_id_idx.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b3c636594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/06thread_notifications_thread_id_idx.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- Allow there to be multiple summaries per user/room.
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS event_push_summary_unique_index;
+
+INSERT INTO background_updates (ordering, update_name, progress_json, depends_on) VALUES
+  (7306, 'event_push_actions_thread_id_null', '{}', 'event_push_backfill_thread_id');
+
+INSERT INTO background_updates (ordering, update_name, progress_json, depends_on) VALUES
+  (7306, 'event_push_summary_thread_id_null', '{}', 'event_push_backfill_thread_id');
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/08thread_receipts_non_null.sql.postgres b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/08thread_receipts_non_null.sql.postgres
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e0bc9e5eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/08thread_receipts_non_null.sql.postgres
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- Drop constraint on (room_id, receipt_type, user_id).
+
+-- Rebuild the unique constraint with the thread_id.
+ALTER TABLE receipts_linearized
+    DROP CONSTRAINT receipts_linearized_uniqueness;
+
+ALTER TABLE receipts_graph
+    DROP CONSTRAINT receipts_graph_uniqueness;
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/08thread_receipts_non_null.sql.sqlite b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/08thread_receipts_non_null.sql.sqlite
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e664889fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/08thread_receipts_non_null.sql.sqlite
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- Drop constraint on (room_id, receipt_type, user_id).
+--
+-- SQLite doesn't support modifying constraints to an existing table, so it must
+-- be recreated.
+
+-- Create the new tables.
+CREATE TABLE receipts_linearized_new (
+    stream_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    room_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    receipt_type TEXT NOT NULL,
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    event_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    thread_id TEXT,
+    event_stream_ordering BIGINT,
+    data TEXT NOT NULL,
+    CONSTRAINT receipts_linearized_uniqueness_thread UNIQUE (room_id, receipt_type, user_id, thread_id)
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE receipts_graph_new (
+    room_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    receipt_type TEXT NOT NULL,
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    event_ids TEXT NOT NULL,
+    thread_id TEXT,
+    data TEXT NOT NULL,
+    CONSTRAINT receipts_graph_uniqueness_thread UNIQUE (room_id, receipt_type, user_id, thread_id)
+);
+
+-- Drop the old indexes.
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS receipts_linearized_id;
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS receipts_linearized_room_stream;
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS receipts_linearized_user;
+
+-- Copy the data.
+INSERT INTO receipts_linearized_new (stream_id, room_id, receipt_type, user_id, event_id, data)
+    SELECT stream_id, room_id, receipt_type, user_id, event_id, data
+    FROM receipts_linearized;
+INSERT INTO receipts_graph_new (room_id, receipt_type, user_id, event_ids, data)
+    SELECT room_id, receipt_type, user_id, event_ids, data
+    FROM receipts_graph;
+
+-- Drop the old tables.
+DROP TABLE receipts_linearized;
+DROP TABLE receipts_graph;
+
+-- Rename the tables.
+ALTER TABLE receipts_linearized_new RENAME TO receipts_linearized;
+ALTER TABLE receipts_graph_new RENAME TO receipts_graph;
+
+-- Create the indices.
+CREATE INDEX receipts_linearized_id ON receipts_linearized( stream_id );
+CREATE INDEX receipts_linearized_room_stream ON receipts_linearized( room_id, stream_id );
+CREATE INDEX receipts_linearized_user ON receipts_linearized( user_id );
+
+-- Re-run background updates from 72/08thread_receipts.sql.
+INSERT INTO background_updates (ordering, update_name, progress_json) VALUES
+  (7308, 'receipts_linearized_unique_index', '{}')
+  ON CONFLICT (update_name) DO NOTHING;
+INSERT INTO background_updates (ordering, update_name, progress_json) VALUES
+  (7308, 'receipts_graph_unique_index', '{}')
+  ON CONFLICT (update_name) DO NOTHING;
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/09partial_joined_via_destination.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/09partial_joined_via_destination.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..066d602b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/09partial_joined_via_destination.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- When we resync partial state, we prioritise doing so using the server we
+-- partial-joined from. To do this we need to record which server that was!
+ALTER TABLE partial_state_rooms ADD COLUMN joined_via TEXT;
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/09threads_table.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/09threads_table.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa7c5e9a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/09threads_table.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+CREATE TABLE threads (
+    room_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    -- The event ID of the root event in the thread.
+    thread_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    -- The latest event ID and corresponding topo / stream ordering.
+    latest_event_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    topological_ordering BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    stream_ordering BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    CONSTRAINT threads_uniqueness UNIQUE (room_id, thread_id)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX threads_ordering_idx ON threads(room_id, topological_ordering, stream_ordering);
+
+INSERT INTO background_updates (ordering, update_name, progress_json) VALUES
+  (7309, 'threads_backfill', '{}');
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/10_update_sqlite_fts4_tokenizer.py b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/10_update_sqlite_fts4_tokenizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3de0a709eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/10_update_sqlite_fts4_tokenizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+import json
+
+from synapse.storage.engines import BaseDatabaseEngine, Sqlite3Engine
+from synapse.storage.types import Cursor
+
+
+def run_create(cur: Cursor, database_engine: BaseDatabaseEngine) -> None:
+    """
+    Upgrade the event_search table to use the porter tokenizer if it isn't already
+
+    Applies only for sqlite.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+        return
+
+    # Rebuild the table event_search table with tokenize=porter configured.
+    cur.execute("DROP TABLE event_search")
+    cur.execute(
+        """
+        CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE event_search
+        USING fts4 (tokenize=porter, event_id, room_id, sender, key, value )
+        """
+    )
+
+    # Re-run the background job to re-populate the event_search table.
+    cur.execute("SELECT MIN(stream_ordering) FROM events")
+    row = cur.fetchone()
+    min_stream_id = row[0]
+
+    # If there are not any events, nothing to do.
+    if min_stream_id is None:
+        return
+
+    cur.execute("SELECT MAX(stream_ordering) FROM events")
+    row = cur.fetchone()
+    max_stream_id = row[0]
+
+    progress = {
+        "target_min_stream_id_inclusive": min_stream_id,
+        "max_stream_id_exclusive": max_stream_id + 1,
+    }
+    progress_json = json.dumps(progress)
+
+    sql = """
+    INSERT into background_updates (ordering, update_name, progress_json)
+    VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+    """
+
+    cur.execute(sql, (7310, "event_search", progress_json))
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/10login_tokens.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/10login_tokens.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a39b7bcece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/10login_tokens.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- Login tokens are short-lived tokens that are used for the m.login.token
+-- login method, mainly during SSO logins
+CREATE TABLE login_tokens (
+    token TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL, 
+    expiry_ts BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    used_ts BIGINT,
+    auth_provider_id TEXT,
+    auth_provider_session_id TEXT
+);
+
+-- We're sometimes querying them by their session ID we got from their IDP
+CREATE INDEX login_tokens_auth_provider_idx 
+    ON login_tokens (auth_provider_id, auth_provider_session_id);
+
+-- We're deleting them by their expiration time
+CREATE INDEX login_tokens_expiry_time_idx 
+    ON login_tokens (expiry_ts);
+
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/11event_search_room_id_n_distinct.sql.postgres b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/11event_search_room_id_n_distinct.sql.postgres
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93cdaefca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/main/delta/73/11event_search_room_id_n_distinct.sql.postgres
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/* Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+-- By default the postgres statistics collector massively underestimates the
+-- number of distinct rooms in `event_search`, which can cause postgres to use
+-- table scans for queries for multiple rooms.
+--
+-- To work around this we can manually tell postgres the number of distinct rooms
+-- by setting `n_distinct` (a negative value here is the number of distinct values
+-- divided by the number of rows, so -0.01 means on average there are 100 rows per
+-- distinct value). We don't need a particularly accurate number here, as a) we just
+-- want it to always use index scans and b) our estimate is going to be better than the
+-- one made by the statistics collector.
+
+ALTER TABLE event_search ALTER COLUMN room_id SET (n_distinct = -0.01);
+
+-- Ideally we'd do an `ANALYZE event_search (room_id)` here so that
+-- the above gets picked up immediately, but that can take a bit of time so we
+-- rely on the autovacuum eventually getting run and doing that in the
+-- background for us.
diff --git a/synapse/storage/util/id_generators.py b/synapse/storage/util/id_generators.py
index 2dfe4c0b66..0d7108f01b 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/util/id_generators.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/util/id_generators.py
@@ -186,11 +186,13 @@ class StreamIdGenerator(AbstractStreamIdGenerator):
         column: str,
         extra_tables: Iterable[Tuple[str, str]] = (),
         step: int = 1,
+        is_writer: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         assert step != 0
         self._lock = threading.Lock()
         self._step: int = step
         self._current: int = _load_current_id(db_conn, table, column, step)
+        self._is_writer = is_writer
         for table, column in extra_tables:
             self._current = (max if step > 0 else min)(
                 self._current, _load_current_id(db_conn, table, column, step)
@@ -204,9 +206,11 @@ class StreamIdGenerator(AbstractStreamIdGenerator):
         self._unfinished_ids: OrderedDict[int, int] = OrderedDict()
 
     def advance(self, instance_name: str, new_id: int) -> None:
-        # `StreamIdGenerator` should only be used when there is a single writer,
-        # so replication should never happen.
-        raise Exception("Replication is not supported by StreamIdGenerator")
+        # Advance should never be called on a writer instance, only over replication
+        if self._is_writer:
+            raise Exception("Replication is not supported by writer StreamIdGenerator")
+
+        self._current = (max if self._step > 0 else min)(self._current, new_id)
 
     def get_next(self) -> AsyncContextManager[int]:
         with self._lock:
@@ -249,6 +253,9 @@ class StreamIdGenerator(AbstractStreamIdGenerator):
         return _AsyncCtxManagerWrapper(manager())
 
     def get_current_token(self) -> int:
+        if not self._is_writer:
+            return self._current
+
         with self._lock:
             if self._unfinished_ids:
                 return next(iter(self._unfinished_ids)) - self._step
diff --git a/synapse/streams/__init__.py b/synapse/streams/__init__.py
index 806b671305..2dcd43d0a2 100644
--- a/synapse/streams/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/streams/__init__.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class EventSource(Generic[K, R]):
         self,
         user: UserID,
         from_key: K,
-        limit: Optional[int],
+        limit: int,
         room_ids: Collection[str],
         is_guest: bool,
         explicit_room_id: Optional[str] = None,
diff --git a/synapse/streams/config.py b/synapse/streams/config.py
index b52723e2b8..6df2de919c 100644
--- a/synapse/streams/config.py
+++ b/synapse/streams/config.py
@@ -35,17 +35,19 @@ class PaginationConfig:
     from_token: Optional[StreamToken]
     to_token: Optional[StreamToken]
     direction: str
-    limit: Optional[int]
+    limit: int
 
     @classmethod
     async def from_request(
         cls,
         store: "DataStore",
         request: SynapseRequest,
-        raise_invalid_params: bool = True,
-        default_limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        default_limit: int,
+        default_dir: str = "f",
     ) -> "PaginationConfig":
-        direction = parse_string(request, "dir", default="f", allowed_values=["f", "b"])
+        direction = parse_string(
+            request, "dir", default=default_dir, allowed_values=["f", "b"]
+        )
 
         from_tok_str = parse_string(request, "from")
         to_tok_str = parse_string(request, "to")
@@ -67,12 +69,10 @@ class PaginationConfig:
             raise SynapseError(400, "'to' parameter is invalid")
 
         limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=default_limit)
+        if limit < 0:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Limit must be 0 or above")
 
-        if limit:
-            if limit < 0:
-                raise SynapseError(400, "Limit must be 0 or above")
-
-            limit = min(int(limit), MAX_LIMIT)
+        limit = min(limit, MAX_LIMIT)
 
         try:
             return PaginationConfig(from_tok, to_tok, direction, limit)
diff --git a/synapse/streams/events.py b/synapse/streams/events.py
index 047203e2f0..30e8d96c6f 100644
--- a/synapse/streams/events.py
+++ b/synapse/streams/events.py
@@ -45,9 +45,12 @@ class _EventSourcesInner:
 class EventSources:
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
         self.sources = _EventSourcesInner(
-            # mypy thinks attribute.type is `Optional`, but we know it's never `None` here since
-            # all the attributes of `_EventSourcesInner` are annotated.
-            *(attribute.type(hs) for attribute in attr.fields(_EventSourcesInner))  # type: ignore[misc]
+            # mypy previously warned that attribute.type is `Optional`, but we know it's
+            # never `None` here since all the attributes of `_EventSourcesInner` are
+            # annotated.
+            # As of the stubs in attrs 22.1.0, `attr.fields()` now returns Any,
+            # so the call to `attribute.type` is not checked.
+            *(attribute.type(hs) for attribute in attr.fields(_EventSourcesInner))
         )
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
 
diff --git a/synapse/types.py b/synapse/types.py
index 773f0438d5..f2d436ddc3 100644
--- a/synapse/types.py
+++ b/synapse/types.py
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ class Requester:
         Requester.
 
         Args:
-            store (DataStore): Used to convert AS ID to AS object
-            input (dict): A dict produced by `serialize`
+            store: Used to convert AS ID to AS object
+            input: A dict produced by `serialize`
 
         Returns:
             Requester
diff --git a/synapse/util/__init__.py b/synapse/util/__init__.py
index a90f08dd4c..7be9d5f113 100644
--- a/synapse/util/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/util/__init__.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import typing
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, Optional
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, Optional, Sequence
 
 import attr
 from frozendict import frozendict
@@ -193,3 +193,15 @@ def log_failure(
 # Version string with git info. Computed here once so that we don't invoke git multiple
 # times.
 SYNAPSE_VERSION = get_distribution_version_string("matrix-synapse", __file__)
+
+
+class ExceptionBundle(Exception):
+    # A poor stand-in for something like Python 3.11's ExceptionGroup.
+    # (A backport called `exceptiongroup` exists but seems overkill: we just want a
+    # container type here.)
+    def __init__(self, message: str, exceptions: Sequence[Exception]):
+        parts = [message]
+        for e in exceptions:
+            parts.append(str(e))
+        super().__init__("\n  - ".join(parts))
+        self.exceptions = exceptions
diff --git a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
index 7f1d41eb3c..d24c4f68c4 100644
--- a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
+++ b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
@@ -217,7 +217,8 @@ async def concurrently_execute(
         limit: Maximum number of conccurent executions.
 
     Returns:
-        Deferred: Resolved when all function invocations have finished.
+        None, when all function invocations have finished. The return values
+        from those functions are discarded.
     """
     it = iter(args)
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py b/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py
index f7c3a6794e..9387632d0d 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def register_cache(
         resize_callback: A function which can be called to resize the cache.
 
     Returns:
-        CacheMetric: an object which provides inc_{hits,misses,evictions} methods
+        an object which provides inc_{hits,misses,evictions} methods
     """
     if resizable:
         if not resize_callback:
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/deferred_cache.py b/synapse/util/caches/deferred_cache.py
index 6425f851ea..bf7bd351e0 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/deferred_cache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/deferred_cache.py
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class DeferredCache(Generic[KT, VT]):
         Args:
             key:
             callback: Gets called when the entry in the cache is invalidated
-            update_metrics (bool): whether to update the cache hit rate metrics
+            update_metrics: whether to update the cache hit rate metrics
 
         Returns:
             A Deferred which completes with the result. Note that this may later fail
@@ -395,8 +395,8 @@ class DeferredCache(Generic[KT, VT]):
             # _pending_deferred_cache.pop should either return a CacheEntry, or, in the
             # case of a TreeCache, a dict of keys to cache entries. Either way calling
             # iterate_tree_cache_entry on it will do the right thing.
-            for entry in iterate_tree_cache_entry(entry):
-                for cb in entry.get_invalidation_callbacks(key):
+            for iter_entry in iterate_tree_cache_entry(entry):
+                for cb in iter_entry.get_invalidation_callbacks(key):
                     cb()
 
     def invalidate_all(self) -> None:
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
index 3909f1caea..75428d19ba 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-import enum
 import functools
 import inspect
 import logging
@@ -146,109 +145,6 @@ class _CacheDescriptorBase:
         )
 
 
-class _LruCachedFunction(Generic[F]):
-    cache: LruCache[CacheKey, Any]
-    __call__: F
-
-
-def lru_cache(
-    *, max_entries: int = 1000, cache_context: bool = False
-) -> Callable[[F], _LruCachedFunction[F]]:
-    """A method decorator that applies a memoizing cache around the function.
-
-    This is more-or-less a drop-in equivalent to functools.lru_cache, although note
-    that the signature is slightly different.
-
-    The main differences with functools.lru_cache are:
-        (a) the size of the cache can be controlled via the cache_factor mechanism
-        (b) the wrapped function can request a "cache_context" which provides a
-            callback mechanism to indicate that the result is no longer valid
-        (c) prometheus metrics are exposed automatically.
-
-    The function should take zero or more arguments, which are used as the key for the
-    cache. Single-argument functions use that argument as the cache key; otherwise the
-    arguments are built into a tuple.
-
-    Cached functions can be "chained" (i.e. a cached function can call other cached
-    functions and get appropriately invalidated when they called caches are
-    invalidated) by adding a special "cache_context" argument to the function
-    and passing that as a kwarg to all caches called. For example:
-
-        @lru_cache(cache_context=True)
-        def foo(self, key, cache_context):
-            r1 = self.bar1(key, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate)
-            r2 = self.bar2(key, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate)
-            return r1 + r2
-
-    The wrapped function also has a 'cache' property which offers direct access to the
-    underlying LruCache.
-    """
-
-    def func(orig: F) -> _LruCachedFunction[F]:
-        desc = LruCacheDescriptor(
-            orig,
-            max_entries=max_entries,
-            cache_context=cache_context,
-        )
-        return cast(_LruCachedFunction[F], desc)
-
-    return func
-
-
-class LruCacheDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
-    """Helper for @lru_cache"""
-
-    class _Sentinel(enum.Enum):
-        sentinel = object()
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        orig: Callable[..., Any],
-        max_entries: int = 1000,
-        cache_context: bool = False,
-    ):
-        super().__init__(
-            orig, num_args=None, uncached_args=None, cache_context=cache_context
-        )
-        self.max_entries = max_entries
-
-    def __get__(self, obj: Optional[Any], owner: Optional[Type]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
-        cache: LruCache[CacheKey, Any] = LruCache(
-            cache_name=self.name,
-            max_size=self.max_entries,
-        )
-
-        get_cache_key = self.cache_key_builder
-        sentinel = LruCacheDescriptor._Sentinel.sentinel
-
-        @functools.wraps(self.orig)
-        def _wrapped(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
-            invalidate_callback = kwargs.pop("on_invalidate", None)
-            callbacks = (invalidate_callback,) if invalidate_callback else ()
-
-            cache_key = get_cache_key(args, kwargs)
-
-            ret = cache.get(cache_key, default=sentinel, callbacks=callbacks)
-            if ret != sentinel:
-                return ret
-
-            # Add our own `cache_context` to argument list if the wrapped function
-            # has asked for one
-            if self.add_cache_context:
-                kwargs["cache_context"] = _CacheContext.get_instance(cache, cache_key)
-
-            ret2 = self.orig(obj, *args, **kwargs)
-            cache.set(cache_key, ret2, callbacks=callbacks)
-
-            return ret2
-
-        wrapped = cast(CachedFunction, _wrapped)
-        wrapped.cache = cache
-        obj.__dict__[self.name] = wrapped
-
-        return wrapped
-
-
 class DeferredCacheDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
     """A method decorator that applies a memoizing cache around the function.
 
@@ -431,6 +327,12 @@ class DeferredCacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
         cache: DeferredCache[CacheKey, Any] = cached_method.cache
         num_args = cached_method.num_args
 
+        if num_args != self.num_args:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Number of args (%s) does not match underlying cache_method_name=%s (%s)."
+                % (self.num_args, self.cached_method_name, num_args)
+            )
+
         @functools.wraps(self.orig)
         def wrapped(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> "defer.Deferred[Dict]":
             # If we're passed a cache_context then we'll want to call its
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py b/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py
index fa91479c97..5eaf70c7ab 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py
@@ -169,10 +169,11 @@ class DictionaryCache(Generic[KT, DKT, DV]):
                 if it is in the cache.
 
         Returns:
-            DictionaryEntry: If `dict_keys` is not None then `DictionaryEntry`
-            will contain include the keys that are in the cache. If None then
-            will either return the full dict if in the cache, or the empty
-            dict (with `full` set to False) if it isn't.
+            If `dict_keys` is not None then `DictionaryEntry` will contain include
+            the keys that are in the cache.
+
+            If None then will either return the full dict if in the cache, or the
+            empty dict (with `full` set to False) if it isn't.
         """
         if dict_keys is None:
             # The caller wants the full set of dictionary keys for this cache key
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py b/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py
index c6a5d0dfc0..01ad02af67 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class ExpiringCache(Generic[KT, VT]):
         items from the cache.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: Whether the cache changed size or not.
+            Whether the cache changed size or not.
         """
         new_size = int(self._original_max_size * factor)
         if new_size != self._max_size:
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py b/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py
index aa93109d13..dcf0eac3bf 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py
@@ -389,11 +389,11 @@ class LruCache(Generic[KT, VT]):
             cache_name: The name of this cache, for the prometheus metrics. If unset,
                 no metrics will be reported on this cache.
 
-            cache_type (type):
+            cache_type:
                 type of underlying cache to be used. Typically one of dict
                 or TreeCache.
 
-            size_callback (func(V) -> int | None):
+            size_callback:
 
             metrics_collection_callback:
                 metrics collection callback. This is called early in the metrics
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ class LruCache(Generic[KT, VT]):
 
                 Ignored if cache_name is None.
 
-            apply_cache_factor_from_config (bool): If true, `max_size` will be
+            apply_cache_factor_from_config: If true, `max_size` will be
                 multiplied by a cache factor derived from the homeserver config
 
             clock:
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ class LruCache(Generic[KT, VT]):
         items from the cache.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: Whether the cache changed size or not.
+            Whether the cache changed size or not.
         """
         if not self.apply_cache_factor_from_config:
             return False
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py b/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py
index 330709b8b7..666f4b6895 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class StreamChangeCache:
         items from the cache.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: Whether the cache changed size or not.
+            Whether the cache changed size or not.
         """
         new_size = math.floor(self._original_max_size * factor)
         if new_size != self._max_size:
@@ -188,14 +188,8 @@ class StreamChangeCache:
         self._entity_to_key[entity] = stream_pos
         self._evict()
 
-        # if the cache is too big, remove entries
-        while len(self._cache) > self._max_size:
-            k, r = self._cache.popitem(0)
-            self._earliest_known_stream_pos = max(k, self._earliest_known_stream_pos)
-            for entity in r:
-                del self._entity_to_key[entity]
-
     def _evict(self) -> None:
+        # if the cache is too big, remove entries
         while len(self._cache) > self._max_size:
             k, r = self._cache.popitem(0)
             self._earliest_known_stream_pos = max(k, self._earliest_known_stream_pos)
@@ -203,7 +197,6 @@ class StreamChangeCache:
                 self._entity_to_key.pop(entity, None)
 
     def get_max_pos_of_last_change(self, entity: EntityType) -> int:
-
         """Returns an upper bound of the stream id of the last change to an
         entity.
         """
diff --git a/synapse/util/check_dependencies.py b/synapse/util/check_dependencies.py
index 66f1da7502..3b1e205700 100644
--- a/synapse/util/check_dependencies.py
+++ b/synapse/util/check_dependencies.py
@@ -66,6 +66,21 @@ def _is_dev_dependency(req: Requirement) -> bool:
     )
 
 
+def _should_ignore_runtime_requirement(req: Requirement) -> bool:
+    # This is a build-time dependency. Irritatingly, `poetry build` ignores the
+    # requirements listed in the [build-system] section of pyproject.toml, so in order
+    # to support `poetry install --no-dev` we have to mark it as a runtime dependency.
+    # See discussion on https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/issues/6154 (it sounds
+    # like the poetry authors don't consider this a bug?)
+    #
+    # In any case, workaround this by ignoring setuptools_rust here. (It might be
+    # slightly cleaner to put `setuptools_rust` in a `build` extra or similar, but for
+    # now let's do something quick and dirty.
+    if req.name == "setuptools_rust":
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
 class Dependency(NamedTuple):
     requirement: Requirement
     must_be_installed: bool
@@ -77,7 +92,7 @@ def _generic_dependencies() -> Iterable[Dependency]:
     assert requirements is not None
     for raw_requirement in requirements:
         req = Requirement(raw_requirement)
-        if _is_dev_dependency(req):
+        if _is_dev_dependency(req) or _should_ignore_runtime_requirement(req):
             continue
 
         # https://packaging.pypa.io/en/latest/markers.html#usage notes that
diff --git a/synapse/util/macaroons.py b/synapse/util/macaroons.py
index df77edcce2..5df03d3ddc 100644
--- a/synapse/util/macaroons.py
+++ b/synapse/util/macaroons.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from typing_extensions import Literal
 
 from synapse.util import Clock, stringutils
 
-MacaroonType = Literal["access", "delete_pusher", "session", "login"]
+MacaroonType = Literal["access", "delete_pusher", "session"]
 
 
 def get_value_from_macaroon(macaroon: pymacaroons.Macaroon, key: str) -> str:
@@ -111,19 +111,6 @@ class OidcSessionData:
     """The session ID of the ongoing UI Auth ("" if this is a login)"""
 
 
-@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
-class LoginTokenAttributes:
-    """Data we store in a short-term login token"""
-
-    user_id: str
-
-    auth_provider_id: str
-    """The SSO Identity Provider that the user authenticated with, to get this token."""
-
-    auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str]
-    """The session ID advertised by the SSO Identity Provider."""
-
-
 class MacaroonGenerator:
     def __init__(self, clock: Clock, location: str, secret_key: bytes):
         self._clock = clock
@@ -165,35 +152,6 @@ class MacaroonGenerator:
         macaroon.add_first_party_caveat(f"pushkey = {pushkey}")
         return macaroon.serialize()
 
-    def generate_short_term_login_token(
-        self,
-        user_id: str,
-        auth_provider_id: str,
-        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
-        duration_in_ms: int = (2 * 60 * 1000),
-    ) -> str:
-        """Generate a short-term login token used during SSO logins
-
-        Args:
-            user_id: The user for which the token is valid.
-            auth_provider_id: The SSO IdP the user used.
-            auth_provider_session_id: The session ID got during login from the SSO IdP.
-
-        Returns:
-            A signed token valid for using as a ``m.login.token`` token.
-        """
-        now = self._clock.time_msec()
-        expiry = now + duration_in_ms
-        macaroon = self._generate_base_macaroon("login")
-        macaroon.add_first_party_caveat(f"user_id = {user_id}")
-        macaroon.add_first_party_caveat(f"time < {expiry}")
-        macaroon.add_first_party_caveat(f"auth_provider_id = {auth_provider_id}")
-        if auth_provider_session_id is not None:
-            macaroon.add_first_party_caveat(
-                f"auth_provider_session_id = {auth_provider_session_id}"
-            )
-        return macaroon.serialize()
-
     def generate_oidc_session_token(
         self,
         state: str,
@@ -233,49 +191,6 @@ class MacaroonGenerator:
 
         return macaroon.serialize()
 
-    def verify_short_term_login_token(self, token: str) -> LoginTokenAttributes:
-        """Verify a short-term-login macaroon
-
-        Checks that the given token is a valid, unexpired short-term-login token
-        minted by this server.
-
-        Args:
-            token: The login token to verify.
-
-        Returns:
-            A set of attributes carried by this token, including the
-            ``user_id`` and informations about the SSO IDP used during that
-            login.
-
-        Raises:
-            MacaroonVerificationFailedException if the verification failed
-        """
-        macaroon = pymacaroons.Macaroon.deserialize(token)
-
-        v = self._base_verifier("login")
-        v.satisfy_general(lambda c: c.startswith("user_id = "))
-        v.satisfy_general(lambda c: c.startswith("auth_provider_id = "))
-        v.satisfy_general(lambda c: c.startswith("auth_provider_session_id = "))
-        satisfy_expiry(v, self._clock.time_msec)
-        v.verify(macaroon, self._secret_key)
-
-        user_id = get_value_from_macaroon(macaroon, "user_id")
-        auth_provider_id = get_value_from_macaroon(macaroon, "auth_provider_id")
-
-        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str] = None
-        try:
-            auth_provider_session_id = get_value_from_macaroon(
-                macaroon, "auth_provider_session_id"
-            )
-        except MacaroonVerificationFailedException:
-            pass
-
-        return LoginTokenAttributes(
-            user_id=user_id,
-            auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
-            auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
-        )
-
     def verify_guest_token(self, token: str) -> str:
         """Verify a guest access token macaroon
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py b/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py
index 0154f92107..98f05fc792 100644
--- a/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py
+++ b/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class FederationRateLimiter:
                 # Handle request ...
 
         Args:
-            host (str): Origin of incoming request.
+            host: Origin of incoming request.
 
         Returns:
             context manager which returns a deferred.
diff --git a/synapse/util/retryutils.py b/synapse/util/retryutils.py
index d0a69ff843..dcc037b982 100644
--- a/synapse/util/retryutils.py
+++ b/synapse/util/retryutils.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class NotRetryingDestination(Exception):
             destination: the domain in question
         """
 
-        msg = "Not retrying server %s." % (destination,)
+        msg = f"Not retrying server {destination} because we tried it recently retry_last_ts={retry_last_ts} and we won't check for another retry_interval={retry_interval}ms."
         super().__init__(msg)
 
         self.retry_last_ts = retry_last_ts
diff --git a/synapse/util/stringutils.py b/synapse/util/stringutils.py
index 27a363d7e5..4961fe9313 100644
--- a/synapse/util/stringutils.py
+++ b/synapse/util/stringutils.py
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def parse_server_name(server_name: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[int]]:
         ValueError if the server name could not be parsed.
     """
     try:
-        if server_name[-1] == "]":
+        if server_name and server_name[-1] == "]":
             # ipv6 literal, hopefully
             return server_name, None
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def parse_and_validate_server_name(server_name: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[int]
     # that nobody is sneaking IP literals in that look like hostnames, etc.
 
     # look for ipv6 literals
-    if host[0] == "[":
+    if host and host[0] == "[":
         if host[-1] != "]":
             raise ValueError("Mismatched [...] in server name '%s'" % (server_name,))
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/threepids.py b/synapse/util/threepids.py
index 1e9c2faa64..54bc7589fd 100644
--- a/synapse/util/threepids.py
+++ b/synapse/util/threepids.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ async def check_3pid_allowed(
         registration: whether we want to bind the 3PID as part of registering a new user.
 
     Returns:
-        bool: whether the 3PID medium/address is allowed to be added to this HS
+        whether the 3PID medium/address is allowed to be added to this HS
     """
     if not await hs.get_password_auth_provider().is_3pid_allowed(
         medium, address, registration
diff --git a/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py b/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py
index 177e198e7e..b1ec7f4bd8 100644
--- a/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py
+++ b/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py
@@ -90,10 +90,10 @@ class WheelTimer(Generic[T]):
         """Fetch any objects that have timed out
 
         Args:
-            now (ms): Current time in msec
+            now: Current time in msec
 
         Returns:
-            list: List of objects that have timed out
+            List of objects that have timed out
         """
         now_key = int(now / self.bucket_size)
 
diff --git a/synapse/visibility.py b/synapse/visibility.py
index 342d60a921..1e57abb8b5 100644
--- a/synapse/visibility.py
+++ b/synapse/visibility.py
@@ -84,7 +84,15 @@ async def filter_events_for_client(
     """
     # Filter out events that have been soft failed so that we don't relay them
     # to clients.
+    events_before_filtering = events
     events = [e for e in events if not e.internal_metadata.is_soft_failed()]
+    if len(events_before_filtering) != len(events):
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+            logger.debug(
+                "filter_events_for_client: Filtered out soft-failed events: Before=%s, After=%s",
+                [event.event_id for event in events_before_filtering],
+                [event.event_id for event in events],
+            )
 
     types = (_HISTORY_VIS_KEY, (EventTypes.Member, user_id))
 
@@ -162,6 +170,10 @@ async def filter_event_for_clients_with_state(
     if event.internal_metadata.is_soft_failed():
         return []
 
+    # Fast path if we don't have any user IDs to check.
+    if not user_ids:
+        return ()
+
     # Make a set for all user IDs that haven't been filtered out by a check.
     allowed_user_ids = set(user_ids)
 
@@ -297,6 +309,10 @@ def _check_client_allowed_to_see_event(
             _check_filter_send_to_client(event, clock, retention_policy, sender_ignored)
             == _CheckFilter.DENIED
         ):
+            logger.debug(
+                "_check_client_allowed_to_see_event(event=%s): Filtered out event because `_check_filter_send_to_client` returned `_CheckFilter.DENIED`",
+                event.event_id,
+            )
             return None
 
     if event.event_id in always_include_ids:
@@ -308,9 +324,17 @@ def _check_client_allowed_to_see_event(
         # for out-of-band membership events (eg, incoming invites, or rejections of
         # said invite) for the user themselves.
         if event.type == EventTypes.Member and event.state_key == user_id:
-            logger.debug("Returning out-of-band-membership event %s", event)
+            logger.debug(
+                "_check_client_allowed_to_see_event(event=%s): Returning out-of-band-membership event %s",
+                event.event_id,
+                event,
+            )
             return event
 
+        logger.debug(
+            "_check_client_allowed_to_see_event(event=%s): Filtered out event because it's an outlier",
+            event.event_id,
+        )
         return None
 
     if state is None:
@@ -333,11 +357,21 @@ def _check_client_allowed_to_see_event(
 
     membership_result = _check_membership(user_id, event, visibility, state, is_peeking)
     if not membership_result.allowed:
+        logger.debug(
+            "_check_client_allowed_to_see_event(event=%s): Filtered out event because the user can't see the event because of their membership, membership_result.allowed=%s membership_result.joined=%s",
+            event.event_id,
+            membership_result.allowed,
+            membership_result.joined,
+        )
         return None
 
     # If the sender has been erased and the user was not joined at the time, we
     # must only return the redacted form.
     if sender_erased and not membership_result.joined:
+        logger.debug(
+            "_check_client_allowed_to_see_event(event=%s): Returning pruned event because `sender_erased` and the user was not joined at the time",
+            event.event_id,
+        )
         event = prune_event(event)
 
     return event
diff --git a/tests/api/test_filtering.py b/tests/api/test_filtering.py
index a269c477fb..d5524d296e 100644
--- a/tests/api/test_filtering.py
+++ b/tests/api/test_filtering.py
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ def MockEvent(**kwargs):
         kwargs["event_id"] = "fake_event_id"
     if "type" not in kwargs:
         kwargs["type"] = "fake_type"
+    if "content" not in kwargs:
+        kwargs["content"] = {}
     return make_event_from_dict(kwargs)
 
 
@@ -44,19 +46,36 @@ class FilteringTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.datastore = hs.get_datastores().main
 
     def test_errors_on_invalid_filters(self):
+        # See USER_FILTER_SCHEMA for the filter schema.
         invalid_filters = [
-            {"boom": {}},
+            # `account_data` must be a dictionary
             {"account_data": "Hello World"},
+            # `event_fields` entries must not contain backslashes
             {"event_fields": [r"\\foo"]},
-            {"room": {"timeline": {"limit": 0}, "state": {"not_bars": ["*"]}}},
+            # `event_format` must be "client" or "federation"
             {"event_format": "other"},
+            # `not_rooms` must contain valid room IDs
             {"room": {"not_rooms": ["#foo:pik-test"]}},
+            # `senders` must contain valid user IDs
             {"presence": {"senders": ["@bar;pik.test.com"]}},
         ]
         for filter in invalid_filters:
             with self.assertRaises(SynapseError):
                 self.filtering.check_valid_filter(filter)
 
+    def test_ignores_unknown_filter_fields(self):
+        # For forward compatibility, we must ignore unknown filter fields.
+        # See USER_FILTER_SCHEMA for the filter schema.
+        filters = [
+            {"org.matrix.msc9999.future_option": True},
+            {"presence": {"org.matrix.msc9999.future_option": True}},
+            {"room": {"org.matrix.msc9999.future_option": True}},
+            {"room": {"timeline": {"org.matrix.msc9999.future_option": True}}},
+        ]
+        for filter in filters:
+            self.filtering.check_valid_filter(filter)
+            # Must not raise.
+
     def test_valid_filters(self):
         valid_filters = [
             {
@@ -357,6 +376,66 @@ class FilteringTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.assertTrue(Filter(self.hs, definition)._check(event))
 
+    @unittest.override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3874_enabled": True}})
+    def test_filter_rel_type(self):
+        definition = {"org.matrix.msc3874.rel_types": ["m.thread"]}
+        event = MockEvent(
+            sender="@foo:bar",
+            type="m.room.message",
+            room_id="!secretbase:unknown",
+            content={},
+        )
+
+        self.assertFalse(Filter(self.hs, definition)._check(event))
+
+        event = MockEvent(
+            sender="@foo:bar",
+            type="m.room.message",
+            room_id="!secretbase:unknown",
+            content={"m.relates_to": {"event_id": "$abc", "rel_type": "m.reference"}},
+        )
+
+        self.assertFalse(Filter(self.hs, definition)._check(event))
+
+        event = MockEvent(
+            sender="@foo:bar",
+            type="m.room.message",
+            room_id="!secretbase:unknown",
+            content={"m.relates_to": {"event_id": "$abc", "rel_type": "m.thread"}},
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(Filter(self.hs, definition)._check(event))
+
+    @unittest.override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3874_enabled": True}})
+    def test_filter_not_rel_type(self):
+        definition = {"org.matrix.msc3874.not_rel_types": ["m.thread"]}
+        event = MockEvent(
+            sender="@foo:bar",
+            type="m.room.message",
+            room_id="!secretbase:unknown",
+            content={"m.relates_to": {"event_id": "$abc", "rel_type": "m.thread"}},
+        )
+
+        self.assertFalse(Filter(self.hs, definition)._check(event))
+
+        event = MockEvent(
+            sender="@foo:bar",
+            type="m.room.message",
+            room_id="!secretbase:unknown",
+            content={},
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(Filter(self.hs, definition)._check(event))
+
+        event = MockEvent(
+            sender="@foo:bar",
+            type="m.room.message",
+            room_id="!secretbase:unknown",
+            content={"m.relates_to": {"event_id": "$abc", "rel_type": "m.reference"}},
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(Filter(self.hs, definition)._check(event))
+
     def test_filter_presence_match(self):
         user_filter_json = {"presence": {"types": ["m.*"]}}
         filter_id = self.get_success(
@@ -456,7 +535,6 @@ class FilteringTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(filtered_room_ids, ["!allowed:example.com"])
 
-    @unittest.override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3440_enabled": True}})
     def test_filter_relations(self):
         events = [
             # An event without a relation.
diff --git a/tests/app/test_openid_listener.py b/tests/app/test_openid_listener.py
index c7dae58eb5..8d03da7f96 100644
--- a/tests/app/test_openid_listener.py
+++ b/tests/app/test_openid_listener.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class FederationReaderOpenIDListenerTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 401)
 
 
-@patch("synapse.app.homeserver.KeyApiV2Resource", new=Mock())
+@patch("synapse.app.homeserver.KeyResource", new=Mock())
 class SynapseHomeserverOpenIDListenerTests(HomeserverTestCase):
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
         hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(
diff --git a/tests/appservice/test_api.py b/tests/appservice/test_api.py
index 532b676365..89ee79396f 100644
--- a/tests/appservice/test_api.py
+++ b/tests/appservice/test_api.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-from typing import Any, List, Mapping
+from typing import Any, List, Mapping, Sequence, Union
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
@@ -69,10 +69,16 @@ class ApplicationServiceApiTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.request_url = None
 
-        async def get_json(url: str, args: Mapping[Any, Any]) -> List[JsonDict]:
-            if not args.get(b"access_token"):
+        async def get_json(
+            url: str,
+            args: Mapping[Any, Any],
+            headers: Mapping[Union[str, bytes], Sequence[Union[str, bytes]]],
+        ) -> List[JsonDict]:
+            # Ensure the access token is passed as both a header and query arg.
+            if not headers.get("Authorization") or not args.get(b"access_token"):
                 raise RuntimeError("Access token not provided")
 
+            self.assertEqual(headers.get("Authorization"), [f"Bearer {TOKEN}"])
             self.assertEqual(args.get(b"access_token"), TOKEN)
             self.request_url = url
             if url == URL_USER:
diff --git a/tests/appservice/test_appservice.py b/tests/appservice/test_appservice.py
index 3018d3fc6f..d4dccfc2f0 100644
--- a/tests/appservice/test_appservice.py
+++ b/tests/appservice/test_appservice.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         self.store = Mock()
         self.store.get_aliases_for_room = simple_async_mock([])
-        self.store.get_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
+        self.store.get_local_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_regex_user_id_prefix_match(self):
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.store.get_aliases_for_room = simple_async_mock(
             ["#irc_foobar:matrix.org", "#athing:matrix.org"]
         )
-        self.store.get_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
+        self.store.get_local_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
         self.assertTrue(
             (
                 yield defer.ensureDeferred(
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.store.get_aliases_for_room = simple_async_mock(
             ["#xmpp_foobar:matrix.org", "#athing:matrix.org"]
         )
-        self.store.get_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
+        self.store.get_local_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
         self.assertFalse(
             (
                 yield defer.ensureDeferred(
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.service.namespaces[ApplicationService.NS_USERS].append(_regex("@irc_.*"))
         self.event.sender = "@irc_foobar:matrix.org"
         self.store.get_aliases_for_room = simple_async_mock(["#irc_barfoo:matrix.org"])
-        self.store.get_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
+        self.store.get_local_users_in_room = simple_async_mock([])
         self.assertTrue(
             (
                 yield defer.ensureDeferred(
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_member_list_match(self):
         self.service.namespaces[ApplicationService.NS_USERS].append(_regex("@irc_.*"))
         # Note that @irc_fo:here is the AS user.
-        self.store.get_users_in_room = simple_async_mock(
+        self.store.get_local_users_in_room = simple_async_mock(
             ["@alice:here", "@irc_fo:here", "@bob:here"]
         )
         self.store.get_aliases_for_room = simple_async_mock([])
diff --git a/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py b/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py
index 820a1a54e2..63628aa6b0 100644
--- a/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py
+++ b/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py
@@ -469,6 +469,18 @@ class ServerKeyFetcherTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         keys = self.get_success(fetcher.get_keys(SERVER_NAME, ["key1"], 0))
         self.assertEqual(keys, {})
 
+    def test_keyid_containing_forward_slash(self) -> None:
+        """We should url-encode any url unsafe chars in key ids.
+
+        Detects https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14488.
+        """
+        fetcher = ServerKeyFetcher(self.hs)
+        self.get_success(fetcher.get_keys("example.com", ["key/potato"], 0))
+
+        self.http_client.get_json.assert_called_once()
+        args, kwargs = self.http_client.get_json.call_args
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["path"], "/_matrix/key/v2/server/key%2Fpotato")
+
 
 class PerspectivesKeyFetcherTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
diff --git a/tests/federation/test_federation_client.py b/tests/federation/test_federation_client.py
index 50e376f695..e67f405826 100644
--- a/tests/federation/test_federation_client.py
+++ b/tests/federation/test_federation_client.py
@@ -12,25 +12,30 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-import json
 from unittest import mock
 
 import twisted.web.client
 from twisted.internet import defer
-from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol
-from twisted.python.failure import Failure
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
 from synapse.events import EventBase
+from synapse.rest import admin
+from synapse.rest.client import login, room
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
-from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
+from tests.test_utils import FakeResponse, event_injection
 from tests.unittest import FederatingHomeserverTestCase
 
 
 class FederationClientTest(FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
     def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, homeserver: HomeServer):
         super().prepare(reactor, clock, homeserver)
 
@@ -89,8 +94,8 @@ class FederationClientTest(FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
 
         # mock up the response, and have the agent return it
         self._mock_agent.request.side_effect = lambda *args, **kwargs: defer.succeed(
-            _mock_response(
-                {
+            FakeResponse.json(
+                payload={
                     "pdus": [
                         create_event_dict,
                         member_event_dict,
@@ -137,14 +142,14 @@ class FederationClientTest(FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
 
     def test_get_pdu_returns_nothing_when_event_does_not_exist(self):
         """No event should be returned when the event does not exist"""
-        remote_pdu = self.get_success(
+        pulled_pdu_info = self.get_success(
             self.hs.get_federation_client().get_pdu(
                 ["yet.another.server"],
                 "event_should_not_exist",
                 RoomVersions.V9,
             )
         )
-        self.assertEqual(remote_pdu, None)
+        self.assertEqual(pulled_pdu_info, None)
 
     def test_get_pdu(self):
         """Test to make sure an event is returned by `get_pdu()`"""
@@ -164,13 +169,15 @@ class FederationClientTest(FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
         remote_pdu.internal_metadata.outlier = True
 
         # Get the event again. This time it should read it from cache.
-        remote_pdu2 = self.get_success(
+        pulled_pdu_info2 = self.get_success(
             self.hs.get_federation_client().get_pdu(
                 ["yet.another.server"],
                 remote_pdu.event_id,
                 RoomVersions.V9,
             )
         )
+        self.assertIsNotNone(pulled_pdu_info2)
+        remote_pdu2 = pulled_pdu_info2.pdu
 
         # Sanity check that we are working against the same event
         self.assertEqual(remote_pdu.event_id, remote_pdu2.event_id)
@@ -199,8 +206,8 @@ class FederationClientTest(FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
 
         # mock up the response, and have the agent return it
         self._mock_agent.request.side_effect = lambda *args, **kwargs: defer.succeed(
-            _mock_response(
-                {
+            FakeResponse.json(
+                payload={
                     "origin": "yet.another.server",
                     "origin_server_ts": 900,
                     "pdus": [
@@ -210,13 +217,15 @@ class FederationClientTest(FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        remote_pdu = self.get_success(
+        pulled_pdu_info = self.get_success(
             self.hs.get_federation_client().get_pdu(
                 ["yet.another.server"],
                 "event_id",
                 RoomVersions.V9,
             )
         )
+        self.assertIsNotNone(pulled_pdu_info)
+        remote_pdu = pulled_pdu_info.pdu
 
         # check the right call got made to the agent
         self._mock_agent.request.assert_called_once_with(
@@ -231,20 +240,68 @@ class FederationClientTest(FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
 
         return remote_pdu
 
+    def test_backfill_invalid_signature_records_failed_pull_attempts(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Test to make sure that events from /backfill with invalid signatures get
+        recorded as failed pull attempts.
+        """
+        OTHER_USER = f"@user:{self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME}"
+        main_store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
 
-def _mock_response(resp: JsonDict):
-    body = json.dumps(resp).encode("utf-8")
+        # Create the room
+        user_id = self.register_user("kermit", "test")
+        tok = self.login("kermit", "test")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
 
-    def deliver_body(p: Protocol):
-        p.dataReceived(body)
-        p.connectionLost(Failure(twisted.web.client.ResponseDone()))
+        # We purposely don't run `add_hashes_and_signatures_from_other_server`
+        # over this because we want the signature check to fail.
+        pulled_event, _ = self.get_success(
+            event_injection.create_event(
+                self.hs,
+                room_id=room_id,
+                sender=OTHER_USER,
+                type="test_event_type",
+                content={"body": "garply"},
+            )
+        )
 
-    response = mock.Mock(
-        code=200,
-        phrase=b"OK",
-        headers=twisted.web.client.Headers({"content-Type": ["application/json"]}),
-        length=len(body),
-        deliverBody=deliver_body,
-    )
-    mock.seal(response)
-    return response
+        # We expect an outbound request to /backfill, so stub that out
+        self._mock_agent.request.side_effect = lambda *args, **kwargs: defer.succeed(
+            FakeResponse.json(
+                payload={
+                    "origin": "yet.another.server",
+                    "origin_server_ts": 900,
+                    # Mimic the other server returning our new `pulled_event`
+                    "pdus": [pulled_event.get_pdu_json()],
+                }
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_federation_client().backfill(
+                # We use "yet.another.server" instead of
+                # `self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME` because we want to see the behavior
+                # from `_check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch_one` where it tries to
+                # fetch the PDU again from the origin server if the signature
+                # fails. Just want to make sure that the failure is counted from
+                # both code paths.
+                dest="yet.another.server",
+                room_id=room_id,
+                limit=1,
+                extremities=[pulled_event.event_id],
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # Make sure our failed pull attempt was recorded
+        backfill_num_attempts = self.get_success(
+            main_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+                table="event_failed_pull_attempts",
+                keyvalues={"event_id": pulled_event.event_id},
+                retcol="num_attempts",
+            )
+        )
+        # This is 2 because it failed once from `self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME` and the
+        # other from "yet.another.server"
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_num_attempts, 2)
diff --git a/tests/federation/test_federation_server.py b/tests/federation/test_federation_server.py
index 3a6ef221ae..177e5b5afc 100644
--- a/tests/federation/test_federation_server.py
+++ b/tests/federation/test_federation_server.py
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class SendJoinFederationTests(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(r[("m.room.member", joining_user)].membership, "join")
 
     @override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3706_enabled": True}})
-    def test_send_join_partial_state(self):
+    def test_send_join_partial_state(self) -> None:
         """When MSC3706 support is enabled, /send_join should return partial state"""
         joining_user = "@misspiggy:" + self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME
         join_result = self._make_join(joining_user)
@@ -240,6 +240,9 @@ class SendJoinFederationTests(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
                 ("m.room.power_levels", ""),
                 ("m.room.join_rules", ""),
                 ("m.room.history_visibility", ""),
+                # Users included here because they're heroes.
+                ("m.room.member", "@kermit:test"),
+                ("m.room.member", "@fozzie:test"),
             ],
         )
 
@@ -249,9 +252,9 @@ class SendJoinFederationTests(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
         ]
         self.assertCountEqual(
             returned_auth_chain_events,
-            [
-                ("m.room.member", "@kermit:test"),
-            ],
+            # TODO: change the test so that we get at least one event in the auth chain
+            #   here.
+            [],
         )
 
         # the room should show that the new user is a member
diff --git a/tests/federation/transport/test_client.py b/tests/federation/transport/test_client.py
index c2320ce133..b84c74fc0e 100644
--- a/tests/federation/transport/test_client.py
+++ b/tests/federation/transport/test_client.py
@@ -13,9 +13,13 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import json
+from unittest.mock import Mock
+
+import ijson.common
 
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
 from synapse.federation.transport.client import SendJoinParser
+from synapse.util import ExceptionBundle
 
 from tests.unittest import TestCase
 
@@ -94,3 +98,46 @@ class SendJoinParserTestCase(TestCase):
         # Retrieve and check the parsed SendJoinResponse
         parsed_response = parser.finish()
         self.assertEqual(parsed_response.servers_in_room, ["hs1", "hs2"])
+
+    def test_errors_closing_coroutines(self) -> None:
+        """Check we close all coroutines, even if closing the first raises an Exception.
+
+        We also check that an Exception of some kind is raised, but we don't make any
+        assertions about its attributes or type.
+        """
+        parser = SendJoinParser(RoomVersions.V1, False)
+        response = {"org.matrix.msc3706.servers_in_room": ["hs1", "hs2"]}
+        serialisation = json.dumps(response).encode()
+
+        # Mock the coroutines managed by this parser.
+        # The first one will error when we try to close it.
+        coro_1 = Mock()
+        coro_1.close = Mock(side_effect=RuntimeError("Couldn't close coro 1"))
+
+        coro_2 = Mock()
+
+        coro_3 = Mock()
+        coro_3.close = Mock(side_effect=RuntimeError("Couldn't close coro 3"))
+
+        original_coros = parser._coros
+        parser._coros = [coro_1, coro_2, coro_3]
+
+        # Close the original coroutines. If we don't, when we garbage collect them
+        # they will throw, failing the test. (Oddly, this only started in CPython 3.11).
+        for coro in original_coros:
+            try:
+                coro.close()
+            except ijson.common.IncompleteJSONError:
+                pass
+
+        # Send half of the data to the parser
+        parser.write(serialisation[: len(serialisation) // 2])
+
+        # Close the parser. There should be _some_ kind of exception.
+        with self.assertRaises(ExceptionBundle):
+            parser.finish()
+
+        # In any case, we should have tried to close both coros.
+        coro_1.close.assert_called()
+        coro_2.close.assert_called()
+        coro_3.close.assert_called()
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_appservice.py b/tests/handlers/test_appservice.py
index af24c4984d..144e49d0fd 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_appservice.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_appservice.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 import synapse.rest.admin
 import synapse.storage
-from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes, EventTypes
 from synapse.appservice import (
     ApplicationService,
     TransactionOneTimeKeyCounts,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from synapse.util import Clock
 from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string
 
 from tests import unittest
-from tests.test_utils import make_awaitable, simple_async_mock
+from tests.test_utils import event_injection, make_awaitable, simple_async_mock
 from tests.unittest import override_config
 from tests.utils import MockClock
 
@@ -76,9 +76,13 @@ class AppServiceHandlerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         event = Mock(
             sender="@someone:anywhere", type="m.room.message", room_id="!foo:bar"
         )
-        self.mock_store.get_all_new_events_stream.side_effect = [
-            make_awaitable((0, [], {})),
-            make_awaitable((1, [event], {event.event_id: 0})),
+        self.mock_store.get_all_new_event_ids_stream.side_effect = [
+            make_awaitable((0, {})),
+            make_awaitable((1, {event.event_id: 0})),
+        ]
+        self.mock_store.get_events_as_list.side_effect = [
+            make_awaitable([]),
+            make_awaitable([event]),
         ]
         self.handler.notify_interested_services(RoomStreamToken(None, 1))
 
@@ -95,10 +99,10 @@ class AppServiceHandlerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         event = Mock(sender=user_id, type="m.room.message", room_id="!foo:bar")
         self.mock_as_api.query_user.return_value = make_awaitable(True)
-        self.mock_store.get_all_new_events_stream.side_effect = [
-            make_awaitable((0, [event], {event.event_id: 0})),
+        self.mock_store.get_all_new_event_ids_stream.side_effect = [
+            make_awaitable((0, {event.event_id: 0})),
         ]
-
+        self.mock_store.get_events_as_list.side_effect = [make_awaitable([event])]
         self.handler.notify_interested_services(RoomStreamToken(None, 0))
 
         self.mock_as_api.query_user.assert_called_once_with(services[0], user_id)
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ class AppServiceHandlerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         event = Mock(sender=user_id, type="m.room.message", room_id="!foo:bar")
         self.mock_as_api.query_user.return_value = make_awaitable(True)
-        self.mock_store.get_all_new_events_stream.side_effect = [
+        self.mock_store.get_all_new_event_ids_stream.side_effect = [
             make_awaitable((0, [event], {event.event_id: 0})),
         ]
 
@@ -386,15 +390,16 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandlerSendEventsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         receipts.register_servlets,
     ]
 
-    def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer):
+        self.hs = hs
         # Mock the ApplicationServiceScheduler's _TransactionController's send method so that
         # we can track any outgoing ephemeral events
         self.send_mock = simple_async_mock()
-        hs.get_application_service_handler().scheduler.txn_ctrl.send = self.send_mock
+        hs.get_application_service_handler().scheduler.txn_ctrl.send = self.send_mock  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
         # Mock out application services, and allow defining our own in tests
         self._services: List[ApplicationService] = []
-        self.hs.get_datastores().main.get_app_services = Mock(
+        self.hs.get_datastores().main.get_app_services = Mock(  # type: ignore[assignment]
             return_value=self._services
         )
 
@@ -412,6 +417,157 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandlerSendEventsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             "exclusive_as_user", "password", self.exclusive_as_user_device_id
         )
 
+    def _notify_interested_services(self):
+        # This is normally set in `notify_interested_services` but we need to call the
+        # internal async version so the reactor gets pushed to completion.
+        self.hs.get_application_service_handler().current_max += 1
+        self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_application_service_handler()._notify_interested_services(
+                RoomStreamToken(
+                    None, self.hs.get_application_service_handler().current_max
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    @parameterized.expand(
+        [
+            ("@local_as_user:test", True),
+            # Defining remote users in an application service user namespace regex is a
+            # footgun since the appservice might assume that it'll receive all events
+            # sent by that remote user, but it will only receive events in rooms that
+            # are shared with a local user. So we just remove this footgun possibility
+            # entirely and we won't notify the application service based on remote
+            # users.
+            ("@remote_as_user:remote", False),
+        ]
+    )
+    def test_match_interesting_room_members(
+        self, interesting_user: str, should_notify: bool
+    ):
+        """
+        Test to make sure that a interesting user (local or remote) in the room is
+        notified as expected when someone else in the room sends a message.
+        """
+        # Register an application service that's interested in the `interesting_user`
+        interested_appservice = self._register_application_service(
+            namespaces={
+                ApplicationService.NS_USERS: [
+                    {
+                        "regex": interesting_user,
+                        "exclusive": False,
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+
+        # Create a room
+        alice = self.register_user("alice", "pass")
+        alice_access_token = self.login("alice", "pass")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=alice, tok=alice_access_token)
+
+        # Join the interesting user to the room
+        self.get_success(
+            event_injection.inject_member_event(
+                self.hs, room_id, interesting_user, "join"
+            )
+        )
+        # Kick the appservice into checking this membership event to get the event out
+        # of the way
+        self._notify_interested_services()
+        # We don't care about the interesting user join event (this test is making sure
+        # the next thing works)
+        self.send_mock.reset_mock()
+
+        # Send a message from an uninteresting user
+        self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "message from uninteresting user",
+            },
+            tok=alice_access_token,
+        )
+        # Kick the appservice into checking this new event
+        self._notify_interested_services()
+
+        if should_notify:
+            self.send_mock.assert_called_once()
+            (
+                service,
+                events,
+                _ephemeral,
+                _to_device_messages,
+                _otks,
+                _fbks,
+                _device_list_summary,
+            ) = self.send_mock.call_args[0]
+
+            # Even though the message came from an uninteresting user, it should still
+            # notify us because the interesting user is joined to the room where the
+            # message was sent.
+            self.assertEqual(service, interested_appservice)
+            self.assertEqual(events[0]["type"], "m.room.message")
+            self.assertEqual(events[0]["sender"], alice)
+        else:
+            self.send_mock.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_application_services_receive_events_sent_by_interesting_local_user(self):
+        """
+        Test to make sure that a messages sent from a local user can be interesting and
+        picked up by the appservice.
+        """
+        # Register an application service that's interested in all local users
+        interested_appservice = self._register_application_service(
+            namespaces={
+                ApplicationService.NS_USERS: [
+                    {
+                        "regex": ".*",
+                        "exclusive": False,
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+
+        # Create a room
+        alice = self.register_user("alice", "pass")
+        alice_access_token = self.login("alice", "pass")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=alice, tok=alice_access_token)
+
+        # We don't care about interesting events before this (this test is making sure
+        # the next thing works)
+        self.send_mock.reset_mock()
+
+        # Send a message from the interesting local user
+        self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "message from interesting local user",
+            },
+            tok=alice_access_token,
+        )
+        # Kick the appservice into checking this new event
+        self._notify_interested_services()
+
+        self.send_mock.assert_called_once()
+        (
+            service,
+            events,
+            _ephemeral,
+            _to_device_messages,
+            _otks,
+            _fbks,
+            _device_list_summary,
+        ) = self.send_mock.call_args[0]
+
+        # Events sent from an interesting local user should also be picked up as
+        # interesting to the appservice.
+        self.assertEqual(service, interested_appservice)
+        self.assertEqual(events[0]["type"], "m.room.message")
+        self.assertEqual(events[0]["sender"], alice)
+
     def test_sending_read_receipt_batches_to_application_services(self):
         """Tests that a large batch of read receipts are sent correctly to
         interested application services.
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_auth.py b/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
index 7106799d44..036dbbc45b 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+from typing import Optional
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 import pymacaroons
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, ResourceLimitError
 from synapse.rest import admin
+from synapse.rest.client import login
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ from tests.test_utils import make_awaitable
 class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     servlets = [
         admin.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
     ]
 
     def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
@@ -46,6 +49,23 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.user1 = self.register_user("a_user", "pass")
 
+    def token_login(self, token: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        body = {
+            "type": "m.login.token",
+            "token": token,
+        }
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/login",
+            body,
+        )
+
+        if channel.code == 200:
+            return channel.json_body["user_id"]
+
+        return None
+
     def test_macaroon_caveats(self) -> None:
         token = self.macaroon_generator.generate_guest_access_token("a_user")
         macaroon = pymacaroons.Macaroon.deserialize(token)
@@ -73,48 +93,61 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         v.satisfy_general(verify_guest)
         v.verify(macaroon, self.hs.config.key.macaroon_secret_key)
 
-    def test_short_term_login_token_gives_user_id(self) -> None:
-        token = self.macaroon_generator.generate_short_term_login_token(
-            self.user1, "", duration_in_ms=5000
+    def test_login_token_gives_user_id(self) -> None:
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(
+                self.user1,
+                duration_ms=(5 * 1000),
+            )
         )
-        res = self.get_success(self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(token))
+
+        res = self.get_success(self.auth_handler.consume_login_token(token))
         self.assertEqual(self.user1, res.user_id)
-        self.assertEqual("", res.auth_provider_id)
+        self.assertEqual(None, res.auth_provider_id)
+
+    def test_login_token_reuse_fails(self) -> None:
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(
+                self.user1,
+                duration_ms=(5 * 1000),
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.get_success(self.auth_handler.consume_login_token(token))
+
+        self.get_failure(
+            self.auth_handler.consume_login_token(token),
+            AuthError,
+        )
+
+    def test_login_token_expires(self) -> None:
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(
+                self.user1,
+                duration_ms=(5 * 1000),
+            )
+        )
 
         # when we advance the clock, the token should be rejected
         self.reactor.advance(6)
         self.get_failure(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(token),
+            self.auth_handler.consume_login_token(token),
             AuthError,
         )
 
-    def test_short_term_login_token_gives_auth_provider(self) -> None:
-        token = self.macaroon_generator.generate_short_term_login_token(
-            self.user1, auth_provider_id="my_idp"
+    def test_login_token_gives_auth_provider(self) -> None:
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(
+                self.user1,
+                auth_provider_id="my_idp",
+                auth_provider_session_id="11-22-33-44",
+                duration_ms=(5 * 1000),
+            )
         )
-        res = self.get_success(self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(token))
+        res = self.get_success(self.auth_handler.consume_login_token(token))
         self.assertEqual(self.user1, res.user_id)
         self.assertEqual("my_idp", res.auth_provider_id)
-
-    def test_short_term_login_token_cannot_replace_user_id(self) -> None:
-        token = self.macaroon_generator.generate_short_term_login_token(
-            self.user1, "", duration_in_ms=5000
-        )
-        macaroon = pymacaroons.Macaroon.deserialize(token)
-
-        res = self.get_success(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(macaroon.serialize())
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(self.user1, res.user_id)
-
-        # add another "user_id" caveat, which might allow us to override the
-        # user_id.
-        macaroon.add_first_party_caveat("user_id = b_user")
-
-        self.get_failure(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(macaroon.serialize()),
-            AuthError,
-        )
+        self.assertEqual("11-22-33-44", res.auth_provider_session_id)
 
     def test_mau_limits_disabled(self) -> None:
         self.auth_blocking._limit_usage_by_mau = False
@@ -125,12 +158,12 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.get_success(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(
-                self._get_macaroon().serialize()
-            )
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(self.user1)
         )
 
+        self.assertIsNotNone(self.token_login(token))
+
     def test_mau_limits_exceeded_large(self) -> None:
         self.auth_blocking._limit_usage_by_mau = True
         self.hs.get_datastores().main.get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
@@ -147,12 +180,10 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.get_datastores().main.get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=make_awaitable(self.large_number_of_users)
         )
-        self.get_failure(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(
-                self._get_macaroon().serialize()
-            ),
-            ResourceLimitError,
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(self.user1)
         )
+        self.assertIsNone(self.token_login(token))
 
     def test_mau_limits_parity(self) -> None:
         # Ensure we're not at the unix epoch.
@@ -171,12 +202,10 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             ),
             ResourceLimitError,
         )
-        self.get_failure(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(
-                self._get_macaroon().serialize()
-            ),
-            ResourceLimitError,
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(self.user1)
         )
+        self.assertIsNone(self.token_login(token))
 
         # If in monthly active cohort
         self.hs.get_datastores().main.user_last_seen_monthly_active = Mock(
@@ -187,11 +216,10 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 self.user1, device_id=None, valid_until_ms=None
             )
         )
-        self.get_success(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(
-                self._get_macaroon().serialize()
-            )
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(self.user1)
         )
+        self.assertIsNotNone(self.token_login(token))
 
     def test_mau_limits_not_exceeded(self) -> None:
         self.auth_blocking._limit_usage_by_mau = True
@@ -209,14 +237,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.get_datastores().main.get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=make_awaitable(self.small_number_of_users)
         )
-        self.get_success(
-            self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token(
-                self._get_macaroon().serialize()
-            )
+        token = self.get_success(
+            self.auth_handler.create_login_token_for_user_id(self.user1)
         )
-
-    def _get_macaroon(self) -> pymacaroons.Macaroon:
-        token = self.macaroon_generator.generate_short_term_login_token(
-            self.user1, "", duration_in_ms=5000
-        )
-        return pymacaroons.Macaroon.deserialize(token)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(self.token_login(token))
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_federation.py b/tests/handlers/test_federation.py
index 745750b1d7..d00c69c229 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_federation.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_federation.py
@@ -19,7 +19,13 @@ from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
-from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, Codes, LimitExceededError, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.errors import (
+    AuthError,
+    Codes,
+    LimitExceededError,
+    NotFoundError,
+    SynapseError,
+)
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
 from synapse.events import EventBase, make_event_from_dict
 from synapse.federation.federation_base import event_from_pdu_json
@@ -28,6 +34,7 @@ from synapse.logging.context import LoggingContext, run_in_background
 from synapse.rest import admin
 from synapse.rest.client import login, room
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventCacheEntry
 from synapse.util import Clock
 from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string
 
@@ -322,6 +329,102 @@ class FederationTestCase(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
             )
         self.get_success(d)
 
+    def test_backfill_ignores_known_events(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Tests that events that we already know about are ignored when backfilling.
+        """
+        # Set up users
+        user_id = self.register_user("kermit", "test")
+        tok = self.login("kermit", "test")
+
+        other_server = "otherserver"
+        other_user = "@otheruser:" + other_server
+
+        # Create a room to backfill events into
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
+        room_version = self.get_success(self.store.get_room_version(room_id))
+
+        # Build an event to backfill
+        event = event_from_pdu_json(
+            {
+                "type": EventTypes.Message,
+                "content": {"body": "hello world", "msgtype": "m.text"},
+                "room_id": room_id,
+                "sender": other_user,
+                "depth": 32,
+                "prev_events": [],
+                "auth_events": [],
+                "origin_server_ts": self.clock.time_msec(),
+            },
+            room_version,
+        )
+
+        # Ensure the event is not already in the DB
+        self.get_failure(
+            self.store.get_event(event.event_id),
+            NotFoundError,
+        )
+
+        # Backfill the event and check that it has entered the DB.
+
+        # We mock out the FederationClient.backfill method, to pretend that a remote
+        # server has returned our fake event.
+        federation_client_backfill_mock = Mock(return_value=make_awaitable([event]))
+        self.hs.get_federation_client().backfill = federation_client_backfill_mock
+
+        # We also mock the persist method with a side effect of itself. This allows us
+        # to track when it has been called while preserving its function.
+        persist_events_and_notify_mock = Mock(
+            side_effect=self.hs.get_federation_event_handler().persist_events_and_notify
+        )
+        self.hs.get_federation_event_handler().persist_events_and_notify = (
+            persist_events_and_notify_mock
+        )
+
+        # Small side-tangent. We populate the event cache with the event, even though
+        # it is not yet in the DB. This is an invalid scenario that can currently occur
+        # due to not properly invalidating the event cache.
+        # See https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13476.
+        #
+        # As a result, backfill should not rely on the event cache to check whether
+        # we already have an event in the DB.
+        # TODO: Remove this bit when the event cache is properly invalidated.
+        cache_entry = EventCacheEntry(
+            event=event,
+            redacted_event=None,
+        )
+        self.store._get_event_cache.set_local((event.event_id,), cache_entry)
+
+        # We now call FederationEventHandler.backfill (a separate method) to trigger
+        # a backfill request. It should receive the fake event.
+        self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_federation_event_handler().backfill(
+                other_user,
+                room_id,
+                limit=10,
+                extremities=[],
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Check that our fake event was persisted.
+        persist_events_and_notify_mock.assert_called_once()
+        persist_events_and_notify_mock.reset_mock()
+
+        # Now we repeat the backfill, having the homeserver receive the fake event
+        # again.
+        self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_federation_event_handler().backfill(
+                other_user,
+                room_id,
+                limit=10,
+                extremities=[],
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # This time, we expect no event persistence to have occurred, as we already
+        # have this event.
+        persist_events_and_notify_mock.assert_not_called()
+
     @unittest.override_config(
         {"rc_invites": {"per_user": {"per_second": 0.5, "burst_count": 3}}}
     )
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py b/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py
index 918010cddb..e448cb1901 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 from typing import Optional
 from unittest import mock
 
-from synapse.api.errors import AuthError
+from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, StoreError
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersion
 from synapse.event_auth import (
     check_state_dependent_auth_rules,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class FederationEventHandlerTests(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
         # mock out the federation transport client
         self.mock_federation_transport_client = mock.Mock(
-            spec=["get_room_state_ids", "get_room_state", "get_event"]
+            spec=["get_room_state_ids", "get_room_state", "get_event", "backfill"]
         )
         return super().setup_test_homeserver(
             federation_transport_client=self.mock_federation_transport_client
@@ -459,6 +459,203 @@ class FederationEventHandlerTests(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertIsNotNone(persisted, "pulled event was not persisted at all")
 
+    def test_backfill_signature_failure_does_not_fetch_same_prev_event_later(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Test to make sure we backoff and don't try to fetch a missing prev_event when we
+        already know it has a invalid signature from checking the signatures of all of
+        the events in the backfill response.
+        """
+        OTHER_USER = f"@user:{self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME}"
+        main_store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
+
+        # Create the room
+        user_id = self.register_user("kermit", "test")
+        tok = self.login("kermit", "test")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
+        room_version = self.get_success(main_store.get_room_version(room_id))
+
+        # Allow the remote user to send state events
+        self.helper.send_state(
+            room_id,
+            "m.room.power_levels",
+            {"events_default": 0, "state_default": 0},
+            tok=tok,
+        )
+
+        # Add the remote user to the room
+        member_event = self.get_success(
+            event_injection.inject_member_event(self.hs, room_id, OTHER_USER, "join")
+        )
+
+        initial_state_map = self.get_success(
+            main_store.get_partial_current_state_ids(room_id)
+        )
+
+        auth_event_ids = [
+            initial_state_map[("m.room.create", "")],
+            initial_state_map[("m.room.power_levels", "")],
+            member_event.event_id,
+        ]
+
+        # We purposely don't run `add_hashes_and_signatures_from_other_server`
+        # over this because we want the signature check to fail.
+        pulled_event_without_signatures = make_event_from_dict(
+            {
+                "type": "test_regular_type",
+                "room_id": room_id,
+                "sender": OTHER_USER,
+                "prev_events": [member_event.event_id],
+                "auth_events": auth_event_ids,
+                "origin_server_ts": 1,
+                "depth": 12,
+                "content": {"body": "pulled_event_without_signatures"},
+            },
+            room_version,
+        )
+
+        # Create a regular event that should pass except for the
+        # `pulled_event_without_signatures` in the `prev_event`.
+        pulled_event = make_event_from_dict(
+            self.add_hashes_and_signatures_from_other_server(
+                {
+                    "type": "test_regular_type",
+                    "room_id": room_id,
+                    "sender": OTHER_USER,
+                    "prev_events": [
+                        member_event.event_id,
+                        pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id,
+                    ],
+                    "auth_events": auth_event_ids,
+                    "origin_server_ts": 1,
+                    "depth": 12,
+                    "content": {"body": "pulled_event"},
+                }
+            ),
+            room_version,
+        )
+
+        # We expect an outbound request to /backfill, so stub that out
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.backfill.return_value = make_awaitable(
+            {
+                "origin": self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME,
+                "origin_server_ts": 123,
+                "pdus": [
+                    # This is one of the important aspects of this test: we include
+                    # `pulled_event_without_signatures` so it fails the signature check
+                    # when we filter down the backfill response down to events which
+                    # have valid signatures in
+                    # `_check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch`
+                    pulled_event_without_signatures.get_pdu_json(),
+                    # Then later when we process this valid signature event, when we
+                    # fetch the missing `prev_event`s, we want to make sure that we
+                    # backoff and don't try and fetch `pulled_event_without_signatures`
+                    # again since we know it just had an invalid signature.
+                    pulled_event.get_pdu_json(),
+                ],
+            }
+        )
+
+        # Keep track of the count and make sure we don't make any of these requests
+        event_endpoint_requested_count = 0
+        room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count = 0
+        room_state_endpoint_requested_count = 0
+
+        async def get_event(
+            destination: str, event_id: str, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+        ) -> None:
+            nonlocal event_endpoint_requested_count
+            event_endpoint_requested_count += 1
+
+        async def get_room_state_ids(
+            destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
+        ) -> None:
+            nonlocal room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count
+            room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count += 1
+
+        async def get_room_state(
+            room_version: RoomVersion, destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
+        ) -> None:
+            nonlocal room_state_endpoint_requested_count
+            room_state_endpoint_requested_count += 1
+
+        # We don't expect an outbound request to `/event`, `/state_ids`, or `/state` in
+        # the happy path but if the logic is sneaking around what we expect, stub that
+        # out so we can detect that failure
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.get_event.side_effect = get_event
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.get_room_state_ids.side_effect = (
+            get_room_state_ids
+        )
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.get_room_state.side_effect = (
+            get_room_state
+        )
+
+        # The function under test: try to backfill and process the pulled event
+        with LoggingContext("test"):
+            self.get_success(
+                self.hs.get_federation_event_handler().backfill(
+                    self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME,
+                    room_id,
+                    limit=1,
+                    extremities=["$some_extremity"],
+                )
+            )
+
+        if event_endpoint_requested_count > 0:
+            self.fail(
+                "We don't expect an outbound request to /event in the happy path but if "
+                "the logic is sneaking around what we expect, make sure to fail the test. "
+                "We don't expect it because the signature failure should cause us to backoff "
+                "and not asking about pulled_event_without_signatures="
+                f"{pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id} again"
+            )
+
+        if room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count > 0:
+            self.fail(
+                "We don't expect an outbound request to /state_ids in the happy path but if "
+                "the logic is sneaking around what we expect, make sure to fail the test. "
+                "We don't expect it because the signature failure should cause us to backoff "
+                "and not asking about pulled_event_without_signatures="
+                f"{pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id} again"
+            )
+
+        if room_state_endpoint_requested_count > 0:
+            self.fail(
+                "We don't expect an outbound request to /state in the happy path but if "
+                "the logic is sneaking around what we expect, make sure to fail the test. "
+                "We don't expect it because the signature failure should cause us to backoff "
+                "and not asking about pulled_event_without_signatures="
+                f"{pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id} again"
+            )
+
+        # Make sure we only recorded a single failure which corresponds to the signature
+        # failure initially in `_check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch` before
+        # we process all of the pulled events.
+        backfill_num_attempts_for_event_without_signatures = self.get_success(
+            main_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+                table="event_failed_pull_attempts",
+                keyvalues={"event_id": pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id},
+                retcol="num_attempts",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_num_attempts_for_event_without_signatures, 1)
+
+        # And make sure we didn't record a failure for the event that has the missing
+        # prev_event because we don't want to cause a cascade of failures. Not being
+        # able to fetch the `prev_events` just means we won't be able to de-outlier the
+        # pulled event. But we can still use an `outlier` in the state/auth chain for
+        # another event. So we shouldn't stop a downstream event from trying to pull it.
+        self.get_failure(
+            main_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+                table="event_failed_pull_attempts",
+                keyvalues={"event_id": pulled_event.event_id},
+                retcol="num_attempts",
+            ),
+            # StoreError: 404: No row found
+            StoreError,
+        )
+
     def test_process_pulled_event_with_rejected_missing_state(self) -> None:
         """Ensure that we correctly handle pulled events with missing state containing a
         rejected state event
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_message.py b/tests/handlers/test_message.py
index 986b50ce0c..99384837d0 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_message.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_message.py
@@ -105,7 +105,10 @@ class EventCreationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         event1, context = self._create_duplicate_event(txn_id)
 
         ret_event1 = self.get_success(
-            self.handler.handle_new_client_event(self.requester, event1, context)
+            self.handler.handle_new_client_event(
+                self.requester,
+                events_and_context=[(event1, context)],
+            )
         )
         stream_id1 = ret_event1.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
 
@@ -118,7 +121,10 @@ class EventCreationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(event1.event_id, event2.event_id)
 
         ret_event2 = self.get_success(
-            self.handler.handle_new_client_event(self.requester, event2, context)
+            self.handler.handle_new_client_event(
+                self.requester,
+                events_and_context=[(event2, context)],
+            )
         )
         stream_id2 = ret_event2.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
 
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_oidc.py b/tests/handlers/test_oidc.py
index e6cd3af7b7..5955410524 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_oidc.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_oidc.py
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-import json
 import os
-from typing import Any, Dict
+from typing import Any, Dict, Tuple
 from unittest.mock import ANY, Mock, patch
 from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse
 
@@ -22,12 +21,15 @@ import pymacaroons
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 from synapse.handlers.sso import MappingException
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
-from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID
+from synapse.types import UserID
 from synapse.util import Clock
-from synapse.util.macaroons import OidcSessionData, get_value_from_macaroon
+from synapse.util.macaroons import get_value_from_macaroon
+from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string
 
 from tests.test_utils import FakeResponse, get_awaitable_result, simple_async_mock
+from tests.test_utils.oidc import FakeAuthorizationGrant, FakeOidcServer
 from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase, override_config
 
 try:
@@ -46,12 +48,6 @@ BASE_URL = "https://synapse/"
 CALLBACK_URL = BASE_URL + "_synapse/client/oidc/callback"
 SCOPES = ["openid"]
 
-AUTHORIZATION_ENDPOINT = ISSUER + "authorize"
-TOKEN_ENDPOINT = ISSUER + "token"
-USERINFO_ENDPOINT = ISSUER + "userinfo"
-WELL_KNOWN = ISSUER + ".well-known/openid-configuration"
-JWKS_URI = ISSUER + ".well-known/jwks.json"
-
 # config for common cases
 DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
     "enabled": True,
@@ -66,9 +62,9 @@ DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
 EXPLICIT_ENDPOINT_CONFIG = {
     **DEFAULT_CONFIG,
     "discover": False,
-    "authorization_endpoint": AUTHORIZATION_ENDPOINT,
-    "token_endpoint": TOKEN_ENDPOINT,
-    "jwks_uri": JWKS_URI,
+    "authorization_endpoint": ISSUER + "authorize",
+    "token_endpoint": ISSUER + "token",
+    "jwks_uri": ISSUER + "jwks",
 }
 
 
@@ -102,27 +98,6 @@ class TestMappingProviderFailures(TestMappingProvider):
         }
 
 
-async def get_json(url: str) -> JsonDict:
-    # Mock get_json calls to handle jwks & oidc discovery endpoints
-    if url == WELL_KNOWN:
-        # Minimal discovery document, as defined in OpenID.Discovery
-        # https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-discovery-1_0.html#ProviderMetadata
-        return {
-            "issuer": ISSUER,
-            "authorization_endpoint": AUTHORIZATION_ENDPOINT,
-            "token_endpoint": TOKEN_ENDPOINT,
-            "jwks_uri": JWKS_URI,
-            "userinfo_endpoint": USERINFO_ENDPOINT,
-            "response_types_supported": ["code"],
-            "subject_types_supported": ["public"],
-            "id_token_signing_alg_values_supported": ["RS256"],
-        }
-    elif url == JWKS_URI:
-        return {"keys": []}
-
-    return {}
-
-
 def _key_file_path() -> str:
     """path to a file containing the private half of a test key"""
 
@@ -159,11 +134,11 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         return config
 
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock) -> HomeServer:
-        self.http_client = Mock(spec=["get_json"])
-        self.http_client.get_json.side_effect = get_json
-        self.http_client.user_agent = b"Synapse Test"
+        self.fake_server = FakeOidcServer(clock=clock, issuer=ISSUER)
 
-        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(proxied_http_client=self.http_client)
+        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver()
+        self.hs_patcher = self.fake_server.patch_homeserver(hs=hs)
+        self.hs_patcher.start()
 
         self.handler = hs.get_oidc_handler()
         self.provider = self.handler._providers["oidc"]
@@ -175,18 +150,51 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         # Reduce the number of attempts when generating MXIDs.
         sso_handler._MAP_USERNAME_RETRIES = 3
 
+        auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
+        # Mock the complete SSO login method.
+        self.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
+        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = self.complete_sso_login  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
         return hs
 
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        self.hs_patcher.stop()
+        return super().tearDown()
+
+    def reset_mocks(self):
+        """Reset all the Mocks."""
+        self.fake_server.reset_mocks()
+        self.render_error.reset_mock()
+        self.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
+
     def metadata_edit(self, values):
         """Modify the result that will be returned by the well-known query"""
 
-        async def patched_get_json(uri):
-            res = await get_json(uri)
-            if uri == WELL_KNOWN:
-                res.update(values)
-            return res
+        metadata = self.fake_server.get_metadata()
+        metadata.update(values)
+        return patch.object(self.fake_server, "get_metadata", return_value=metadata)
 
-        return patch.object(self.http_client, "get_json", patched_get_json)
+    def start_authorization(
+        self,
+        userinfo: dict,
+        client_redirect_url: str = "http://client/redirect",
+        scope: str = "openid",
+        with_sid: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[SynapseRequest, FakeAuthorizationGrant]:
+        """Start an authorization request, and get the callback request back."""
+        nonce = random_string(10)
+        state = random_string(10)
+
+        code, grant = self.fake_server.start_authorization(
+            userinfo=userinfo,
+            scope=scope,
+            client_id=self.provider._client_auth.client_id,
+            redirect_uri=self.provider._callback_url,
+            nonce=nonce,
+            with_sid=with_sid,
+        )
+        session = self._generate_oidc_session_token(state, nonce, client_redirect_url)
+        return _build_callback_request(code, state, session), grant
 
     def assertRenderedError(self, error, error_description=None):
         self.render_error.assert_called_once()
@@ -210,52 +218,54 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         """The handler should discover the endpoints from OIDC discovery document."""
         # This would throw if some metadata were invalid
         metadata = self.get_success(self.provider.load_metadata())
-        self.http_client.get_json.assert_called_once_with(WELL_KNOWN)
+        self.fake_server.get_metadata_handler.assert_called_once()
 
-        self.assertEqual(metadata.issuer, ISSUER)
-        self.assertEqual(metadata.authorization_endpoint, AUTHORIZATION_ENDPOINT)
-        self.assertEqual(metadata.token_endpoint, TOKEN_ENDPOINT)
-        self.assertEqual(metadata.jwks_uri, JWKS_URI)
-        # FIXME: it seems like authlib does not have that defined in its metadata models
-        # self.assertEqual(metadata.userinfo_endpoint, USERINFO_ENDPOINT)
+        self.assertEqual(metadata.issuer, self.fake_server.issuer)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            metadata.authorization_endpoint,
+            self.fake_server.authorization_endpoint,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(metadata.token_endpoint, self.fake_server.token_endpoint)
+        self.assertEqual(metadata.jwks_uri, self.fake_server.jwks_uri)
+        # It seems like authlib does not have that defined in its metadata models
+        self.assertEqual(
+            metadata.get("userinfo_endpoint"),
+            self.fake_server.userinfo_endpoint,
+        )
 
         # subsequent calls should be cached
-        self.http_client.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
         self.get_success(self.provider.load_metadata())
-        self.http_client.get_json.assert_not_called()
+        self.fake_server.get_metadata_handler.assert_not_called()
 
     @override_config({"oidc_config": EXPLICIT_ENDPOINT_CONFIG})
     def test_no_discovery(self) -> None:
         """When discovery is disabled, it should not try to load from discovery document."""
         self.get_success(self.provider.load_metadata())
-        self.http_client.get_json.assert_not_called()
+        self.fake_server.get_metadata_handler.assert_not_called()
 
-    @override_config({"oidc_config": EXPLICIT_ENDPOINT_CONFIG})
+    @override_config({"oidc_config": DEFAULT_CONFIG})
     def test_load_jwks(self) -> None:
         """JWKS loading is done once (then cached) if used."""
         jwks = self.get_success(self.provider.load_jwks())
-        self.http_client.get_json.assert_called_once_with(JWKS_URI)
-        self.assertEqual(jwks, {"keys": []})
+        self.fake_server.get_jwks_handler.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertEqual(jwks, self.fake_server.get_jwks())
 
         # subsequent calls should be cached…
-        self.http_client.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
         self.get_success(self.provider.load_jwks())
-        self.http_client.get_json.assert_not_called()
+        self.fake_server.get_jwks_handler.assert_not_called()
 
         # …unless forced
-        self.http_client.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
         self.get_success(self.provider.load_jwks(force=True))
-        self.http_client.get_json.assert_called_once_with(JWKS_URI)
+        self.fake_server.get_jwks_handler.assert_called_once()
 
-        # Throw if the JWKS uri is missing
-        original = self.provider.load_metadata
-
-        async def patched_load_metadata():
-            m = (await original()).copy()
-            m.update({"jwks_uri": None})
-            return m
-
-        with patch.object(self.provider, "load_metadata", patched_load_metadata):
+        with self.metadata_edit({"jwks_uri": None}):
+            # If we don't do this, the load_metadata call will throw because of the
+            # missing jwks_uri
+            self.provider._user_profile_method = "userinfo_endpoint"
+            self.get_success(self.provider.load_metadata(force=True))
             self.get_failure(self.provider.load_jwks(force=True), RuntimeError)
 
     @override_config({"oidc_config": DEFAULT_CONFIG})
@@ -359,7 +369,7 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
                 self.provider.handle_redirect_request(req, b"http://client/redirect")
             )
         )
-        auth_endpoint = urlparse(AUTHORIZATION_ENDPOINT)
+        auth_endpoint = urlparse(self.fake_server.authorization_endpoint)
 
         self.assertEqual(url.scheme, auth_endpoint.scheme)
         self.assertEqual(url.netloc, auth_endpoint.netloc)
@@ -424,48 +434,34 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             _ = mapping_provider.get_extra_attributes
 
-        token = {
-            "type": "bearer",
-            "id_token": "id_token",
-            "access_token": "access_token",
-        }
         username = "bar"
         userinfo = {
             "sub": "foo",
             "username": username,
         }
         expected_user_id = "@%s:%s" % (username, self.hs.hostname)
-        self.provider._exchange_code = simple_async_mock(return_value=token)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        self.provider._parse_id_token = simple_async_mock(return_value=userinfo)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        self.provider._fetch_userinfo = simple_async_mock(return_value=userinfo)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
 
-        code = "code"
-        state = "state"
-        nonce = "nonce"
         client_redirect_url = "http://client/redirect"
-        ip_address = "10.0.0.1"
-        session = self._generate_oidc_session_token(state, nonce, client_redirect_url)
-        request = _build_callback_request(code, state, session, ip_address=ip_address)
-
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(
+            userinfo, client_redirect_url=client_redirect_url
+        )
         self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
 
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             expected_user_id,
-            "oidc",
+            self.provider.idp_id,
             request,
             client_redirect_url,
             None,
             new_user=True,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        self.provider._exchange_code.assert_called_once_with(code)
-        self.provider._parse_id_token.assert_called_once_with(token, nonce=nonce)
-        self.provider._fetch_userinfo.assert_not_called()
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.assert_called_once()
+        self.fake_server.get_userinfo_handler.assert_not_called()
         self.render_error.assert_not_called()
 
         # Handle mapping errors
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
         with patch.object(
             self.provider,
             "_remote_id_from_userinfo",
@@ -475,81 +471,63 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             self.assertRenderedError("mapping_error")
 
         # Handle ID token errors
-        self.provider._parse_id_token = simple_async_mock(raises=Exception())  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        with self.fake_server.id_token_override({"iss": "https://bad.issuer/"}):
+            self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
         self.assertRenderedError("invalid_token")
 
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
-        self.provider._exchange_code.reset_mock()
-        self.provider._parse_id_token.reset_mock()
-        self.provider._fetch_userinfo.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
 
         # With userinfo fetching
         self.provider._user_profile_method = "userinfo_endpoint"
-        token = {
-            "type": "bearer",
-            "access_token": "access_token",
-        }
-        self.provider._exchange_code = simple_async_mock(return_value=token)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        # Without the "openid" scope, the FakeProvider does not generate an id_token
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo, scope="")
         self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
 
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             expected_user_id,
-            "oidc",
+            self.provider.idp_id,
             request,
-            client_redirect_url,
+            ANY,
             None,
             new_user=False,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        self.provider._exchange_code.assert_called_once_with(code)
-        self.provider._parse_id_token.assert_not_called()
-        self.provider._fetch_userinfo.assert_called_once_with(token)
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.assert_called_once()
+        self.fake_server.get_userinfo_handler.assert_called_once()
         self.render_error.assert_not_called()
 
+        self.reset_mocks()
+
         # With an ID token, userinfo fetching and sid in the ID token
         self.provider._user_profile_method = "userinfo_endpoint"
-        token = {
-            "type": "bearer",
-            "access_token": "access_token",
-            "id_token": "id_token",
-        }
-        id_token = {
-            "sid": "abcdefgh",
-        }
-        self.provider._parse_id_token = simple_async_mock(return_value=id_token)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        self.provider._exchange_code = simple_async_mock(return_value=token)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
-        self.provider._fetch_userinfo.reset_mock()
+        request, grant = self.start_authorization(userinfo, with_sid=True)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(grant.sid)
         self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
 
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             expected_user_id,
-            "oidc",
+            self.provider.idp_id,
             request,
-            client_redirect_url,
+            ANY,
             None,
             new_user=False,
-            auth_provider_session_id=id_token["sid"],
+            auth_provider_session_id=grant.sid,
         )
-        self.provider._exchange_code.assert_called_once_with(code)
-        self.provider._parse_id_token.assert_called_once_with(token, nonce=nonce)
-        self.provider._fetch_userinfo.assert_called_once_with(token)
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.assert_called_once()
+        self.fake_server.get_userinfo_handler.assert_called_once()
         self.render_error.assert_not_called()
 
         # Handle userinfo fetching error
-        self.provider._fetch_userinfo = simple_async_mock(raises=Exception())  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        with self.fake_server.buggy_endpoint(userinfo=True):
+            self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
         self.assertRenderedError("fetch_error")
 
-        # Handle code exchange failure
-        from synapse.handlers.oidc import OidcError
-
-        self.provider._exchange_code = simple_async_mock(  # type: ignore[assignment]
-            raises=OidcError("invalid_request")
-        )
-        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
-        self.assertRenderedError("invalid_request")
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        with self.fake_server.buggy_endpoint(token=True):
+            self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.assertRenderedError("server_error")
 
     @override_config({"oidc_config": DEFAULT_CONFIG})
     def test_callback_session(self) -> None:
@@ -599,18 +577,22 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     )
     def test_exchange_code(self) -> None:
         """Code exchange behaves correctly and handles various error scenarios."""
-        token = {"type": "bearer"}
-        token_json = json.dumps(token).encode("utf-8")
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(code=200, phrase=b"OK", body=token_json)
+        token = {
+            "type": "Bearer",
+            "access_token": "aabbcc",
+        }
+
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.side_effect = None
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse.json(
+            payload=token
         )
         code = "code"
         ret = self.get_success(self.provider._exchange_code(code))
-        kwargs = self.http_client.request.call_args[1]
+        kwargs = self.fake_server.request.call_args[1]
 
         self.assertEqual(ret, token)
         self.assertEqual(kwargs["method"], "POST")
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs["uri"], TOKEN_ENDPOINT)
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["uri"], self.fake_server.token_endpoint)
 
         args = parse_qs(kwargs["data"].decode("utf-8"))
         self.assertEqual(args["grant_type"], ["authorization_code"])
@@ -620,12 +602,8 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(args["redirect_uri"], [CALLBACK_URL])
 
         # Test error handling
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(
-                code=400,
-                phrase=b"Bad Request",
-                body=b'{"error": "foo", "error_description": "bar"}',
-            )
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse.json(
+            code=400, payload={"error": "foo", "error_description": "bar"}
         )
         from synapse.handlers.oidc import OidcError
 
@@ -634,46 +612,30 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(exc.value.error_description, "bar")
 
         # Internal server error with no JSON body
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(
-                code=500,
-                phrase=b"Internal Server Error",
-                body=b"Not JSON",
-            )
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse(
+            code=500, body=b"Not JSON"
         )
         exc = self.get_failure(self.provider._exchange_code(code), OidcError)
         self.assertEqual(exc.value.error, "server_error")
 
         # Internal server error with JSON body
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(
-                code=500,
-                phrase=b"Internal Server Error",
-                body=b'{"error": "internal_server_error"}',
-            )
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse.json(
+            code=500, payload={"error": "internal_server_error"}
         )
 
         exc = self.get_failure(self.provider._exchange_code(code), OidcError)
         self.assertEqual(exc.value.error, "internal_server_error")
 
         # 4xx error without "error" field
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(
-                code=400,
-                phrase=b"Bad request",
-                body=b"{}",
-            )
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse.json(
+            code=400, payload={}
         )
         exc = self.get_failure(self.provider._exchange_code(code), OidcError)
         self.assertEqual(exc.value.error, "server_error")
 
         # 2xx error with "error" field
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(
-                code=200,
-                phrase=b"OK",
-                body=b'{"error": "some_error"}',
-            )
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse.json(
+            code=200, payload={"error": "some_error"}
         )
         exc = self.get_failure(self.provider._exchange_code(code), OidcError)
         self.assertEqual(exc.value.error, "some_error")
@@ -697,11 +659,14 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         """Test that code exchange works with a JWK client secret."""
         from authlib.jose import jwt
 
-        token = {"type": "bearer"}
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(
-                code=200, phrase=b"OK", body=json.dumps(token).encode("utf-8")
-            )
+        token = {
+            "type": "Bearer",
+            "access_token": "aabbcc",
+        }
+
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.side_effect = None
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse.json(
+            payload=token
         )
         code = "code"
 
@@ -714,9 +679,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(ret, token)
 
         # the request should have hit the token endpoint
-        kwargs = self.http_client.request.call_args[1]
+        kwargs = self.fake_server.request.call_args[1]
         self.assertEqual(kwargs["method"], "POST")
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs["uri"], TOKEN_ENDPOINT)
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["uri"], self.fake_server.token_endpoint)
 
         # the client secret provided to the should be a jwt which can be checked with
         # the public key
@@ -750,11 +715,14 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     )
     def test_exchange_code_no_auth(self) -> None:
         """Test that code exchange works with no client secret."""
-        token = {"type": "bearer"}
-        self.http_client.request = simple_async_mock(
-            return_value=FakeResponse(
-                code=200, phrase=b"OK", body=json.dumps(token).encode("utf-8")
-            )
+        token = {
+            "type": "Bearer",
+            "access_token": "aabbcc",
+        }
+
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.side_effect = None
+        self.fake_server.post_token_handler.return_value = FakeResponse.json(
+            payload=token
         )
         code = "code"
         ret = self.get_success(self.provider._exchange_code(code))
@@ -762,9 +730,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(ret, token)
 
         # the request should have hit the token endpoint
-        kwargs = self.http_client.request.call_args[1]
+        kwargs = self.fake_server.request.call_args[1]
         self.assertEqual(kwargs["method"], "POST")
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs["uri"], TOKEN_ENDPOINT)
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["uri"], self.fake_server.token_endpoint)
 
         # check the POSTed data
         args = parse_qs(kwargs["data"].decode("utf-8"))
@@ -787,37 +755,19 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         Login while using a mapping provider that implements get_extra_attributes.
         """
-        token = {
-            "type": "bearer",
-            "id_token": "id_token",
-            "access_token": "access_token",
-        }
         userinfo = {
             "sub": "foo",
             "username": "foo",
             "phone": "1234567",
         }
-        self.provider._exchange_code = simple_async_mock(return_value=token)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        self.provider._parse_id_token = simple_async_mock(return_value=userinfo)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
-
-        state = "state"
-        client_redirect_url = "http://client/redirect"
-        session = self._generate_oidc_session_token(
-            state=state,
-            nonce="nonce",
-            client_redirect_url=client_redirect_url,
-        )
-        request = _build_callback_request("code", state, session)
-
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
         self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
 
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             "@foo:test",
-            "oidc",
+            self.provider.idp_id,
             request,
-            client_redirect_url,
+            ANY,
             {"phone": "1234567"},
             new_user=True,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
@@ -826,41 +776,40 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     @override_config({"oidc_config": DEFAULT_CONFIG})
     def test_map_userinfo_to_user(self) -> None:
         """Ensure that mapping the userinfo returned from a provider to an MXID works properly."""
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
-
         userinfo: dict = {
             "sub": "test_user",
             "username": "test_user",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             "@test_user:test",
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=True,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
 
         # Some providers return an integer ID.
         userinfo = {
             "sub": 1234,
             "username": "test_user_2",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             "@test_user_2:test",
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=True,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
 
         # Test if the mxid is already taken
         store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
@@ -869,8 +818,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             store.register_user(user_id=user3.to_string(), password_hash=None)
         )
         userinfo = {"sub": "test3", "username": "test_user_3"}
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
         self.assertRenderedError(
             "mapping_error",
             "Mapping provider does not support de-duplicating Matrix IDs",
@@ -885,38 +835,37 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             store.register_user(user_id=user.to_string(), password_hash=None)
         )
 
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
-
         # Map a user via SSO.
         userinfo = {
             "sub": "test",
             "username": "test_user",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             user.to_string(),
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=False,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
 
         # Subsequent calls should map to the same mxid.
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             user.to_string(),
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=False,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
 
         # Note that a second SSO user can be mapped to the same Matrix ID. (This
         # requires a unique sub, but something that maps to the same matrix ID,
@@ -927,17 +876,18 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "sub": "test1",
             "username": "test_user",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             user.to_string(),
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=False,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
 
         # Register some non-exact matching cases.
         user2 = UserID.from_string("@TEST_user_2:test")
@@ -954,8 +904,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "sub": "test2",
             "username": "TEST_USER_2",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
         args = self.assertRenderedError("mapping_error")
         self.assertTrue(
             args[2].startswith(
@@ -969,11 +920,12 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             store.register_user(user_id=user2.to_string(), password_hash=None)
         )
 
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             "@TEST_USER_2:test",
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=False,
@@ -983,9 +935,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     @override_config({"oidc_config": DEFAULT_CONFIG})
     def test_map_userinfo_to_invalid_localpart(self) -> None:
         """If the mapping provider generates an invalid localpart it should be rejected."""
-        self.get_success(
-            _make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, {"sub": "test2", "username": "föö"})
-        )
+        userinfo = {"sub": "test2", "username": "föö"}
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
         self.assertRenderedError("mapping_error", "localpart is invalid: föö")
 
     @override_config(
@@ -1000,9 +952,6 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     )
     def test_map_userinfo_to_user_retries(self) -> None:
         """The mapping provider can retry generating an MXID if the MXID is already in use."""
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
-
         store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
         self.get_success(
             store.register_user(user_id="@test_user:test", password_hash=None)
@@ -1011,19 +960,20 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "sub": "test",
             "username": "test_user",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
 
         # test_user is already taken, so test_user1 gets registered instead.
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             "@test_user1:test",
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=True,
             auth_provider_session_id=None,
         )
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.reset_mock()
+        self.reset_mocks()
 
         # Register all of the potential mxids for a particular OIDC username.
         self.get_success(
@@ -1039,8 +989,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "sub": "tester",
             "username": "tester",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
         self.assertRenderedError(
             "mapping_error", "Unable to generate a Matrix ID from the SSO response"
         )
@@ -1052,7 +1003,8 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "sub": "tester",
             "username": "",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
         self.assertRenderedError("mapping_error", "localpart is invalid: ")
 
     @override_config(
@@ -1071,7 +1023,8 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "sub": "tester",
             "username": None,
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
         self.assertRenderedError("mapping_error", "localpart is invalid: ")
 
     @override_config(
@@ -1084,16 +1037,14 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     )
     def test_attribute_requirements(self) -> None:
         """The required attributes must be met from the OIDC userinfo response."""
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
-
         # userinfo lacking "test": "foobar" attribute should fail.
         userinfo = {
             "sub": "tester",
             "username": "tester",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
 
         # userinfo with "test": "foobar" attribute should succeed.
         userinfo = {
@@ -1101,13 +1052,14 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "username": "tester",
             "test": "foobar",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
 
         # check that the auth handler got called as expected
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             "@tester:test",
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=True,
@@ -1124,21 +1076,20 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     )
     def test_attribute_requirements_contains(self) -> None:
         """Test that auth succeeds if userinfo attribute CONTAINS required value"""
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
         # userinfo with "test": ["foobar", "foo", "bar"] attribute should succeed.
         userinfo = {
             "sub": "tester",
             "username": "tester",
             "test": ["foobar", "foo", "bar"],
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
 
         # check that the auth handler got called as expected
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_called_once_with(
             "@tester:test",
-            "oidc",
-            ANY,
+            self.provider.idp_id,
+            request,
             ANY,
             None,
             new_user=True,
@@ -1158,16 +1109,15 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         Test that auth fails if attributes exist but don't match,
         or are non-string values.
         """
-        auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login = simple_async_mock()
         # userinfo with "test": "not_foobar" attribute should fail
         userinfo: dict = {
             "sub": "tester",
             "username": "tester",
             "test": "not_foobar",
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
 
         # userinfo with "test": ["foo", "bar"] attribute should fail
         userinfo = {
@@ -1175,8 +1125,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "username": "tester",
             "test": ["foo", "bar"],
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
 
         # userinfo with "test": False attribute should fail
         # this is largely just to ensure we don't crash here
@@ -1185,8 +1136,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "username": "tester",
             "test": False,
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
 
         # userinfo with "test": None attribute should fail
         # a value of None breaks the OIDC spec, but it's important to not crash here
@@ -1195,8 +1147,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "username": "tester",
             "test": None,
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
 
         # userinfo with "test": 1 attribute should fail
         # this is largely just to ensure we don't crash here
@@ -1205,8 +1158,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "username": "tester",
             "test": 1,
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
 
         # userinfo with "test": 3.14 attribute should fail
         # this is largely just to ensure we don't crash here
@@ -1215,8 +1169,9 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "username": "tester",
             "test": 3.14,
         }
-        self.get_success(_make_callback_with_userinfo(self.hs, userinfo))
-        auth_handler.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
+        request, _ = self.start_authorization(userinfo)
+        self.get_success(self.handler.handle_oidc_callback(request))
+        self.complete_sso_login.assert_not_called()
 
     def _generate_oidc_session_token(
         self,
@@ -1230,7 +1185,7 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         return self.handler._macaroon_generator.generate_oidc_session_token(
             state=state,
             session_data=OidcSessionData(
-                idp_id="oidc",
+                idp_id=self.provider.idp_id,
                 nonce=nonce,
                 client_redirect_url=client_redirect_url,
                 ui_auth_session_id=ui_auth_session_id,
@@ -1238,41 +1193,6 @@ class OidcHandlerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
 
-async def _make_callback_with_userinfo(
-    hs: HomeServer, userinfo: dict, client_redirect_url: str = "http://client/redirect"
-) -> None:
-    """Mock up an OIDC callback with the given userinfo dict
-
-    We'll pull out the OIDC handler from the homeserver, stub out a couple of methods,
-    and poke in the userinfo dict as if it were the response to an OIDC userinfo call.
-
-    Args:
-        hs: the HomeServer impl to send the callback to.
-        userinfo: the OIDC userinfo dict
-        client_redirect_url: the URL to redirect to on success.
-    """
-
-    handler = hs.get_oidc_handler()
-    provider = handler._providers["oidc"]
-    provider._exchange_code = simple_async_mock(return_value={"id_token": ""})  # type: ignore[assignment]
-    provider._parse_id_token = simple_async_mock(return_value=userinfo)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-    provider._fetch_userinfo = simple_async_mock(return_value=userinfo)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-
-    state = "state"
-    session = handler._macaroon_generator.generate_oidc_session_token(
-        state=state,
-        session_data=OidcSessionData(
-            idp_id="oidc",
-            nonce="nonce",
-            client_redirect_url=client_redirect_url,
-            ui_auth_session_id="",
-        ),
-    )
-    request = _build_callback_request("code", state, session)
-
-    await handler.handle_oidc_callback(request)
-
-
 def _build_callback_request(
     code: str,
     state: str,
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_presence.py b/tests/handlers/test_presence.py
index c96dc6caf2..c5981ff965 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_presence.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_presence.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 from typing import Optional
 from unittest.mock import Mock, call
 
+from parameterized import parameterized
 from signedjson.key import generate_signing_key
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, Membership, PresenceState
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ from synapse.rest.client import room
 from synapse.types import UserID, get_domain_from_id
 
 from tests import unittest
+from tests.replication._base import BaseMultiWorkerStreamTestCase
 
 
 class PresenceUpdateTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -505,7 +507,7 @@ class PresenceTimeoutTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(state, new_state)
 
 
-class PresenceHandlerTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+class PresenceHandlerTestCase(BaseMultiWorkerStreamTestCase):
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
         self.presence_handler = hs.get_presence_handler()
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
@@ -716,20 +718,47 @@ class PresenceHandlerTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # our status message should be the same as it was before
         self.assertEqual(state.status_msg, status_msg)
 
-    def test_set_presence_from_syncing_keeps_busy(self):
-        """Test that presence set by syncing doesn't affect busy status"""
-        # while this isn't the default
-        self.presence_handler._busy_presence_enabled = True
+    @parameterized.expand([(False,), (True,)])
+    @unittest.override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3026_enabled": True,
+            },
+        }
+    )
+    def test_set_presence_from_syncing_keeps_busy(self, test_with_workers: bool):
+        """Test that presence set by syncing doesn't affect busy status
 
+        Args:
+            test_with_workers: If True, check the presence state of the user by calling
+                /sync against a worker, rather than the main process.
+        """
         user_id = "@test:server"
         status_msg = "I'm busy!"
 
+        # By default, we call /sync against the main process.
+        worker_to_sync_against = self.hs
+        if test_with_workers:
+            # Create a worker and use it to handle /sync traffic instead.
+            # This is used to test that presence changes get replicated from workers
+            # to the main process correctly.
+            worker_to_sync_against = self.make_worker_hs(
+                "synapse.app.generic_worker", {"worker_name": "presence_writer"}
+            )
+
+        # Set presence to BUSY
         self._set_presencestate_with_status_msg(user_id, PresenceState.BUSY, status_msg)
 
+        # Perform a sync with a presence state other than busy. This should NOT change
+        # our presence status; we only change from busy if we explicitly set it via
+        # /presence/*.
         self.get_success(
-            self.presence_handler.user_syncing(user_id, True, PresenceState.ONLINE)
+            worker_to_sync_against.get_presence_handler().user_syncing(
+                user_id, True, PresenceState.ONLINE
+            )
         )
 
+        # Check against the main process that the user's presence did not change.
         state = self.get_success(
             self.presence_handler.get_state(UserID.from_string(user_id))
         )
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_profile.py b/tests/handlers/test_profile.py
index f88c725a42..675aa023ac 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_profile.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_profile.py
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, Dict
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
+from parameterized import parameterized
+
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 import synapse.types
@@ -327,6 +329,53 @@ class ProfileTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertFalse(res)
 
+    @unittest.override_config(
+        {"server_name": "test:8888", "allowed_avatar_mimetypes": ["image/png"]}
+    )
+    def test_avatar_constraint_on_local_server_with_port(self):
+        """Test that avatar metadata is correctly fetched when the media is on a local
+        server and the server has an explicit port.
+
+        (This was previously a bug)
+        """
+        local_server_name = self.hs.config.server.server_name
+        media_id = "local"
+        local_mxc = f"mxc://{local_server_name}/{media_id}"
+
+        # mock up the existence of the avatar file
+        self._setup_local_files({media_id: {"mimetype": "image/png"}})
+
+        # and now check that check_avatar_size_and_mime_type is happy
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.get_success(self.handler.check_avatar_size_and_mime_type(local_mxc))
+        )
+
+    @parameterized.expand([("remote",), ("remote:1234",)])
+    @unittest.override_config({"allowed_avatar_mimetypes": ["image/png"]})
+    def test_check_avatar_on_remote_server(self, remote_server_name: str) -> None:
+        """Test that avatar metadata is correctly fetched from a remote server"""
+        media_id = "remote"
+        remote_mxc = f"mxc://{remote_server_name}/{media_id}"
+
+        # if the media is remote, check_avatar_size_and_mime_type just checks the
+        # media cache, so we don't need to instantiate a real remote server. It is
+        # sufficient to poke an entry into the db.
+        self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastores().main.store_cached_remote_media(
+                media_id=media_id,
+                media_type="image/png",
+                media_length=50,
+                origin=remote_server_name,
+                time_now_ms=self.clock.time_msec(),
+                upload_name=None,
+                filesystem_id="xyz",
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.get_success(self.handler.check_avatar_size_and_mime_type(remote_mxc))
+        )
+
     def _setup_local_files(self, names_and_props: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]):
         """Stores metadata about files in the database.
 
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_register.py b/tests/handlers/test_register.py
index 86b3d51975..765df75d91 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_register.py
@@ -497,7 +497,9 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
         self.get_success(
-            event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(requester, event, context)
+            event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
+                requester, events_and_context=[(event, context)]
+            )
         )
 
         # Register a second user, which won't be be in the room (or even have an invite)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_sync.py b/tests/handlers/test_sync.py
index e3f38fbcc5..ab5c101eb7 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_sync.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_sync.py
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ class SyncTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Blow away caches (supported room versions can only change due to a restart).
         self.store.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering.invalidate_all()
+        self.store.get_rooms_for_user.invalidate_all()
         self.get_success(self.store._get_event_cache.clear())
         self.store._event_ref.clear()
 
diff --git a/tests/http/__init__.py b/tests/http/__init__.py
index e74f7f5b48..093537adef 100644
--- a/tests/http/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/http/__init__.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 import os.path
 import subprocess
+from typing import List
 
 from zope.interface import implementer
 
@@ -70,14 +71,14 @@ subjectAltName = %(sanentries)s
 """
 
 
-def create_test_cert_file(sanlist):
+def create_test_cert_file(sanlist: List[bytes]) -> str:
     """build an x509 certificate file
 
     Args:
-        sanlist: list[bytes]: a list of subjectAltName values for the cert
+        sanlist: a list of subjectAltName values for the cert
 
     Returns:
-        str: the path to the file
+        The path to the file
     """
     global cert_file_count
     csr_filename = "server.csr"
diff --git a/tests/http/test_endpoint.py b/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
index c8cc21cadd..a801f002a0 100644
--- a/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
+++ b/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ class ServerNameTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             "[0abc:1def::1234]": ("[0abc:1def::1234]", None),
             "1.2.3.4:1": ("1.2.3.4", 1),
             "[0abc:1def::1234]:8080": ("[0abc:1def::1234]", 8080),
+            ":80": ("", 80),
+            "": ("", None),
         }
 
         for i, o in test_data.items():
@@ -42,6 +44,7 @@ class ServerNameTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             "newline.com\n",
             ".empty-label.com",
             "1234:5678:80",  # too many colons
+            ":80",
         ]
         for i in test_data:
             try:
diff --git a/tests/http/test_servlet.py b/tests/http/test_servlet.py
index 3cbca0f5a3..46166292fe 100644
--- a/tests/http/test_servlet.py
+++ b/tests/http/test_servlet.py
@@ -35,11 +35,13 @@ from tests.http.server._base import test_disconnect
 
 def make_request(content):
     """Make an object that acts enough like a request."""
-    request = Mock(spec=["content"])
+    request = Mock(spec=["method", "uri", "content"])
 
     if isinstance(content, dict):
         content = json.dumps(content).encode("utf8")
 
+    request.method = bytes("STUB_METHOD", "ascii")
+    request.uri = bytes("/test_stub_uri", "ascii")
     request.content = BytesIO(content)
     return request
 
diff --git a/tests/logging/test_terse_json.py b/tests/logging/test_terse_json.py
index 96f399b7ab..0b0d8737c1 100644
--- a/tests/logging/test_terse_json.py
+++ b/tests/logging/test_terse_json.py
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ class TerseJsonTestCase(LoggerCleanupMixin, TestCase):
         site.site_tag = "test-site"
         site.server_version_string = "Server v1"
         site.reactor = Mock()
+        site.experimental_cors_msc3886 = False
         request = SynapseRequest(FakeChannel(site, None), site)
         # Call requestReceived to finish instantiating the object.
         request.content = BytesIO()
diff --git a/tests/metrics/__init__.py b/tests/metrics/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/tests/metrics/test_background_process_metrics.py b/tests/metrics/test_background_process_metrics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0f6cb2912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/metrics/test_background_process_metrics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from unittest import TestCase as StdlibTestCase
+from unittest.mock import Mock
+
+from synapse.logging.context import ContextResourceUsage, LoggingContext
+from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import _BackgroundProcess
+
+
+class TestBackgroundProcessMetrics(StdlibTestCase):
+    def test_update_metrics_with_negative_time_diff(self) -> None:
+        """We should ignore negative reported utime and stime differences"""
+        usage = ContextResourceUsage()
+        usage.ru_stime = usage.ru_utime = -1.0
+
+        mock_logging_context = Mock(spec=LoggingContext)
+        mock_logging_context.get_resource_usage.return_value = usage
+
+        process = _BackgroundProcess("test process", mock_logging_context)
+        # Should not raise
+        process.update_metrics()
diff --git a/tests/test_metrics.py b/tests/metrics/test_metrics.py
similarity index 96%
rename from tests/test_metrics.py
rename to tests/metrics/test_metrics.py
index 1a70eddc9b..bddc4228bc 100644
--- a/tests/test_metrics.py
+++ b/tests/metrics/test_metrics.py
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+from typing_extensions import Protocol
+
 try:
     from importlib import metadata
 except ImportError:
@@ -52,7 +54,11 @@ def get_sample_labels_value(sample):
 
 class TestMauLimit(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_basic(self):
-        gauge = InFlightGauge(
+        class MetricEntry(Protocol):
+            foo: int
+            bar: int
+
+        gauge: InFlightGauge[MetricEntry] = InFlightGauge(
             "test1", "", labels=["test_label"], sub_metrics=["foo", "bar"]
         )
 
@@ -146,7 +152,7 @@ class CacheMetricsTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         Caches produce metrics reflecting their state when scraped.
         """
         CACHE_NAME = "cache_metrics_test_fgjkbdfg"
-        cache = DeferredCache(CACHE_NAME, max_entries=777)
+        cache: DeferredCache[str, str] = DeferredCache(CACHE_NAME, max_entries=777)
 
         items = {
             x.split(b"{")[0].decode("ascii"): x.split(b" ")[1].decode("ascii")
diff --git a/tests/module_api/test_api.py b/tests/module_api/test_api.py
index 02cef6f876..058ca57e55 100644
--- a/tests/module_api/test_api.py
+++ b/tests/module_api/test_api.py
@@ -778,8 +778,11 @@ def _test_sending_local_online_presence_to_local_user(
             worker process. The test users will still sync with the main process. The purpose of testing
             with a worker is to check whether a Synapse module running on a worker can inform other workers/
             the main process that they should include additional presence when a user next syncs.
+            If this argument is True, `test_case` MUST be an instance of BaseMultiWorkerStreamTestCase.
     """
     if test_with_workers:
+        assert isinstance(test_case, BaseMultiWorkerStreamTestCase)
+
         # Create a worker process to make module_api calls against
         worker_hs = test_case.make_worker_hs(
             "synapse.app.generic_worker", {"worker_name": "presence_writer"}
diff --git a/tests/push/test_bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py b/tests/push/test_bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..594e7937a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/push/test_bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
+from synapse.push.bulk_push_rule_evaluator import BulkPushRuleEvaluator
+from synapse.rest import admin
+from synapse.rest.client import login, register, room
+from synapse.types import create_requester
+
+from tests import unittest
+
+
+class TestBulkPushRuleEvaluator(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+        register.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def test_action_for_event_by_user_handles_noninteger_power_levels(self) -> None:
+        """We should convert floats and strings to integers before passing to Rust.
+
+        Reproduces #14060.
+
+        A lack of validation: the gift that keeps on giving.
+        """
+        # Create a new user and room.
+        alice = self.register_user("alice", "pass")
+        token = self.login(alice, "pass")
+
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(
+            alice, room_version=RoomVersions.V9.identifier, tok=token
+        )
+
+        # Alter the power levels in that room to include stringy and floaty levels.
+        # We need to suppress the validation logic or else it will reject these dodgy
+        # values. (Presumably this validation was not always present.)
+        event_creation_handler = self.hs.get_event_creation_handler()
+        requester = create_requester(alice)
+        with patch("synapse.events.validator.validate_canonicaljson"), patch(
+            "synapse.events.validator.jsonschema.validate"
+        ):
+            self.helper.send_state(
+                room_id,
+                "m.room.power_levels",
+                {
+                    "users": {alice: "100"},  # stringy
+                    "notifications": {"room": 100.0},  # float
+                },
+                token,
+                state_key="",
+            )
+
+        # Create a new message event, and try to evaluate it under the dodgy
+        # power level event.
+        event, context = self.get_success(
+            event_creation_handler.create_event(
+                requester,
+                {
+                    "type": "m.room.message",
+                    "room_id": room_id,
+                    "content": {
+                        "msgtype": "m.text",
+                        "body": "helo",
+                    },
+                    "sender": alice,
+                },
+            )
+        )
+
+        bulk_evaluator = BulkPushRuleEvaluator(self.hs)
+        # should not raise
+        self.get_success(bulk_evaluator.action_for_events_by_user([(event, context)]))
diff --git a/tests/push/test_push_rule_evaluator.py b/tests/push/test_push_rule_evaluator.py
index 718f489577..fe7c145840 100644
--- a/tests/push/test_push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ b/tests/push/test_push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -12,23 +12,25 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from typing import Dict, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Dict, Optional, Union
 
 import frozendict
 
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 import synapse.rest.admin
-from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, Membership
+from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, HistoryVisibility, Membership
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
 from synapse.appservice import ApplicationService
 from synapse.events import FrozenEvent
-from synapse.push import push_rule_evaluator
-from synapse.push.push_rule_evaluator import PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent
+from synapse.push.bulk_push_rule_evaluator import _flatten_dict
+from synapse.push.httppusher import tweaks_for_actions
+from synapse.rest import admin
 from synapse.rest.client import login, register, room
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.appservice import _make_exclusive_regex
-from synapse.types import JsonDict
+from synapse.synapse_rust.push import PushRuleEvaluator
+from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests import unittest
@@ -37,11 +39,8 @@ from tests.test_utils.event_injection import create_event, inject_member_event
 
 class PushRuleEvaluatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def _get_evaluator(
-        self,
-        content: JsonDict,
-        relations: Optional[Dict[str, Set[Tuple[str, str]]]] = None,
-        relations_match_enabled: bool = False,
-    ) -> PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent:
+        self, content: JsonDict, related_events=None
+    ) -> PushRuleEvaluator:
         event = FrozenEvent(
             {
                 "event_id": "$event_id",
@@ -56,13 +55,13 @@ class PushRuleEvaluatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         room_member_count = 0
         sender_power_level = 0
         power_levels: Dict[str, Union[int, Dict[str, int]]] = {}
-        return PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent(
-            event,
+        return PushRuleEvaluator(
+            _flatten_dict(event),
             room_member_count,
             sender_power_level,
-            power_levels,
-            relations or set(),
-            relations_match_enabled,
+            power_levels.get("notifications", {}),
+            {} if related_events is None else related_events,
+            True,
         )
 
     def test_display_name(self) -> None:
@@ -293,77 +292,218 @@ class PushRuleEvaluatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         ]
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            push_rule_evaluator.tweaks_for_actions(actions),
+            tweaks_for_actions(actions),
             {"sound": "default", "highlight": True},
         )
 
-    def test_relation_match(self) -> None:
-        """Test the relation_match push rule kind."""
-
-        # Check if the experimental feature is disabled.
+    def test_related_event_match(self):
         evaluator = self._get_evaluator(
-            {}, {"m.annotation": {("@user:test", "m.reaction")}}
+            {
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    "key": "😀",
+                    "rel_type": "m.annotation",
+                    "m.in_reply_to": {
+                        "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    },
+                }
+            },
+            {
+                "m.in_reply_to": {
+                    "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    "type": "m.room.message",
+                    "sender": "@other_user:test",
+                    "room_id": "!room:test",
+                    "content.msgtype": "m.text",
+                    "content.body": "Original message",
+                },
+                "m.annotation": {
+                    "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    "type": "m.room.message",
+                    "sender": "@other_user:test",
+                    "room_id": "!room:test",
+                    "content.msgtype": "m.text",
+                    "content.body": "Original message",
+                },
+            },
         )
-        condition = {"kind": "relation_match"}
-        # Oddly, an unknown condition always matches.
-        self.assertTrue(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
-
-        # A push rule evaluator with the experimental rule enabled.
-        evaluator = self._get_evaluator(
-            {}, {"m.annotation": {("@user:test", "m.reaction")}}, True
+        self.assertTrue(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                    "pattern": "@other_user:test",
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                    "pattern": "@user:test",
+                },
+                "@other_user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.annotation",
+                    "pattern": "@other_user:test",
+                },
+                "@other_user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "rel_type": "m.replace",
+                },
+                "@other_user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
         )
 
-        # Check just relation type.
-        condition = {
-            "kind": "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match",
-            "rel_type": "m.annotation",
-        }
-        self.assertTrue(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
+    def test_related_event_match_with_fallback(self):
+        evaluator = self._get_evaluator(
+            {
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    "key": "😀",
+                    "rel_type": "m.thread",
+                    "is_falling_back": True,
+                    "m.in_reply_to": {
+                        "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    },
+                }
+            },
+            {
+                "m.in_reply_to": {
+                    "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    "type": "m.room.message",
+                    "sender": "@other_user:test",
+                    "room_id": "!room:test",
+                    "content.msgtype": "m.text",
+                    "content.body": "Original message",
+                    "im.vector.is_falling_back": "",
+                },
+                "m.thread": {
+                    "event_id": "$parent_event_id",
+                    "type": "m.room.message",
+                    "sender": "@other_user:test",
+                    "room_id": "!room:test",
+                    "content.msgtype": "m.text",
+                    "content.body": "Original message",
+                },
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                    "pattern": "@other_user:test",
+                    "include_fallbacks": True,
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                    "pattern": "@other_user:test",
+                    "include_fallbacks": False,
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                    "pattern": "@other_user:test",
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
 
-        # Check relation type and sender.
-        condition = {
-            "kind": "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match",
-            "rel_type": "m.annotation",
-            "sender": "@user:test",
-        }
-        self.assertTrue(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
-        condition = {
-            "kind": "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match",
-            "rel_type": "m.annotation",
-            "sender": "@other:test",
-        }
-        self.assertFalse(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
-
-        # Check relation type and event type.
-        condition = {
-            "kind": "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match",
-            "rel_type": "m.annotation",
-            "type": "m.reaction",
-        }
-        self.assertTrue(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
-
-        # Check just sender, this fails since rel_type is required.
-        condition = {
-            "kind": "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match",
-            "sender": "@user:test",
-        }
-        self.assertFalse(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
-
-        # Check sender glob.
-        condition = {
-            "kind": "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match",
-            "rel_type": "m.annotation",
-            "sender": "@*:test",
-        }
-        self.assertTrue(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
-
-        # Check event type glob.
-        condition = {
-            "kind": "org.matrix.msc3772.relation_match",
-            "rel_type": "m.annotation",
-            "event_type": "*.reaction",
-        }
-        self.assertTrue(evaluator.matches(condition, "@user:test", "foo"))
+    def test_related_event_match_no_related_event(self):
+        evaluator = self._get_evaluator(
+            {"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "Message without related event"}
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                    "pattern": "@other_user:test",
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "key": "sender",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            evaluator.matches(
+                {
+                    "kind": "im.nheko.msc3664.related_event_match",
+                    "rel_type": "m.in_reply_to",
+                },
+                "@user:test",
+                "display_name",
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class TestBulkPushRuleEvaluator(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -439,3 +579,80 @@ class TestBulkPushRuleEvaluator(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(users_with_push_actions), 0)
+
+
+class BulkPushRuleEvaluatorTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def prepare(
+        self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, homeserver: HomeServer
+    ) -> None:
+        self.main_store = homeserver.get_datastores().main
+
+        self.user_id1 = self.register_user("user1", "password")
+        self.tok1 = self.login(self.user_id1, "password")
+        self.user_id2 = self.register_user("user2", "password")
+        self.tok2 = self.login(self.user_id2, "password")
+
+        self.room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(tok=self.tok1)
+
+        # We want to test history visibility works correctly.
+        self.helper.send_state(
+            self.room_id,
+            EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
+            {"history_visibility": HistoryVisibility.JOINED},
+            tok=self.tok1,
+        )
+
+    def get_notif_count(self, user_id: str) -> int:
+        return self.get_success(
+            self.main_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+                table="event_push_actions",
+                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
+                retcol="COALESCE(SUM(notif), 0)",
+                desc="get_staging_notif_count",
+            )
+        )
+
+    def test_plain_message(self) -> None:
+        """Test that sending a normal message in a room will trigger a
+        notification
+        """
+
+        # Have user2 join the room and cle
+        self.helper.join(self.room_id, self.user_id2, tok=self.tok2)
+
+        # They start off with no notifications, but get them when messages are
+        # sent.
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_notif_count(self.user_id2), 0)
+
+        user1 = UserID.from_string(self.user_id1)
+        self.create_and_send_event(self.room_id, user1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_notif_count(self.user_id2), 1)
+
+    def test_delayed_message(self) -> None:
+        """Test that a delayed message that was from before a user joined
+        doesn't cause a notification for the joined user.
+        """
+        user1 = UserID.from_string(self.user_id1)
+
+        # Send a message before user2 joins
+        event_id1 = self.create_and_send_event(self.room_id, user1)
+
+        # Have user2 join the room
+        self.helper.join(self.room_id, self.user_id2, tok=self.tok2)
+
+        # They start off with no notifications
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_notif_count(self.user_id2), 0)
+
+        # Send another message that references the event before the join to
+        # simulate a "delayed" event
+        self.create_and_send_event(self.room_id, user1, prev_event_ids=[event_id1])
+
+        # user2 should not be notified about it, because they can't see it.
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_notif_count(self.user_id2), 0)
diff --git a/tests/replication/_base.py b/tests/replication/_base.py
index ce53f808db..3029a16dda 100644
--- a/tests/replication/_base.py
+++ b/tests/replication/_base.py
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class BaseMultiWorkerStreamTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             config=worker_hs.config.server.listeners[0],
             resource=resource,
             server_version_string="1",
-            max_request_body_size=4096,
+            max_request_body_size=8192,
             reactor=self.reactor,
         )
 
@@ -542,8 +542,13 @@ class FakeRedisPubSubProtocol(Protocol):
             self.send("OK")
         elif command == b"GET":
             self.send(None)
+
+        # Connection keep-alives.
+        elif command == b"PING":
+            self.send("PONG")
+
         else:
-            raise Exception("Unknown command")
+            raise Exception(f"Unknown command: {command}")
 
     def send(self, msg):
         """Send a message back to the client."""
diff --git a/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py b/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
index efd92793c0..dce71f7334 100644
--- a/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
+++ b/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ from synapse.api.constants import ReceiptTypes
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
 from synapse.events import FrozenEvent, _EventInternalMetadata, make_event_from_dict
 from synapse.handlers.room import RoomEventSource
-from synapse.replication.slave.storage.events import SlavedEventStore
-from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import NotifCounts
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import (
+    NotifCounts,
+    RoomNotifCounts,
+)
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.roommember import GetRoomsForUserWithStreamOrdering, RoomsForUser
 from synapse.types import PersistedEventPosition
 
@@ -55,9 +58,9 @@ def patch__eq__(cls):
     return unpatch
 
 
-class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
+class EventsWorkerStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
 
-    STORE_TYPE = SlavedEventStore
+    STORE_TYPE = EventsWorkerStore
 
     def setUp(self):
         # Patch up the equality operator for events so that we can check
@@ -140,6 +143,7 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
         self.persist(type="m.room.create", key="", creator=USER_ID)
         self.check("get_invited_rooms_for_local_user", [USER_ID_2], [])
         event = self.persist(type="m.room.member", key=USER_ID_2, membership="invite")
+        assert event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering is not None
 
         self.replicate()
 
@@ -178,7 +182,9 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
         self.check(
             "get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user",
             [ROOM_ID, USER_ID_2],
-            NotifCounts(highlight_count=0, unread_count=0, notify_count=0),
+            RoomNotifCounts(
+                NotifCounts(highlight_count=0, unread_count=0, notify_count=0), {}
+            ),
         )
 
         self.persist(
@@ -191,7 +197,9 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
         self.check(
             "get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user",
             [ROOM_ID, USER_ID_2],
-            NotifCounts(highlight_count=0, unread_count=0, notify_count=1),
+            RoomNotifCounts(
+                NotifCounts(highlight_count=0, unread_count=0, notify_count=1), {}
+            ),
         )
 
         self.persist(
@@ -206,7 +214,9 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
         self.check(
             "get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user",
             [ROOM_ID, USER_ID_2],
-            NotifCounts(highlight_count=1, unread_count=0, notify_count=2),
+            RoomNotifCounts(
+                NotifCounts(highlight_count=1, unread_count=0, notify_count=2), {}
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering(self):
@@ -221,6 +231,7 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
         j2 = self.persist(
             type="m.room.member", sender=USER_ID_2, key=USER_ID_2, membership="join"
         )
+        assert j2.internal_metadata.stream_ordering is not None
         self.replicate()
 
         expected_pos = PersistedEventPosition(
@@ -278,6 +289,7 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
             )
         )
         self.replicate()
+        assert j2.internal_metadata.stream_ordering is not None
 
         event_source = RoomEventSource(self.hs)
         event_source.store = self.slaved_store
@@ -327,10 +339,10 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
 
     event_id = 0
 
-    def persist(self, backfill=False, **kwargs):
+    def persist(self, backfill=False, **kwargs) -> FrozenEvent:
         """
         Returns:
-            synapse.events.FrozenEvent: The event that was persisted.
+            The event that was persisted.
         """
         event, context = self.build_event(**kwargs)
 
diff --git a/tests/replication/test_multi_media_repo.py b/tests/replication/test_multi_media_repo.py
index 13aa5eb51a..96cdf2c45b 100644
--- a/tests/replication/test_multi_media_repo.py
+++ b/tests/replication/test_multi_media_repo.py
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ import logging
 import os
 from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
+from twisted.internet.interfaces import IOpenSSLServerConnectionCreator
 from twisted.internet.protocol import Factory
-from twisted.protocols.tls import TLSMemoryBIOFactory
+from twisted.protocols.tls import TLSMemoryBIOFactory, TLSMemoryBIOProtocol
 from twisted.web.http import HTTPChannel
 from twisted.web.server import Request
 
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ class MediaRepoShardTestCase(BaseMultiWorkerStreamTestCase):
         )
 
         # fish the test server back out of the server-side TLS protocol.
-        http_server = server_tls_protocol.wrappedProtocol
+        http_server: HTTPChannel = server_tls_protocol.wrappedProtocol  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
         # give the reactor a pump to get the TLS juices flowing.
         self.reactor.pump((0.1,))
@@ -238,16 +239,15 @@ def get_connection_factory():
     return test_server_connection_factory
 
 
-def _build_test_server(connection_creator):
+def _build_test_server(
+    connection_creator: IOpenSSLServerConnectionCreator,
+) -> TLSMemoryBIOProtocol:
     """Construct a test server
 
     This builds an HTTP channel, wrapped with a TLSMemoryBIOProtocol
 
     Args:
-        connection_creator (IOpenSSLServerConnectionCreator): thing to build
-            SSL connections
-        sanlist (list[bytes]): list of the SAN entries for the cert returned
-            by the server
+        connection_creator: thing to build SSL connections
 
     Returns:
         TLSMemoryBIOProtocol
diff --git a/tests/rest/admin/test_user.py b/tests/rest/admin/test_user.py
index 1847e6ad6b..e8c9457794 100644
--- a/tests/rest/admin/test_user.py
+++ b/tests/rest/admin/test_user.py
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ from parameterized import parameterized, parameterized_class
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 import synapse.rest.admin
-from synapse.api.constants import UserTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import ApprovalNoticeMedium, LoginType, UserTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, HttpResponseException, ResourceLimitError
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersions
-from synapse.rest.client import devices, login, logout, profile, room, sync
+from synapse.rest.client import devices, login, logout, profile, register, room, sync
 from synapse.rest.media.v1.filepath import MediaFilePaths
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
-from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID
+from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID, create_requester
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests import unittest
@@ -41,14 +41,12 @@ from tests.unittest import override_config
 
 
 class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
         profile.register_servlets,
     ]
 
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock) -> HomeServer:
-
         self.url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/register"
 
         self.registration_handler = Mock()
@@ -446,7 +444,6 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class UsersListTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -578,6 +575,16 @@ class UsersListTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         _search_test(None, "foo", "user_id")
         _search_test(None, "bar", "user_id")
 
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )
     def test_invalid_parameter(self) -> None:
         """
         If parameters are invalid, an error is returned.
@@ -623,6 +630,16 @@ class UsersListTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(400, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
         self.assertEqual(Codes.INVALID_PARAM, channel.json_body["errcode"])
 
+        # invalid approved
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            self.url + "?approved=not_bool",
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(400, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.INVALID_PARAM, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+
         # unkown order_by
         channel = self.make_request(
             "GET",
@@ -841,6 +858,99 @@ class UsersListTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self._order_test([self.admin_user, user1, user2], "creation_ts", "f")
         self._order_test([user2, user1, self.admin_user], "creation_ts", "b")
 
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    def test_filter_out_approved(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that the endpoint can filter out approved users."""
+        # Create our users.
+        self._create_users(2)
+
+        # Get the list of users.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            self.url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, channel.result)
+
+        # Exclude the admin, because we don't want to accidentally un-approve the admin.
+        non_admin_user_ids = [
+            user["name"]
+            for user in channel.json_body["users"]
+            if user["name"] != self.admin_user
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(non_admin_user_ids), non_admin_user_ids)
+
+        # Select a user and un-approve them. We do this rather than the other way around
+        # because, since these users are created by an admin, we consider them already
+        # approved.
+        not_approved_user = non_admin_user_ids[0]
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            f"/_synapse/admin/v2/users/{not_approved_user}",
+            {"approved": False},
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, channel.result)
+
+        # Now get the list of users again, this time filtering out approved users.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            self.url + "?approved=false",
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, channel.result)
+
+        non_admin_user_ids = [
+            user["name"]
+            for user in channel.json_body["users"]
+            if user["name"] != self.admin_user
+        ]
+
+        # We should only have our unapproved user now.
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(non_admin_user_ids), non_admin_user_ids)
+        self.assertEqual(not_approved_user, non_admin_user_ids[0])
+
+    def test_erasure_status(self) -> None:
+        # Create a new user.
+        user_id = self.register_user("eraseme", "eraseme")
+
+        # They should appear in the list users API, marked as not erased.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            self.url + "?deactivated=true",
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+        users = {user["name"]: user for user in channel.json_body["users"]}
+        self.assertIs(users[user_id]["erased"], False)
+
+        # Deactivate that user, requesting erasure.
+        deactivate_account_handler = self.hs.get_deactivate_account_handler()
+        self.get_success(
+            deactivate_account_handler.deactivate_account(
+                user_id, erase_data=True, requester=create_requester(user_id)
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Repeat the list users query. They should now be marked as erased.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            self.url + "?deactivated=true",
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+        users = {user["name"]: user for user in channel.json_body["users"]}
+        self.assertIs(users[user_id]["erased"], True)
+
     def _order_test(
         self,
         expected_user_list: List[str],
@@ -995,7 +1105,6 @@ class UserDevicesTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class DeactivateAccountTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -1112,6 +1221,7 @@ class DeactivateAccountTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual("foo@bar.com", channel.json_body["threepids"][0]["address"])
         self.assertEqual("mxc://servername/mediaid", channel.json_body["avatar_url"])
         self.assertEqual("User1", channel.json_body["displayname"])
+        self.assertFalse(channel.json_body["erased"])
 
         # Deactivate and erase user
         channel = self.make_request(
@@ -1136,6 +1246,7 @@ class DeactivateAccountTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(0, len(channel.json_body["threepids"]))
         self.assertIsNone(channel.json_body["avatar_url"])
         self.assertIsNone(channel.json_body["displayname"])
+        self.assertTrue(channel.json_body["erased"])
 
         self._is_erased("@user:test", True)
 
@@ -1267,11 +1378,11 @@ class DeactivateAccountTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class UserRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
         sync.register_servlets,
+        register.register_servlets,
     ]
 
     def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
@@ -2536,6 +2647,104 @@ class UserRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Ensure they're still alive
         self.assertEqual(0, channel.json_body["deactivated"])
 
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    def test_approve_account(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that approving an account correctly sets the approved flag for the user."""
+        url = self.url_prefix % "@bob:test"
+
+        # Create the user using the client-server API since otherwise the user will be
+        # marked as approved automatically.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            "register",
+            {
+                "username": "bob",
+                "password": "test",
+                "auth": {"type": LoginType.DUMMY},
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(403, channel.code, channel.result)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ApprovalNoticeMedium.NONE, channel.json_body["approval_notice_medium"]
+        )
+
+        # Get user
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertIs(False, channel.json_body["approved"])
+
+        # Approve user
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+            content={"approved": True},
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertIs(True, channel.json_body["approved"])
+
+        # Check that the user is now approved
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertIs(True, channel.json_body["approved"])
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    def test_register_approved(self) -> None:
+        url = self.url_prefix % "@bob:test"
+
+        # Create user
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+            content={"password": "abc123", "approved": True},
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(201, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual("@bob:test", channel.json_body["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(1, channel.json_body["approved"])
+
+        # Get user
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual("@bob:test", channel.json_body["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(1, channel.json_body["approved"])
+
     def _is_erased(self, user_id: str, expect: bool) -> None:
         """Assert that the user is erased or not"""
         d = self.store.is_user_erased(user_id)
@@ -2575,6 +2784,7 @@ class UserRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertIn("avatar_url", content)
         self.assertIn("admin", content)
         self.assertIn("deactivated", content)
+        self.assertIn("erased", content)
         self.assertIn("shadow_banned", content)
         self.assertIn("creation_ts", content)
         self.assertIn("appservice_id", content)
@@ -2588,7 +2798,6 @@ class UserRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class UserMembershipRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -2745,7 +2954,6 @@ class UserMembershipRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class PushersRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -2874,7 +3082,6 @@ class PushersRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class UserMediaRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -3666,7 +3873,6 @@ class UserTokenRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     ],
 )
 class WhoisRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -3746,7 +3952,6 @@ class WhoisRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class ShadowBanRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -3827,7 +4032,6 @@ class ShadowBanRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class RateLimitTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -4053,7 +4257,6 @@ class RateLimitTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class AccountDataTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -4143,7 +4346,6 @@ class AccountDataTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 
 class UsersByExternalIdTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-
     servlets = [
         synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
         login.register_servlets,
@@ -4227,3 +4429,97 @@ class UsersByExternalIdTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             {"user_id": self.other_user},
             channel.json_body,
         )
+
+
+class UsersByThreePidTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+
+        self.admin_user = self.register_user("admin", "pass", admin=True)
+        self.admin_user_tok = self.login("admin", "pass")
+
+        self.other_user = self.register_user("user", "pass")
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.user_add_threepid(
+                self.other_user, "email", "user@email.com", 1, 1
+            )
+        )
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.user_add_threepid(self.other_user, "msidn", "+1-12345678", 1, 1)
+        )
+
+    def test_no_auth(self) -> None:
+        """Try to look up a user without authentication."""
+        url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/threepid/email/users/user%40email.com"
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(401, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.MISSING_TOKEN, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+
+    def test_medium_does_not_exist(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that both a lookup for a medium that does not exist and a user that
+        doesn't exist with that third party ID returns a 404"""
+        # test for unknown medium
+        url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/threepid/publickey/users/unknown-key"
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(404, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.NOT_FOUND, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+
+        # test for unknown user with a known medium
+        url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/threepid/email/users/unknown"
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(404, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.NOT_FOUND, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+
+    def test_success(self) -> None:
+        """Tests a successful medium + address lookup"""
+        # test for email medium with encoded value of user@email.com
+        url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/threepid/email/users/user%40email.com"
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"user_id": self.other_user},
+            channel.json_body,
+        )
+
+        # test for msidn medium with encoded value of +1-12345678
+        url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/threepid/msidn/users/%2B1-12345678"
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"user_id": self.other_user},
+            channel.json_body,
+        )
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_auth.py b/tests/rest/client/test_auth.py
index 05355c7fb6..208ec44829 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_auth.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+import re
 from http import HTTPStatus
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
@@ -20,7 +21,8 @@ from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 
 import synapse.rest.admin
-from synapse.api.constants import LoginType
+from synapse.api.constants import ApprovalNoticeMedium, LoginType
+from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
 from synapse.handlers.ui_auth.checkers import UserInteractiveAuthChecker
 from synapse.rest.client import account, auth, devices, login, logout, register
 from synapse.rest.synapse.client import build_synapse_client_resource_tree
@@ -31,8 +33,8 @@ from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests import unittest
 from tests.handlers.test_oidc import HAS_OIDC
-from tests.rest.client.utils import TEST_OIDC_CONFIG
-from tests.server import FakeChannel
+from tests.rest.client.utils import TEST_OIDC_CONFIG, TEST_OIDC_ISSUER
+from tests.server import FakeChannel, make_request
 from tests.unittest import override_config, skip_unless
 
 
@@ -464,9 +466,11 @@ class UIAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
           * checking that the original operation succeeds
         """
 
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+
         # log the user in
         remote_user_id = UserID.from_string(self.user).localpart
-        login_resp = self.helper.login_via_oidc(remote_user_id)
+        login_resp, _ = self.helper.login_via_oidc(fake_oidc_server, remote_user_id)
         self.assertEqual(login_resp["user_id"], self.user)
 
         # initiate a UI Auth process by attempting to delete the device
@@ -480,8 +484,8 @@ class UIAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # run the UIA-via-SSO flow
         session_id = channel.json_body["session"]
-        channel = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
-            {"sub": remote_user_id}, ui_auth_session_id=session_id
+        channel, _ = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, {"sub": remote_user_id}, ui_auth_session_id=session_id
         )
 
         # that should serve a confirmation page
@@ -498,7 +502,8 @@ class UIAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     @skip_unless(HAS_OIDC, "requires OIDC")
     @override_config({"oidc_config": TEST_OIDC_CONFIG})
     def test_does_not_offer_password_for_sso_user(self) -> None:
-        login_resp = self.helper.login_via_oidc("username")
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        login_resp, _ = self.helper.login_via_oidc(fake_oidc_server, "username")
         user_tok = login_resp["access_token"]
         device_id = login_resp["device_id"]
 
@@ -521,7 +526,10 @@ class UIAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     @override_config({"oidc_config": TEST_OIDC_CONFIG})
     def test_offers_both_flows_for_upgraded_user(self) -> None:
         """A user that had a password and then logged in with SSO should get both flows"""
-        login_resp = self.helper.login_via_oidc(UserID.from_string(self.user).localpart)
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        login_resp, _ = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, UserID.from_string(self.user).localpart
+        )
         self.assertEqual(login_resp["user_id"], self.user)
 
         channel = self.delete_device(
@@ -538,8 +546,13 @@ class UIAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     @override_config({"oidc_config": TEST_OIDC_CONFIG})
     def test_ui_auth_fails_for_incorrect_sso_user(self) -> None:
         """If the user tries to authenticate with the wrong SSO user, they get an error"""
+
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+
         # log the user in
-        login_resp = self.helper.login_via_oidc(UserID.from_string(self.user).localpart)
+        login_resp, _ = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, UserID.from_string(self.user).localpart
+        )
         self.assertEqual(login_resp["user_id"], self.user)
 
         # start a UI Auth flow by attempting to delete a device
@@ -552,8 +565,8 @@ class UIAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         session_id = channel.json_body["session"]
 
         # do the OIDC auth, but auth as the wrong user
-        channel = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
-            {"sub": "wrong_user"}, ui_auth_session_id=session_id
+        channel, _ = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, {"sub": "wrong_user"}, ui_auth_session_id=session_id
         )
 
         # that should return a failure message
@@ -567,6 +580,39 @@ class UIAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             body={"auth": {"session": session_id}},
         )
 
+    @skip_unless(HAS_OIDC, "requires OIDC")
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "oidc_config": TEST_OIDC_CONFIG,
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    )
+    def test_sso_not_approved(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that if we register a user via SSO while requiring approval for new
+        accounts, we still raise the correct error before logging the user in.
+        """
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        login_resp, _ = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, "username", expected_status=403
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(login_resp["errcode"], Codes.USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ApprovalNoticeMedium.NONE, login_resp["approval_notice_medium"]
+        )
+
+        # Check that we didn't register a device for the user during the login attempt.
+        devices = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastores().main.get_devices_by_user("@username:test")
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(devices), 0)
+
 
 class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     servlets = [
@@ -589,23 +635,10 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         return self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": refresh_token},
         )
 
-    def is_access_token_valid(self, access_token: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        Checks whether an access token is valid, returning whether it is or not.
-        """
-        code = self.make_request(
-            "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/account/whoami", access_token=access_token
-        ).code
-
-        # Either 200 or 401 is what we get back; anything else is a bug.
-        assert code in {HTTPStatus.OK, HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED}
-
-        return code == HTTPStatus.OK
-
     def test_login_issue_refresh_token(self) -> None:
         """
         A login response should include a refresh_token only if asked.
@@ -691,7 +724,7 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         refresh_response = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": login_response.json_body["refresh_token"]},
         )
         self.assertEqual(refresh_response.code, HTTPStatus.OK, refresh_response.result)
@@ -732,7 +765,7 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         refresh_response = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": login_response.json_body["refresh_token"]},
         )
         self.assertEqual(refresh_response.code, HTTPStatus.OK, refresh_response.result)
@@ -802,29 +835,37 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.reactor.advance(59.0)
 
         # Both tokens should still be valid.
-        self.assertTrue(self.is_access_token_valid(refreshable_access_token))
-        self.assertTrue(self.is_access_token_valid(nonrefreshable_access_token))
+        self.helper.whoami(refreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+        self.helper.whoami(nonrefreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
 
         # Advance to 61 s (just past 1 minute, the time of expiry)
         self.reactor.advance(2.0)
 
         # Only the non-refreshable token is still valid.
-        self.assertFalse(self.is_access_token_valid(refreshable_access_token))
-        self.assertTrue(self.is_access_token_valid(nonrefreshable_access_token))
+        self.helper.whoami(
+            refreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED
+        )
+        self.helper.whoami(nonrefreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
 
         # Advance to 599 s (just shy of 10 minutes, the time of expiry)
         self.reactor.advance(599.0 - 61.0)
 
         # It's still the case that only the non-refreshable token is still valid.
-        self.assertFalse(self.is_access_token_valid(refreshable_access_token))
-        self.assertTrue(self.is_access_token_valid(nonrefreshable_access_token))
+        self.helper.whoami(
+            refreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED
+        )
+        self.helper.whoami(nonrefreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
 
         # Advance to 601 s (just past 10 minutes, the time of expiry)
         self.reactor.advance(2.0)
 
         # Now neither token is valid.
-        self.assertFalse(self.is_access_token_valid(refreshable_access_token))
-        self.assertFalse(self.is_access_token_valid(nonrefreshable_access_token))
+        self.helper.whoami(
+            refreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED
+        )
+        self.helper.whoami(
+            nonrefreshable_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED
+        )
 
     @override_config(
         {"refreshable_access_token_lifetime": "1m", "refresh_token_lifetime": "2m"}
@@ -961,7 +1002,7 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # This first refresh should work properly
         first_refresh_response = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": login_response.json_body["refresh_token"]},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -971,7 +1012,7 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # This one as well, since the token in the first one was never used
         second_refresh_response = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": login_response.json_body["refresh_token"]},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -981,7 +1022,7 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # This one should not, since the token from the first refresh is not valid anymore
         third_refresh_response = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": first_refresh_response.json_body["refresh_token"]},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -1015,7 +1056,7 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Now that the access token from the last valid refresh was used once, refreshing with the N-1 token should fail
         fourth_refresh_response = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": login_response.json_body["refresh_token"]},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -1027,7 +1068,7 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # But refreshing from the last valid refresh token still works
         fifth_refresh_response = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/v1/refresh",
+            "/_matrix/client/v3/refresh",
             {"refresh_token": second_refresh_response.json_body["refresh_token"]},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -1120,3 +1161,349 @@ class RefreshAuthTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # and no refresh token
         self.assertEqual(_table_length("access_tokens"), 0)
         self.assertEqual(_table_length("refresh_tokens"), 0)
+
+
+def oidc_config(
+    id: str, with_localpart_template: bool, **kwargs: Any
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Sample OIDC provider config used in backchannel logout tests.
+
+    Args:
+        id: IDP ID for this provider
+        with_localpart_template: Set to `true` to have a default localpart_template in
+            the `user_mapping_provider` config and skip the user mapping session
+        **kwargs: rest of the config
+
+    Returns:
+        A dict suitable for the `oidc_config` or the `oidc_providers[]` parts of
+        the HS config
+    """
+    config: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        "idp_id": id,
+        "idp_name": id,
+        "issuer": TEST_OIDC_ISSUER,
+        "client_id": "test-client-id",
+        "client_secret": "test-client-secret",
+        "scopes": ["openid"],
+    }
+
+    if with_localpart_template:
+        config["user_mapping_provider"] = {
+            "config": {"localpart_template": "{{ user.sub }}"}
+        }
+    else:
+        config["user_mapping_provider"] = {"config": {}}
+
+    config.update(kwargs)
+
+    return config
+
+
+@skip_unless(HAS_OIDC, "Requires OIDC")
+class OidcBackchannelLogoutTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        account.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def default_config(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        config = super().default_config()
+
+        # public_baseurl uses an http:// scheme because FakeChannel.isSecure() returns
+        # False, so synapse will see the requested uri as http://..., so using http in
+        # the public_baseurl stops Synapse trying to redirect to https.
+        config["public_baseurl"] = "http://synapse.test"
+
+        return config
+
+    def create_resource_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Resource]:
+        resource_dict = super().create_resource_dict()
+        resource_dict.update(build_synapse_client_resource_tree(self.hs))
+        return resource_dict
+
+    def submit_logout_token(self, logout_token: str) -> FakeChannel:
+        return self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            "/_synapse/client/oidc/backchannel_logout",
+            content=f"logout_token={logout_token}",
+            content_is_form=True,
+        )
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "oidc_providers": [
+                oidc_config(
+                    id="oidc",
+                    with_localpart_template=True,
+                    backchannel_logout_enabled=True,
+                )
+            ]
+        }
+    )
+    def test_simple_logout(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Receiving a logout token should logout the user
+        """
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        user = "john"
+
+        login_resp, first_grant = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, user, with_sid=True
+        )
+        first_access_token: str = login_resp["access_token"]
+        self.helper.whoami(first_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        login_resp, second_grant = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, user, with_sid=True
+        )
+        second_access_token: str = login_resp["access_token"]
+        self.helper.whoami(second_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(first_grant.sid, second_grant.sid)
+        self.assertEqual(first_grant.userinfo["sub"], second_grant.userinfo["sub"])
+
+        # Logging out of the first session
+        logout_token = fake_oidc_server.generate_logout_token(first_grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        self.helper.whoami(first_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
+        self.helper.whoami(second_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        # Logging out of the second session
+        logout_token = fake_oidc_server.generate_logout_token(second_grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "oidc_providers": [
+                oidc_config(
+                    id="oidc",
+                    with_localpart_template=True,
+                    backchannel_logout_enabled=True,
+                )
+            ]
+        }
+    )
+    def test_logout_during_login(self) -> None:
+        """
+        It should revoke login tokens when receiving a logout token
+        """
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        user = "john"
+
+        # Get an authentication, and logout before submitting the logout token
+        client_redirect_url = "https://x"
+        userinfo = {"sub": user}
+        channel, grant = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server,
+            userinfo,
+            client_redirect_url,
+            with_sid=True,
+        )
+
+        # expect a confirmation page
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, HTTPStatus.OK, channel.result)
+
+        # fish the matrix login token out of the body of the confirmation page
+        m = re.search(
+            'a href="%s.*loginToken=([^"]*)"' % (client_redirect_url,),
+            channel.text_body,
+        )
+        assert m, channel.text_body
+        login_token = m.group(1)
+
+        # Submit a logout
+        logout_token = fake_oidc_server.generate_logout_token(grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        # Now try to exchange the login token
+        channel = make_request(
+            self.hs.get_reactor(),
+            self.site,
+            "POST",
+            "/login",
+            content={"type": "m.login.token", "token": login_token},
+        )
+        # It should have failed
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 403)
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "oidc_providers": [
+                oidc_config(
+                    id="oidc",
+                    with_localpart_template=False,
+                    backchannel_logout_enabled=True,
+                )
+            ]
+        }
+    )
+    def test_logout_during_mapping(self) -> None:
+        """
+        It should stop ongoing user mapping session when receiving a logout token
+        """
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        user = "john"
+
+        # Get an authentication, and logout before submitting the logout token
+        client_redirect_url = "https://x"
+        userinfo = {"sub": user}
+        channel, grant = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server,
+            userinfo,
+            client_redirect_url,
+            with_sid=True,
+        )
+
+        # Expect a user mapping page
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, HTTPStatus.FOUND, channel.result)
+
+        # We should have a user_mapping_session cookie
+        cookie_headers = channel.headers.getRawHeaders("Set-Cookie")
+        assert cookie_headers
+        cookies: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        for h in cookie_headers:
+            key, value = h.split(";")[0].split("=", maxsplit=1)
+            cookies[key] = value
+
+        user_mapping_session_id = cookies["username_mapping_session"]
+
+        # Getting that session should not raise
+        session = self.hs.get_sso_handler().get_mapping_session(user_mapping_session_id)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(session)
+
+        # Submit a logout
+        logout_token = fake_oidc_server.generate_logout_token(grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        # Now it should raise
+        with self.assertRaises(SynapseError):
+            self.hs.get_sso_handler().get_mapping_session(user_mapping_session_id)
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "oidc_providers": [
+                oidc_config(
+                    id="oidc",
+                    with_localpart_template=True,
+                    backchannel_logout_enabled=False,
+                )
+            ]
+        }
+    )
+    def test_disabled(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Receiving a logout token should do nothing if it is disabled in the config
+        """
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        user = "john"
+
+        login_resp, grant = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, user, with_sid=True
+        )
+        access_token: str = login_resp["access_token"]
+        self.helper.whoami(access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        # Logging out shouldn't work
+        logout_token = fake_oidc_server.generate_logout_token(grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400)
+
+        # And the token should still be valid
+        self.helper.whoami(access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "oidc_providers": [
+                oidc_config(
+                    id="oidc",
+                    with_localpart_template=True,
+                    backchannel_logout_enabled=True,
+                )
+            ]
+        }
+    )
+    def test_no_sid(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Receiving a logout token without `sid` during the login should do nothing
+        """
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+        user = "john"
+
+        login_resp, grant = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server, user, with_sid=False
+        )
+        access_token: str = login_resp["access_token"]
+        self.helper.whoami(access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        # Logging out shouldn't work
+        logout_token = fake_oidc_server.generate_logout_token(grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400)
+
+        # And the token should still be valid
+        self.helper.whoami(access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "oidc_providers": [
+                oidc_config(
+                    "first",
+                    issuer="https://first-issuer.com/",
+                    with_localpart_template=True,
+                    backchannel_logout_enabled=True,
+                ),
+                oidc_config(
+                    "second",
+                    issuer="https://second-issuer.com/",
+                    with_localpart_template=True,
+                    backchannel_logout_enabled=True,
+                ),
+            ]
+        }
+    )
+    def test_multiple_providers(self) -> None:
+        """
+        It should be able to distinguish login tokens from two different IdPs
+        """
+        first_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server(issuer="https://first-issuer.com/")
+        second_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server(
+            issuer="https://second-issuer.com/"
+        )
+        user = "john"
+
+        login_resp, first_grant = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            first_server, user, with_sid=True, idp_id="oidc-first"
+        )
+        first_access_token: str = login_resp["access_token"]
+        self.helper.whoami(first_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        login_resp, second_grant = self.helper.login_via_oidc(
+            second_server, user, with_sid=True, idp_id="oidc-second"
+        )
+        second_access_token: str = login_resp["access_token"]
+        self.helper.whoami(second_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        # `sid` in the fake providers are generated by a counter, so the first grant of
+        # each provider should give the same SID
+        self.assertEqual(first_grant.sid, second_grant.sid)
+        self.assertEqual(first_grant.userinfo["sub"], second_grant.userinfo["sub"])
+
+        # Logging out of the first session
+        logout_token = first_server.generate_logout_token(first_grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        self.helper.whoami(first_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
+        self.helper.whoami(second_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.OK)
+
+        # Logging out of the second session
+        logout_token = second_server.generate_logout_token(second_grant)
+        channel = self.submit_logout_token(logout_token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        self.helper.whoami(second_access_token, expect_code=HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_devices.py b/tests/rest/client/test_devices.py
index aa98222434..d80eea17d3 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_devices.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_devices.py
@@ -200,3 +200,37 @@ class DevicesTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.reactor.advance(43200)
         self.get_success(self.handler.get_device(user_id, "abc"))
         self.get_failure(self.handler.get_device(user_id, "def"), NotFoundError)
+
+
+class DehydratedDeviceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
+        login.register_servlets,
+        register.register_servlets,
+        devices.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def test_PUT(self) -> None:
+        """Sanity-check that we can PUT a dehydrated device.
+
+        Detects https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14334.
+        """
+        alice = self.register_user("alice", "correcthorse")
+        token = self.login(alice, "correcthorse")
+
+        # Have alice update their device list
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            "_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc2697.v2/dehydrated_device",
+            {
+                "device_data": {
+                    "algorithm": "org.matrix.msc2697.v1.dehydration.v1.olm",
+                    "account": "dehydrated_device",
+                }
+            },
+            access_token=token,
+            shorthand=False,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, HTTPStatus.OK, channel.json_body)
+        device_id = channel.json_body.get("device_id")
+        self.assertIsInstance(device_id, str)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_login.py b/tests/rest/client/test_login.py
index e2a4d98275..ff5baa9f0a 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_login.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_login.py
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 from twisted.web.resource import Resource
 
 import synapse.rest.admin
+from synapse.api.constants import ApprovalNoticeMedium, LoginType
+from synapse.api.errors import Codes
 from synapse.appservice import ApplicationService
 from synapse.rest.client import devices, login, logout, register
 from synapse.rest.client.account import WhoamiRestServlet
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ from synapse.util import Clock
 from tests import unittest
 from tests.handlers.test_oidc import HAS_OIDC
 from tests.handlers.test_saml import has_saml2
-from tests.rest.client.utils import TEST_OIDC_AUTH_ENDPOINT, TEST_OIDC_CONFIG
+from tests.rest.client.utils import TEST_OIDC_CONFIG
 from tests.server import FakeChannel
 from tests.test_utils.html_parsers import TestHtmlParser
 from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase, override_config, skip_unless
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ class LoginRestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         logout.register_servlets,
         devices.register_servlets,
         lambda hs, http_server: WhoamiRestServlet(hs).register(http_server),
+        register.register_servlets,
     ]
 
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock) -> HomeServer:
@@ -406,6 +409,44 @@ class LoginRestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400)
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["errcode"], "M_INVALID_PARAM")
 
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    def test_require_approval(self) -> None:
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            "register",
+            {
+                "username": "kermit",
+                "password": "monkey",
+                "auth": {"type": LoginType.DUMMY},
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(403, channel.code, channel.result)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ApprovalNoticeMedium.NONE, channel.json_body["approval_notice_medium"]
+        )
+
+        params = {
+            "type": LoginType.PASSWORD,
+            "identifier": {"type": "m.id.user", "user": "kermit"},
+            "password": "monkey",
+        }
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", LOGIN_URL, params)
+        self.assertEqual(403, channel.code, channel.result)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ApprovalNoticeMedium.NONE, channel.json_body["approval_notice_medium"]
+        )
+
 
 @skip_unless(has_saml2 and HAS_OIDC, "Requires SAML2 and OIDC")
 class MultiSSOTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -571,13 +612,16 @@ class MultiSSOTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def test_login_via_oidc(self) -> None:
         """If OIDC is chosen, should redirect to the OIDC auth endpoint"""
 
-        # pick the default OIDC provider
-        channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET",
-            "/_synapse/client/pick_idp?redirectUrl="
-            + urllib.parse.quote_plus(TEST_CLIENT_REDIRECT_URL)
-            + "&idp=oidc",
-        )
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+
+        with fake_oidc_server.patch_homeserver(hs=self.hs):
+            # pick the default OIDC provider
+            channel = self.make_request(
+                "GET",
+                "/_synapse/client/pick_idp?redirectUrl="
+                + urllib.parse.quote_plus(TEST_CLIENT_REDIRECT_URL)
+                + "&idp=oidc",
+            )
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 302, channel.result)
         location_headers = channel.headers.getRawHeaders("Location")
         assert location_headers
@@ -585,7 +629,7 @@ class MultiSSOTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         oidc_uri_path, oidc_uri_query = oidc_uri.split("?", 1)
 
         # it should redirect us to the auth page of the OIDC server
-        self.assertEqual(oidc_uri_path, TEST_OIDC_AUTH_ENDPOINT)
+        self.assertEqual(oidc_uri_path, fake_oidc_server.authorization_endpoint)
 
         # ... and should have set a cookie including the redirect url
         cookie_headers = channel.headers.getRawHeaders("Set-Cookie")
@@ -602,7 +646,9 @@ class MultiSSOTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             TEST_CLIENT_REDIRECT_URL,
         )
 
-        channel = self.helper.complete_oidc_auth(oidc_uri, cookies, {"sub": "user1"})
+        channel, _ = self.helper.complete_oidc_auth(
+            fake_oidc_server, oidc_uri, cookies, {"sub": "user1"}
+        )
 
         # that should serve a confirmation page
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.result)
@@ -652,7 +698,10 @@ class MultiSSOTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def test_client_idp_redirect_to_oidc(self) -> None:
         """If the client pick a known IdP, redirect to it"""
-        channel = self._make_sso_redirect_request("oidc")
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+
+        with fake_oidc_server.patch_homeserver(hs=self.hs):
+            channel = self._make_sso_redirect_request("oidc")
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 302, channel.result)
         location_headers = channel.headers.getRawHeaders("Location")
         assert location_headers
@@ -660,7 +709,7 @@ class MultiSSOTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         oidc_uri_path, oidc_uri_query = oidc_uri.split("?", 1)
 
         # it should redirect us to the auth page of the OIDC server
-        self.assertEqual(oidc_uri_path, TEST_OIDC_AUTH_ENDPOINT)
+        self.assertEqual(oidc_uri_path, fake_oidc_server.authorization_endpoint)
 
     def _make_sso_redirect_request(self, idp_prov: Optional[str] = None) -> FakeChannel:
         """Send a request to /_matrix/client/r0/login/sso/redirect
@@ -1239,9 +1288,13 @@ class UsernamePickerTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     def test_username_picker(self) -> None:
         """Test the happy path of a username picker flow."""
 
+        fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+
         # do the start of the login flow
-        channel = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
-            {"sub": "tester", "displayname": "Jonny"}, TEST_CLIENT_REDIRECT_URL
+        channel, _ = self.helper.auth_via_oidc(
+            fake_oidc_server,
+            {"sub": "tester", "displayname": "Jonny"},
+            TEST_CLIENT_REDIRECT_URL,
         )
 
         # that should redirect to the username picker
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_login_token_request.py b/tests/rest/client/test_login_token_request.py
index d5bb16c98d..c2e1e08811 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_login_token_request.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_login_token_request.py
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ from synapse.util import Clock
 from tests import unittest
 from tests.unittest import override_config
 
+endpoint = "/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc3882/login/token"
+
 
 class LoginTokenRequestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
@@ -45,18 +47,18 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.password = "password"
 
     def test_disabled(self) -> None:
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", "/login/token", {}, access_token=None)
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=None)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400)
 
         self.register_user(self.user, self.password)
         token = self.login(self.user, self.password)
 
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", "/login/token", {}, access_token=token)
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=token)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400)
 
     @override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3882_enabled": True}})
     def test_require_auth(self) -> None:
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", "/login/token", {}, access_token=None)
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=None)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 401)
 
     @override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3882_enabled": True}})
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         user_id = self.register_user(self.user, self.password)
         token = self.login(self.user, self.password)
 
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", "/login/token", {}, access_token=token)
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=token)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 401)
         self.assertIn({"stages": ["m.login.password"]}, channel.json_body["flows"])
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             },
         }
 
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", "/login/token", uia, access_token=token)
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, uia, access_token=token)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["expires_in"], 300)
 
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         user_id = self.register_user(self.user, self.password)
         token = self.login(self.user, self.password)
 
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", "/login/token", {}, access_token=token)
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=token)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["expires_in"], 300)
 
@@ -127,6 +129,6 @@ class LoginTokenRequestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.register_user(self.user, self.password)
         token = self.login(self.user, self.password)
 
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", "/login/token", {}, access_token=token)
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=token)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["expires_in"], 15)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_redactions.py b/tests/rest/client/test_redactions.py
index be4c67d68e..5dfe44defb 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_redactions.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_redactions.py
@@ -11,17 +11,18 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-from typing import List
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
+from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, RelationTypes
 from synapse.rest import admin
 from synapse.rest.client import login, room, sync
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
-from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
+from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase, override_config
 
 
 class RedactionsTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -67,7 +68,12 @@ class RedactionsTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
     def _redact_event(
-        self, access_token: str, room_id: str, event_id: str, expect_code: int = 200
+        self,
+        access_token: str,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_id: str,
+        expect_code: int = 200,
+        with_relations: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Helper function to send a redaction event.
 
@@ -75,7 +81,13 @@ class RedactionsTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         path = "/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/%s/redact/%s" % (room_id, event_id)
 
-        channel = self.make_request("POST", path, content={}, access_token=access_token)
+        request_content = {}
+        if with_relations:
+            request_content["org.matrix.msc3912.with_relations"] = with_relations
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST", path, request_content, access_token=access_token
+        )
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, expect_code)
         return channel.json_body
 
@@ -201,3 +213,256 @@ class RedactionsTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             # These should all succeed, even though this would be denied by
             # the standard message ratelimiter
             self._redact_event(self.mod_access_token, self.room_id, msg_id)
+
+    @override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3912_enabled": True}})
+    def test_redact_relations(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that we can redact the relations of an event at the same time as the
+        event itself.
+        """
+        # Send a root event.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "hello"},
+            tok=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        root_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Send an edit to this root event.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "body": " * hello world",
+                "m.new_content": {
+                    "body": "hello world",
+                    "msgtype": "m.text",
+                },
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "event_id": root_event_id,
+                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.REPLACE,
+                },
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+            },
+            tok=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        edit_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Also send a threaded message whose root is the same as the edit's.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "message 1",
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "event_id": root_event_id,
+                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.THREAD,
+                },
+            },
+            tok=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        threaded_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Also send a reaction, again with the same root.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Reaction,
+            content={
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
+                    "event_id": root_event_id,
+                    "key": "👍",
+                }
+            },
+            tok=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        reaction_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Redact the root event, specifying that we also want to delete events that
+        # relate to it with m.replace.
+        self._redact_event(
+            self.mod_access_token,
+            self.room_id,
+            root_event_id,
+            with_relations=[
+                RelationTypes.REPLACE,
+                RelationTypes.THREAD,
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Check that the root event got redacted.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, root_event_id, self.mod_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("redacted_because", event_dict, event_dict)
+
+        # Check that the edit got redacted.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, edit_event_id, self.mod_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("redacted_because", event_dict, event_dict)
+
+        # Check that the threaded message got redacted.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, threaded_event_id, self.mod_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("redacted_because", event_dict, event_dict)
+
+        # Check that the reaction did not get redacted.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, reaction_event_id, self.mod_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn("redacted_because", event_dict, event_dict)
+
+    @override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3912_enabled": True}})
+    def test_redact_relations_no_perms(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that, when redacting a message along with its relations, if not all
+        the related messages can be redacted because of insufficient permissions, the
+        server still redacts all the ones that can be.
+        """
+        # Send a root event.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "root",
+            },
+            tok=self.other_access_token,
+        )
+        root_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Send a first threaded message, this one from the moderator. We do this for the
+        # first message with the m.thread relation (and not the last one) to ensure
+        # that, when the server fails to redact it, it doesn't stop there, and it
+        # instead goes on to redact the other one.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "message 1",
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "event_id": root_event_id,
+                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.THREAD,
+                },
+            },
+            tok=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        first_threaded_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Send a second threaded message, this time from the user who'll perform the
+        # redaction.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "message 2",
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "event_id": root_event_id,
+                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.THREAD,
+                },
+            },
+            tok=self.other_access_token,
+        )
+        second_threaded_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Redact the thread's root, and request that all threaded messages are also
+        # redacted. Send that request from the non-mod user, so that the first threaded
+        # event cannot be redacted.
+        self._redact_event(
+            self.other_access_token,
+            self.room_id,
+            root_event_id,
+            with_relations=[RelationTypes.THREAD],
+        )
+
+        # Check that the thread root got redacted.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, root_event_id, self.other_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("redacted_because", event_dict, event_dict)
+
+        # Check that the last message in the thread got redacted, despite failing to
+        # redact the one before it.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, second_threaded_event_id, self.other_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("redacted_because", event_dict, event_dict)
+
+        # Check that the message that was sent into the tread by the mod user is not
+        # redacted.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, first_threaded_event_id, self.other_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("body", event_dict["content"], event_dict)
+        self.assertEqual("message 1", event_dict["content"]["body"])
+
+    @override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3912_enabled": True}})
+    def test_redact_relations_txn_id_reuse(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that redacting a message using a transaction ID, then reusing the same
+        transaction ID but providing an additional list of relations to redact, is
+        effectively a no-op.
+        """
+        # Send a root event.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "root",
+            },
+            tok=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        root_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Send a first threaded message.
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
+            room_id=self.room_id,
+            type=EventTypes.Message,
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "I'm in a thread!",
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "event_id": root_event_id,
+                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.THREAD,
+                },
+            },
+            tok=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        threaded_event_id = res["event_id"]
+
+        # Send a first redaction request which redacts only the root event.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            method="PUT",
+            path=f"/rooms/{self.room_id}/redact/{root_event_id}/foo",
+            content={},
+            access_token=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        # Send a second redaction request which redacts the root event as well as
+        # threaded messages.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            method="PUT",
+            path=f"/rooms/{self.room_id}/redact/{root_event_id}/foo",
+            content={"org.matrix.msc3912.with_relations": [RelationTypes.THREAD]},
+            access_token=self.mod_access_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        # Check that the root event got redacted.
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, root_event_id, self.mod_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("redacted_because", event_dict)
+
+        # Check that the threaded message didn't get redacted (since that wasn't part of
+        # the original redaction).
+        event_dict = self.helper.get_event(
+            self.room_id, threaded_event_id, self.mod_access_token
+        )
+        self.assertIn("body", event_dict["content"], event_dict)
+        self.assertEqual("I'm in a thread!", event_dict["content"]["body"])
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_register.py b/tests/rest/client/test_register.py
index b781875d52..11cf3939d8 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_register.py
@@ -22,7 +22,11 @@ import pkg_resources
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 import synapse.rest.admin
-from synapse.api.constants import APP_SERVICE_REGISTRATION_TYPE, LoginType
+from synapse.api.constants import (
+    APP_SERVICE_REGISTRATION_TYPE,
+    ApprovalNoticeMedium,
+    LoginType,
+)
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes
 from synapse.appservice import ApplicationService
 from synapse.rest.client import account, account_validity, login, logout, register, sync
@@ -765,6 +769,32 @@ class RegisterRestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400, channel.json_body)
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["errcode"], Codes.USER_IN_USE)
 
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    def test_require_approval(self) -> None:
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            "register",
+            {
+                "username": "kermit",
+                "password": "monkey",
+                "auth": {"type": LoginType.DUMMY},
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(403, channel.code, channel.result)
+        self.assertEqual(Codes.USER_AWAITING_APPROVAL, channel.json_body["errcode"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ApprovalNoticeMedium.NONE, channel.json_body["approval_notice_medium"]
+        )
+
 
 class AccountValidityTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_relations.py b/tests/rest/client/test_relations.py
index d33e34d829..e3d801f7a8 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_relations.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_relations.py
@@ -654,6 +654,14 @@ class RelationsTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
         )
 
         # We also expect to get the original event (the id of which is self.parent_id)
+        # when requesting the unstable endpoint.
+        self.assertNotIn("original_event", channel.json_body)
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/unstable/rooms/{self.room}/relations/{self.parent_id}?limit=1",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body["original_event"]["event_id"], self.parent_id
         )
@@ -728,7 +736,6 @@ class RelationsTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
 
 
 class RelationPaginationTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
-    @unittest.override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3715_enabled": True}})
     def test_basic_paginate_relations(self) -> None:
         """Tests that calling pagination API correctly the latest relations."""
         channel = self._send_relation(RelationTypes.ANNOTATION, "m.reaction", "a")
@@ -756,11 +763,6 @@ class RelationPaginationTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
             channel.json_body["chunk"][0],
         )
 
-        # We also expect to get the original event (the id of which is self.parent_id)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            channel.json_body["original_event"]["event_id"], self.parent_id
-        )
-
         # Make sure next_batch has something in it that looks like it could be a
         # valid token.
         self.assertIsInstance(
@@ -771,7 +773,7 @@ class RelationPaginationTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
         channel = self.make_request(
             "GET",
             f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/relations"
-            f"/{self.parent_id}?limit=1&org.matrix.msc3715.dir=f",
+            f"/{self.parent_id}?limit=1&dir=f",
             access_token=self.user_token,
         )
         self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
@@ -788,7 +790,6 @@ class RelationPaginationTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
             channel.json_body["chunk"][0],
         )
 
-    @unittest.override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3715_enabled": True}})
     def test_repeated_paginate_relations(self) -> None:
         """Test that if we paginate using a limit and tokens then we get the
         expected events.
@@ -838,7 +839,7 @@ class RelationPaginationTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
 
             channel = self.make_request(
                 "GET",
-                f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/relations/{self.parent_id}?org.matrix.msc3715.dir=f&limit=3{from_token}",
+                f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/relations/{self.parent_id}?dir=f&limit=3{from_token}",
                 access_token=self.user_token,
             )
             self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
@@ -1522,6 +1523,26 @@ class RelationRedactionTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
 
+    def _get_threads(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Request the threads in the room and returns a list of thread ID and latest event ID."""
+        # Request the threads in the room.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        threads = channel.json_body["chunk"]
+        return [
+            (
+                t["event_id"],
+                t["unsigned"]["m.relations"][RelationTypes.THREAD]["latest_event"][
+                    "event_id"
+                ],
+            )
+            for t in threads
+        ]
+
     def test_redact_relation_annotation(self) -> None:
         """
         Test that annotations of an event are properly handled after the
@@ -1566,58 +1587,82 @@ class RelationRedactionTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
         The redacted event should not be included in bundled aggregations or
         the response to relations.
         """
-        channel = self._send_relation(
-            RelationTypes.THREAD,
-            EventTypes.Message,
-            content={"body": "reply 1", "msgtype": "m.text"},
-        )
-        unredacted_event_id = channel.json_body["event_id"]
+        # Create a thread with a few events in it.
+        thread_replies = []
+        for i in range(3):
+            channel = self._send_relation(
+                RelationTypes.THREAD,
+                EventTypes.Message,
+                content={"body": f"reply {i}", "msgtype": "m.text"},
+            )
+            thread_replies.append(channel.json_body["event_id"])
 
-        # Note that the *last* event in the thread is redacted, as that gets
-        # included in the bundled aggregation.
-        channel = self._send_relation(
-            RelationTypes.THREAD,
-            EventTypes.Message,
-            content={"body": "reply 2", "msgtype": "m.text"},
-        )
-        to_redact_event_id = channel.json_body["event_id"]
-
-        # Both relations exist.
-        event_ids = self._get_related_events()
+        ##################################################
+        # Check the test data is configured as expected. #
+        ##################################################
+        self.assertEquals(self._get_related_events(), list(reversed(thread_replies)))
         relations = self._get_bundled_aggregations()
-        self.assertEquals(event_ids, [to_redact_event_id, unredacted_event_id])
         self.assertDictContainsSubset(
-            {
-                "count": 2,
-                "current_user_participated": True,
-            },
+            {"count": 3, "current_user_participated": True},
             relations[RelationTypes.THREAD],
         )
-        # And the latest event returned is the event that will be redacted.
+        # The latest event is the last sent event.
         self.assertEqual(
             relations[RelationTypes.THREAD]["latest_event"]["event_id"],
-            to_redact_event_id,
+            thread_replies[-1],
         )
 
-        # Redact one of the reactions.
-        self._redact(to_redact_event_id)
+        # There should be one thread, the latest event is the event that will be redacted.
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_threads(), [(self.parent_id, thread_replies[-1])])
 
-        # The unredacted relation should still exist.
-        event_ids = self._get_related_events()
+        ##########################
+        # Redact the last event. #
+        ##########################
+        self._redact(thread_replies.pop())
+
+        # The thread should still exist, but the latest event should be updated.
+        self.assertEquals(self._get_related_events(), list(reversed(thread_replies)))
         relations = self._get_bundled_aggregations()
-        self.assertEquals(event_ids, [unredacted_event_id])
         self.assertDictContainsSubset(
-            {
-                "count": 1,
-                "current_user_participated": True,
-            },
+            {"count": 2, "current_user_participated": True},
             relations[RelationTypes.THREAD],
         )
-        # And the latest event is now the unredacted event.
+        # And the latest event is the last unredacted event.
         self.assertEqual(
             relations[RelationTypes.THREAD]["latest_event"]["event_id"],
-            unredacted_event_id,
+            thread_replies[-1],
         )
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_threads(), [(self.parent_id, thread_replies[-1])])
+
+        ###########################################
+        # Redact the *first* event in the thread. #
+        ###########################################
+        self._redact(thread_replies.pop(0))
+
+        # Nothing should have changed (except the thread count).
+        self.assertEquals(self._get_related_events(), thread_replies)
+        relations = self._get_bundled_aggregations()
+        self.assertDictContainsSubset(
+            {"count": 1, "current_user_participated": True},
+            relations[RelationTypes.THREAD],
+        )
+        # And the latest event is the last unredacted event.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            relations[RelationTypes.THREAD]["latest_event"]["event_id"],
+            thread_replies[-1],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_threads(), [(self.parent_id, thread_replies[-1])])
+
+        ####################################
+        # Redact the last remaining event. #
+        ####################################
+        self._redact(thread_replies.pop(0))
+        self.assertEquals(thread_replies, [])
+
+        # The event should no longer be considered a thread.
+        self.assertEquals(self._get_related_events(), [])
+        self.assertEquals(self._get_bundled_aggregations(), {})
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_threads(), [])
 
     def test_redact_parent_edit(self) -> None:
         """Test that edits of an event are redacted when the original event
@@ -1676,7 +1721,6 @@ class RelationRedactionTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
             {"chunk": [{"type": "m.reaction", "key": "👍", "count": 1}]},
         )
 
-    @unittest.override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3440_enabled": True}})
     def test_redact_parent_thread(self) -> None:
         """
         Test that thread replies are still available when the root event is redacted.
@@ -1706,3 +1750,165 @@ class RelationRedactionTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
             relations[RelationTypes.THREAD]["latest_event"]["event_id"],
             related_event_id,
         )
+
+
+class ThreadsTestCase(BaseRelationsTestCase):
+    def _get_threads(self, body: JsonDict) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        return [
+            (
+                ev["event_id"],
+                ev["unsigned"]["m.relations"]["m.thread"]["latest_event"]["event_id"],
+            )
+            for ev in body["chunk"]
+        ]
+
+    def test_threads(self) -> None:
+        """Create threads and ensure the ordering is due to their latest event."""
+        # Create 2 threads.
+        thread_1 = self.parent_id
+        res = self.helper.send(self.room, body="Thread Root!", tok=self.user_token)
+        thread_2 = res["event_id"]
+
+        channel = self._send_relation(RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test")
+        reply_1 = channel.json_body["event_id"]
+        channel = self._send_relation(
+            RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test", parent_id=thread_2
+        )
+        reply_2 = channel.json_body["event_id"]
+
+        # Request the threads in the room.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        threads = self._get_threads(channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(threads, [(thread_2, reply_2), (thread_1, reply_1)])
+
+        # Update the first thread, the ordering should swap.
+        channel = self._send_relation(RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test")
+        reply_3 = channel.json_body["event_id"]
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        # Tuple of (thread ID, latest event ID) for each thread.
+        threads = self._get_threads(channel.json_body)
+        self.assertEqual(threads, [(thread_1, reply_3), (thread_2, reply_2)])
+
+    def test_pagination(self) -> None:
+        """Create threads and paginate through them."""
+        # Create 2 threads.
+        thread_1 = self.parent_id
+        res = self.helper.send(self.room, body="Thread Root!", tok=self.user_token)
+        thread_2 = res["event_id"]
+
+        self._send_relation(RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test")
+        self._send_relation(RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test", parent_id=thread_2)
+
+        # Request the threads in the room.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads?limit=1",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        thread_roots = [ev["event_id"] for ev in channel.json_body["chunk"]]
+        self.assertEqual(thread_roots, [thread_2])
+
+        # Make sure next_batch has something in it that looks like it could be a
+        # valid token.
+        next_batch = channel.json_body.get("next_batch")
+        self.assertIsInstance(next_batch, str, channel.json_body)
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads?limit=1&from={next_batch}",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        thread_roots = [ev["event_id"] for ev in channel.json_body["chunk"]]
+        self.assertEqual(thread_roots, [thread_1], channel.json_body)
+
+        self.assertNotIn("next_batch", channel.json_body, channel.json_body)
+
+    def test_include(self) -> None:
+        """Filtering threads to all or participated in should work."""
+        # Thread 1 has the user as the root event.
+        thread_1 = self.parent_id
+        self._send_relation(
+            RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test", access_token=self.user2_token
+        )
+
+        # Thread 2 has the user replying.
+        res = self.helper.send(self.room, body="Thread Root!", tok=self.user2_token)
+        thread_2 = res["event_id"]
+        self._send_relation(RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test", parent_id=thread_2)
+
+        # Thread 3 has the user not participating in.
+        res = self.helper.send(self.room, body="Another thread!", tok=self.user2_token)
+        thread_3 = res["event_id"]
+        self._send_relation(
+            RelationTypes.THREAD,
+            "m.room.test",
+            access_token=self.user2_token,
+            parent_id=thread_3,
+        )
+
+        # All threads in the room.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        thread_roots = [ev["event_id"] for ev in channel.json_body["chunk"]]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            thread_roots, [thread_3, thread_2, thread_1], channel.json_body
+        )
+
+        # Only participated threads.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads?include=participated",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        thread_roots = [ev["event_id"] for ev in channel.json_body["chunk"]]
+        self.assertEqual(thread_roots, [thread_2, thread_1], channel.json_body)
+
+    def test_ignored_user(self) -> None:
+        """Events from ignored users should be ignored."""
+        # Thread 1 has a reply from an ignored user.
+        thread_1 = self.parent_id
+        self._send_relation(
+            RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test", access_token=self.user2_token
+        )
+
+        # Thread 2 is created by an ignored user.
+        res = self.helper.send(self.room, body="Thread Root!", tok=self.user2_token)
+        thread_2 = res["event_id"]
+        self._send_relation(RelationTypes.THREAD, "m.room.test", parent_id=thread_2)
+
+        # Ignore user2.
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.add_account_data_for_user(
+                self.user_id,
+                AccountDataTypes.IGNORED_USER_LIST,
+                {"ignored_users": {self.user2_id: {}}},
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Only thread 1 is returned.
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{self.room}/threads",
+            access_token=self.user_token,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
+        thread_roots = [ev["event_id"] for ev in channel.json_body["chunk"]]
+        self.assertEqual(thread_roots, [thread_1], channel.json_body)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_rendezvous.py b/tests/rest/client/test_rendezvous.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad00a476e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_rendezvous.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
+
+from synapse.rest.client import rendezvous
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.util import Clock
+
+from tests import unittest
+from tests.unittest import override_config
+
+endpoint = "/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc3886/rendezvous"
+
+
+class RendezvousServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    servlets = [
+        rendezvous.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock) -> HomeServer:
+        self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver()
+        return self.hs
+
+    def test_disabled(self) -> None:
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=None)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400)
+
+    @override_config({"experimental_features": {"msc3886_endpoint": "/asd"}})
+    def test_redirect(self) -> None:
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", endpoint, {}, access_token=None)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 307)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.headers.getRawHeaders("Location"), ["/asd"])
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_rooms.py b/tests/rest/client/test_rooms.py
index c7eb88d33f..e919e089cb 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_rooms.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_rooms.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import json
 from http import HTTPStatus
 from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
-from unittest.mock import Mock, call
+from unittest.mock import Mock, call, patch
 from urllib import parse as urlparse
 
 from parameterized import param, parameterized
@@ -35,13 +35,15 @@ from synapse.api.constants import (
     EventTypes,
     Membership,
     PublicRoomsFilterFields,
-    RelationTypes,
     RoomTypes,
 )
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, HttpResponseException
+from synapse.appservice import ApplicationService
+from synapse.events import EventBase
+from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext
 from synapse.handlers.pagination import PurgeStatus
 from synapse.rest import admin
-from synapse.rest.client import account, directory, login, profile, room, sync
+from synapse.rest.client import account, directory, login, profile, register, room, sync
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, RoomAlias, UserID, create_requester
 from synapse.util import Clock
@@ -49,7 +51,10 @@ from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string
 
 from tests import unittest
 from tests.http.server._base import make_request_with_cancellation_test
+from tests.storage.test_stream import PaginationTestCase
 from tests.test_utils import make_awaitable
+from tests.test_utils.event_injection import create_event
+from tests.unittest import override_config
 
 PATH_PREFIX = b"/_matrix/client/api/v1"
 
@@ -710,7 +715,7 @@ class RoomsCreateTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.assertEqual(HTTPStatus.OK, channel.code, channel.result)
         self.assertTrue("room_id" in channel.json_body)
         assert channel.resource_usage is not None
-        self.assertEqual(44, channel.resource_usage.db_txn_count)
+        self.assertEqual(33, channel.resource_usage.db_txn_count)
 
     def test_post_room_initial_state(self) -> None:
         # POST with initial_state config key, expect new room id
@@ -723,7 +728,7 @@ class RoomsCreateTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.assertEqual(HTTPStatus.OK, channel.code, channel.result)
         self.assertTrue("room_id" in channel.json_body)
         assert channel.resource_usage is not None
-        self.assertEqual(50, channel.resource_usage.db_txn_count)
+        self.assertEqual(36, channel.resource_usage.db_txn_count)
 
     def test_post_room_visibility_key(self) -> None:
         # POST with visibility config key, expect new room id
@@ -867,6 +872,41 @@ class RoomsCreateTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, HTTPStatus.OK, channel.json_body)
         self.assertEqual(join_mock.call_count, 0)
 
+    def _create_basic_room(self) -> Tuple[int, object]:
+        """
+        Tries to create a basic room and returns the response code.
+        """
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            "/createRoom",
+            {},
+        )
+        return channel.code, channel.json_body
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "rc_message": {"per_second": 0.2, "burst_count": 10},
+        }
+    )
+    def test_room_creation_ratelimiting(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Regression test for #14312, where ratelimiting was made too strict.
+        Clients should be able to create 10 rooms in a row
+        without hitting rate limits, using default rate limit config.
+        (We override rate limiting config back to its default value.)
+
+        To ensure we don't make ratelimiting too generous accidentally,
+        also check that we can't create an 11th room.
+        """
+
+        for _ in range(10):
+            code, json_body = self._create_basic_room()
+            self.assertEqual(code, HTTPStatus.OK, json_body)
+
+        # The 6th room hits the rate limit.
+        code, json_body = self._create_basic_room()
+        self.assertEqual(code, HTTPStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS, json_body)
+
 
 class RoomTopicTestCase(RoomBase):
     """Tests /rooms/$room_id/topic REST events."""
@@ -1252,6 +1292,120 @@ class RoomJoinTestCase(RoomBase):
         )
 
 
+class RoomAppserviceTsParamTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        room.register_servlets,
+        synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets,
+        register.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
+        self.appservice_user, _ = self.register_appservice_user(
+            "as_user_potato", self.appservice.token
+        )
+
+        # Create a room as the appservice user.
+        args = {
+            "access_token": self.appservice.token,
+            "user_id": self.appservice_user,
+        }
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            f"/_matrix/client/r0/createRoom?{urlparse.urlencode(args)}",
+            content={"visibility": "public"},
+        )
+
+        assert channel.code == 200
+        self.room = channel.json_body["room_id"]
+
+        self.main_store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock) -> HomeServer:
+        config = self.default_config()
+
+        self.appservice = ApplicationService(
+            token="i_am_an_app_service",
+            id="1234",
+            namespaces={"users": [{"regex": r"@as_user.*", "exclusive": True}]},
+            # Note: this user does not have to match the regex above
+            sender="@as_main:test",
+        )
+
+        mock_load_appservices = Mock(return_value=[self.appservice])
+        with patch(
+            "synapse.storage.databases.main.appservice.load_appservices",
+            mock_load_appservices,
+        ):
+            hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config)
+        return hs
+
+    def test_send_event_ts(self) -> None:
+        """Test sending a non-state event with a custom timestamp."""
+        ts = 1
+
+        url_params = {
+            "user_id": self.appservice_user,
+            "ts": ts,
+        }
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            path=f"/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{self.room}/send/m.room.message/1234?"
+            + urlparse.urlencode(url_params),
+            content={"body": "test", "msgtype": "m.text"},
+            access_token=self.appservice.token,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.json_body)
+        event_id = channel.json_body["event_id"]
+
+        # Ensure the event was persisted with the correct timestamp.
+        res = self.get_success(self.main_store.get_event(event_id))
+        self.assertEquals(ts, res.origin_server_ts)
+
+    def test_send_state_event_ts(self) -> None:
+        """Test sending a state event with a custom timestamp."""
+        ts = 1
+
+        url_params = {
+            "user_id": self.appservice_user,
+            "ts": ts,
+        }
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            path=f"/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{self.room}/state/m.room.name?"
+            + urlparse.urlencode(url_params),
+            content={"name": "test"},
+            access_token=self.appservice.token,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.json_body)
+        event_id = channel.json_body["event_id"]
+
+        # Ensure the event was persisted with the correct timestamp.
+        res = self.get_success(self.main_store.get_event(event_id))
+        self.assertEquals(ts, res.origin_server_ts)
+
+    def test_send_membership_event_ts(self) -> None:
+        """Test sending a membership event with a custom timestamp."""
+        ts = 1
+
+        url_params = {
+            "user_id": self.appservice_user,
+            "ts": ts,
+        }
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            path=f"/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{self.room}/state/m.room.member/{self.appservice_user}?"
+            + urlparse.urlencode(url_params),
+            content={"membership": "join", "display_name": "test"},
+            access_token=self.appservice.token,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.json_body)
+        event_id = channel.json_body["event_id"]
+
+        # Ensure the event was persisted with the correct timestamp.
+        res = self.get_success(self.main_store.get_event(event_id))
+        self.assertEquals(ts, res.origin_server_ts)
+
+
 class RoomJoinRatelimitTestCase(RoomBase):
     user_id = "@sid1:red"
 
@@ -1272,10 +1426,22 @@ class RoomJoinRatelimitTestCase(RoomBase):
     )
     def test_join_local_ratelimit(self) -> None:
         """Tests that local joins are actually rate-limited."""
-        for _ in range(3):
-            self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id)
+        # Create 4 rooms
+        room_ids = [
+            self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, is_public=True) for _ in range(4)
+        ]
 
-        self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, expect_code=429)
+        joiner_user_id = self.register_user("joiner", "secret")
+        # Now make a new user try to join some of them.
+
+        # The user can join 3 rooms
+        for room_id in room_ids[0:3]:
+            self.helper.join(room_id, joiner_user_id)
+
+        # But the user cannot join a 4th room
+        self.helper.join(
+            room_ids[3], joiner_user_id, expect_code=HTTPStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS
+        )
 
     @unittest.override_config(
         {"rc_joins": {"local": {"per_second": 0.5, "burst_count": 3}}}
@@ -2098,14 +2264,17 @@ class PublicRoomsRoomTypeFilterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
     def make_public_rooms_request(
-        self, room_types: Union[List[Union[str, None]], None]
+        self,
+        room_types: Optional[List[Union[str, None]]],
+        instance_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]:
-        channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST",
-            self.url,
-            {"filter": {PublicRoomsFilterFields.ROOM_TYPES: room_types}},
-            self.token,
-        )
+        body: JsonDict = {"filter": {PublicRoomsFilterFields.ROOM_TYPES: room_types}}
+        if instance_id:
+            body["third_party_instance_id"] = "test|test"
+
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body, self.token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
         chunk = channel.json_body["chunk"]
         count = channel.json_body["total_room_count_estimate"]
 
@@ -2115,31 +2284,49 @@ class PublicRoomsRoomTypeFilterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def test_returns_both_rooms_and_spaces_if_no_filter(self) -> None:
         chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request(None)
-
         self.assertEqual(count, 2)
 
+        # Also check if there's no filter property at all in the body.
+        channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, {}, self.token)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(len(channel.json_body["chunk"]), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["total_room_count_estimate"], 2)
+
+        chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request(None, "test|test")
+        self.assertEqual(count, 0)
+
     def test_returns_only_rooms_based_on_filter(self) -> None:
         chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request([None])
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
         self.assertEqual(chunk[0].get("room_type", None), None)
 
+        chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request([None], "test|test")
+        self.assertEqual(count, 0)
+
     def test_returns_only_space_based_on_filter(self) -> None:
         chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request(["m.space"])
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
         self.assertEqual(chunk[0].get("room_type", None), "m.space")
 
+        chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request(["m.space"], "test|test")
+        self.assertEqual(count, 0)
+
     def test_returns_both_rooms_and_space_based_on_filter(self) -> None:
         chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request(["m.space", None])
-
         self.assertEqual(count, 2)
 
+        chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request(["m.space", None], "test|test")
+        self.assertEqual(count, 0)
+
     def test_returns_both_rooms_and_spaces_if_array_is_empty(self) -> None:
         chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request([])
-
         self.assertEqual(count, 2)
 
+        chunk, count = self.make_public_rooms_request([], "test|test")
+        self.assertEqual(count, 0)
+
 
 class PublicRoomsTestRemoteSearchFallbackTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     """Test that we correctly fallback to local filtering if a remote server
@@ -2779,149 +2966,20 @@ class LabelsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         return event_id
 
 
-class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-    servlets = [
-        synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
-        room.register_servlets,
-        login.register_servlets,
-    ]
-
-    def default_config(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        config = super().default_config()
-        config["experimental_features"] = {"msc3440_enabled": True}
-        return config
-
-    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
-        self.user_id = self.register_user("test", "test")
-        self.tok = self.login("test", "test")
-        self.room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, tok=self.tok)
-
-        self.second_user_id = self.register_user("second", "test")
-        self.second_tok = self.login("second", "test")
-        self.helper.join(
-            room=self.room_id, user=self.second_user_id, tok=self.second_tok
-        )
-
-        self.third_user_id = self.register_user("third", "test")
-        self.third_tok = self.login("third", "test")
-        self.helper.join(room=self.room_id, user=self.third_user_id, tok=self.third_tok)
-
-        # An initial event with a relation from second user.
-        res = self.helper.send_event(
-            room_id=self.room_id,
-            type=EventTypes.Message,
-            content={"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "Message 1"},
-            tok=self.tok,
-        )
-        self.event_id_1 = res["event_id"]
-        self.helper.send_event(
-            room_id=self.room_id,
-            type="m.reaction",
-            content={
-                "m.relates_to": {
-                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
-                    "event_id": self.event_id_1,
-                    "key": "👍",
-                }
-            },
-            tok=self.second_tok,
-        )
-
-        # Another event with a relation from third user.
-        res = self.helper.send_event(
-            room_id=self.room_id,
-            type=EventTypes.Message,
-            content={"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "Message 2"},
-            tok=self.tok,
-        )
-        self.event_id_2 = res["event_id"]
-        self.helper.send_event(
-            room_id=self.room_id,
-            type="m.reaction",
-            content={
-                "m.relates_to": {
-                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.REFERENCE,
-                    "event_id": self.event_id_2,
-                }
-            },
-            tok=self.third_tok,
-        )
-
-        # An event with no relations.
-        self.helper.send_event(
-            room_id=self.room_id,
-            type=EventTypes.Message,
-            content={"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "No relations"},
-            tok=self.tok,
-        )
-
-    def _filter_messages(self, filter: JsonDict) -> List[JsonDict]:
+class RelationsTestCase(PaginationTestCase):
+    def _filter_messages(self, filter: JsonDict) -> List[str]:
         """Make a request to /messages with a filter, returns the chunk of events."""
+        from_token = self.get_success(
+            self.from_token.to_string(self.hs.get_datastores().main)
+        )
         channel = self.make_request(
             "GET",
-            "/rooms/%s/messages?filter=%s&dir=b" % (self.room_id, json.dumps(filter)),
+            f"/rooms/{self.room_id}/messages?filter={json.dumps(filter)}&dir=f&from={from_token}",
             access_token=self.tok,
         )
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, HTTPStatus.OK, channel.result)
 
-        return channel.json_body["chunk"]
-
-    def test_filter_relation_senders(self) -> None:
-        # Messages which second user reacted to.
-        filter = {"related_by_senders": [self.second_user_id]}
-        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0]["event_id"], self.event_id_1)
-
-        # Messages which third user reacted to.
-        filter = {"related_by_senders": [self.third_user_id]}
-        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0]["event_id"], self.event_id_2)
-
-        # Messages which either user reacted to.
-        filter = {"related_by_senders": [self.second_user_id, self.third_user_id]}
-        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 2, chunk)
-        self.assertCountEqual(
-            [c["event_id"] for c in chunk], [self.event_id_1, self.event_id_2]
-        )
-
-    def test_filter_relation_type(self) -> None:
-        # Messages which have annotations.
-        filter = {"related_by_rel_types": [RelationTypes.ANNOTATION]}
-        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0]["event_id"], self.event_id_1)
-
-        # Messages which have references.
-        filter = {"related_by_rel_types": [RelationTypes.REFERENCE]}
-        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0]["event_id"], self.event_id_2)
-
-        # Messages which have either annotations or references.
-        filter = {
-            "related_by_rel_types": [
-                RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
-                RelationTypes.REFERENCE,
-            ]
-        }
-        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 2, chunk)
-        self.assertCountEqual(
-            [c["event_id"] for c in chunk], [self.event_id_1, self.event_id_2]
-        )
-
-    def test_filter_relation_senders_and_type(self) -> None:
-        # Messages which second user reacted to.
-        filter = {
-            "related_by_senders": [self.second_user_id],
-            "related_by_rel_types": [RelationTypes.ANNOTATION],
-        }
-        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0]["event_id"], self.event_id_1)
+        return [ev["event_id"] for ev in channel.json_body["chunk"]]
 
 
 class ContextTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -3479,3 +3537,65 @@ class ThreepidInviteTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 400)
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["errcode"], "M_MISSING_PARAM")
+
+
+class TimestampLookupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def default_config(self) -> JsonDict:
+        config = super().default_config()
+        config["experimental_features"] = {"msc3030_enabled": True}
+        return config
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
+        self._storage_controllers = self.hs.get_storage_controllers()
+
+        self.room_owner = self.register_user("room_owner", "test")
+        self.room_owner_tok = self.login("room_owner", "test")
+
+    def _inject_outlier(self, room_id: str) -> EventBase:
+        event, _context = self.get_success(
+            create_event(
+                self.hs,
+                room_id=room_id,
+                type="m.test",
+                sender="@test_remote_user:remote",
+            )
+        )
+
+        event.internal_metadata.outlier = True
+        self.get_success(
+            self._storage_controllers.persistence.persist_event(
+                event, EventContext.for_outlier(self._storage_controllers)
+            )
+        )
+        return event
+
+    def test_no_outliers(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test to make sure `/timestamp_to_event` does not return `outlier` events.
+        We're unable to determine whether an `outlier` is next to a gap so we
+        don't know whether it's actually the closest event. Instead, let's just
+        ignore `outliers` with this endpoint.
+
+        This test is really seeing that we choose the non-`outlier` event behind the
+        `outlier`. Since the gap checking logic considers the latest message in the room
+        as *not* next to a gap, asking over federation does not come into play here.
+        """
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.room_owner, tok=self.room_owner_tok)
+
+        outlier_event = self._inject_outlier(room_id)
+
+        channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET",
+            f"/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc3030/rooms/{room_id}/timestamp_to_event?dir=b&ts={outlier_event.origin_server_ts}",
+            access_token=self.room_owner_tok,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(HTTPStatus.OK, channel.code, msg=channel.json_body)
+
+        # Make sure the outlier event is not returned
+        self.assertNotEqual(channel.json_body["event_id"], outlier_event.event_id)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_typing.py b/tests/rest/client/test_typing.py
index 61b66d7685..fdc433a8b5 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_typing.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_typing.py
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ class RoomTypingTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             self.event_source.get_new_events(
                 user=UserID.from_string(self.user_id),
                 from_key=0,
-                limit=None,
+                # Limit is unused.
+                limit=0,
                 room_ids=[self.room_id],
                 is_guest=False,
             )
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/utils.py b/tests/rest/client/utils.py
index dd26145bf8..8d6f2b6ff9 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/utils.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/utils.py
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ from typing import (
     Tuple,
     overload,
 )
-from unittest.mock import patch
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 import attr
@@ -46,8 +45,19 @@ from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
 from tests.server import FakeChannel, FakeSite, make_request
-from tests.test_utils import FakeResponse
 from tests.test_utils.html_parsers import TestHtmlParser
+from tests.test_utils.oidc import FakeAuthorizationGrant, FakeOidcServer
+
+# an 'oidc_config' suitable for login_via_oidc.
+TEST_OIDC_ISSUER = "https://issuer.test/"
+TEST_OIDC_CONFIG = {
+    "enabled": True,
+    "issuer": TEST_OIDC_ISSUER,
+    "client_id": "test-client-id",
+    "client_secret": "test-client-secret",
+    "scopes": ["openid"],
+    "user_mapping_provider": {"config": {"localpart_template": "{{ user.sub }}"}},
+}
 
 
 @attr.s(auto_attribs=True)
@@ -400,6 +410,43 @@ class RestHelper:
 
         return channel.json_body
 
+    def get_event(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_id: str,
+        tok: Optional[str] = None,
+        expect_code: int = HTTPStatus.OK,
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Request a specific event from the server.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id: the room in which the event was sent.
+            event_id: the event's ID.
+            tok: the token to request the event with.
+            expect_code: the expected HTTP status for the response.
+
+        Returns:
+            The event as a dict.
+        """
+        path = f"/_matrix/client/v3/rooms/{room_id}/event/{event_id}"
+        if tok:
+            path = path + f"?access_token={tok}"
+
+        channel = make_request(
+            self.hs.get_reactor(),
+            self.site,
+            "GET",
+            path,
+        )
+
+        assert channel.code == expect_code, "Expected: %d, got: %d, resp: %r" % (
+            expect_code,
+            channel.code,
+            channel.result["body"],
+        )
+
+        return channel.json_body
+
     def _read_write_state(
         self,
         room_id: str,
@@ -543,7 +590,56 @@ class RestHelper:
 
         return channel.json_body
 
-    def login_via_oidc(self, remote_user_id: str) -> JsonDict:
+    def whoami(
+        self,
+        access_token: str,
+        expect_code: Literal[HTTPStatus.OK, HTTPStatus.UNAUTHORIZED] = HTTPStatus.OK,
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Perform a 'whoami' request, which can be a quick way to check for access
+        token validity
+
+        Args:
+            access_token: The user token to use during the request
+            expect_code: The return code to expect from attempting the whoami request
+        """
+        channel = make_request(
+            self.hs.get_reactor(),
+            self.site,
+            "GET",
+            "account/whoami",
+            access_token=access_token,
+        )
+
+        assert channel.code == expect_code, "Exepcted: %d, got %d, resp: %r" % (
+            expect_code,
+            channel.code,
+            channel.result["body"],
+        )
+
+        return channel.json_body
+
+    def fake_oidc_server(self, issuer: str = TEST_OIDC_ISSUER) -> FakeOidcServer:
+        """Create a ``FakeOidcServer``.
+
+        This can be used in conjuction with ``login_via_oidc``::
+
+            fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+            login_data, _ = self.helper.login_via_oidc(fake_oidc_server, "user")
+        """
+
+        return FakeOidcServer(
+            clock=self.hs.get_clock(),
+            issuer=issuer,
+        )
+
+    def login_via_oidc(
+        self,
+        fake_server: FakeOidcServer,
+        remote_user_id: str,
+        with_sid: bool = False,
+        idp_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        expected_status: int = 200,
+    ) -> Tuple[JsonDict, FakeAuthorizationGrant]:
         """Log in (as a new user) via OIDC
 
         Returns the result of the final token login.
@@ -556,7 +652,14 @@ class RestHelper:
         the normal places.
         """
         client_redirect_url = "https://x"
-        channel = self.auth_via_oidc({"sub": remote_user_id}, client_redirect_url)
+        userinfo = {"sub": remote_user_id}
+        channel, grant = self.auth_via_oidc(
+            fake_server,
+            userinfo,
+            client_redirect_url,
+            with_sid=with_sid,
+            idp_id=idp_id,
+        )
 
         # expect a confirmation page
         assert channel.code == HTTPStatus.OK, channel.result
@@ -578,15 +681,20 @@ class RestHelper:
             "/login",
             content={"type": "m.login.token", "token": login_token},
         )
-        assert channel.code == HTTPStatus.OK
-        return channel.json_body
+        assert (
+            channel.code == expected_status
+        ), f"unexpected status in response: {channel.code}"
+        return channel.json_body, grant
 
     def auth_via_oidc(
         self,
+        fake_server: FakeOidcServer,
         user_info_dict: JsonDict,
         client_redirect_url: Optional[str] = None,
         ui_auth_session_id: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> FakeChannel:
+        with_sid: bool = False,
+        idp_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[FakeChannel, FakeAuthorizationGrant]:
         """Perform an OIDC authentication flow via a mock OIDC provider.
 
         This can be used for either login or user-interactive auth.
@@ -610,6 +718,8 @@ class RestHelper:
                 the login redirect endpoint
             ui_auth_session_id: if set, we will perform a UI Auth flow. The session id
                 of the UI auth.
+            with_sid: if True, generates a random `sid` (OIDC session ID)
+            idp_id: if set, explicitely chooses one specific IDP
 
         Returns:
             A FakeChannel containing the result of calling the OIDC callback endpoint.
@@ -619,14 +729,17 @@ class RestHelper:
 
         cookies: Dict[str, str] = {}
 
-        # if we're doing a ui auth, hit the ui auth redirect endpoint
-        if ui_auth_session_id:
-            # can't set the client redirect url for UI Auth
-            assert client_redirect_url is None
-            oauth_uri = self.initiate_sso_ui_auth(ui_auth_session_id, cookies)
-        else:
-            # otherwise, hit the login redirect endpoint
-            oauth_uri = self.initiate_sso_login(client_redirect_url, cookies)
+        with fake_server.patch_homeserver(hs=self.hs):
+            # if we're doing a ui auth, hit the ui auth redirect endpoint
+            if ui_auth_session_id:
+                # can't set the client redirect url for UI Auth
+                assert client_redirect_url is None
+                oauth_uri = self.initiate_sso_ui_auth(ui_auth_session_id, cookies)
+            else:
+                # otherwise, hit the login redirect endpoint
+                oauth_uri = self.initiate_sso_login(
+                    client_redirect_url, cookies, idp_id=idp_id
+                )
 
         # we now have a URI for the OIDC IdP, but we skip that and go straight
         # back to synapse's OIDC callback resource. However, we do need the "state"
@@ -634,17 +747,21 @@ class RestHelper:
         # that synapse passes to the client.
 
         oauth_uri_path, _ = oauth_uri.split("?", 1)
-        assert oauth_uri_path == TEST_OIDC_AUTH_ENDPOINT, (
+        assert oauth_uri_path == fake_server.authorization_endpoint, (
             "unexpected SSO URI " + oauth_uri_path
         )
-        return self.complete_oidc_auth(oauth_uri, cookies, user_info_dict)
+        return self.complete_oidc_auth(
+            fake_server, oauth_uri, cookies, user_info_dict, with_sid=with_sid
+        )
 
     def complete_oidc_auth(
         self,
+        fake_serer: FakeOidcServer,
         oauth_uri: str,
         cookies: Mapping[str, str],
         user_info_dict: JsonDict,
-    ) -> FakeChannel:
+        with_sid: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[FakeChannel, FakeAuthorizationGrant]:
         """Mock out an OIDC authentication flow
 
         Assumes that an OIDC auth has been initiated by one of initiate_sso_login or
@@ -655,50 +772,37 @@ class RestHelper:
         Requires the OIDC callback resource to be mounted at the normal place.
 
         Args:
+            fake_server: the fake OIDC server with which the auth should be done
             oauth_uri: the OIDC URI returned by synapse's redirect endpoint (ie,
                from initiate_sso_login or initiate_sso_ui_auth).
             cookies: the cookies set by synapse's redirect endpoint, which will be
                sent back to the callback endpoint.
             user_info_dict: the remote userinfo that the OIDC provider should present.
                 Typically this should be '{"sub": "<remote user id>"}'.
+            with_sid: if True, generates a random `sid` (OIDC session ID)
 
         Returns:
             A FakeChannel containing the result of calling the OIDC callback endpoint.
         """
         _, oauth_uri_qs = oauth_uri.split("?", 1)
         params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(oauth_uri_qs)
+
+        code, grant = fake_serer.start_authorization(
+            scope=params["scope"][0],
+            userinfo=user_info_dict,
+            client_id=params["client_id"][0],
+            redirect_uri=params["redirect_uri"][0],
+            nonce=params["nonce"][0],
+            with_sid=with_sid,
+        )
+        state = params["state"][0]
+
         callback_uri = "%s?%s" % (
             urllib.parse.urlparse(params["redirect_uri"][0]).path,
-            urllib.parse.urlencode({"state": params["state"][0], "code": "TEST_CODE"}),
+            urllib.parse.urlencode({"state": state, "code": code}),
         )
 
-        # before we hit the callback uri, stub out some methods in the http client so
-        # that we don't have to handle full HTTPS requests.
-        # (expected url, json response) pairs, in the order we expect them.
-        expected_requests = [
-            # first we get a hit to the token endpoint, which we tell to return
-            # a dummy OIDC access token
-            (TEST_OIDC_TOKEN_ENDPOINT, {"access_token": "TEST"}),
-            # and then one to the user_info endpoint, which returns our remote user id.
-            (TEST_OIDC_USERINFO_ENDPOINT, user_info_dict),
-        ]
-
-        async def mock_req(
-            method: str,
-            uri: str,
-            data: Optional[dict] = None,
-            headers: Optional[Iterable[Tuple[AnyStr, AnyStr]]] = None,
-        ):
-            (expected_uri, resp_obj) = expected_requests.pop(0)
-            assert uri == expected_uri
-            resp = FakeResponse(
-                code=HTTPStatus.OK,
-                phrase=b"OK",
-                body=json.dumps(resp_obj).encode("utf-8"),
-            )
-            return resp
-
-        with patch.object(self.hs.get_proxied_http_client(), "request", mock_req):
+        with fake_serer.patch_homeserver(hs=self.hs):
             # now hit the callback URI with the right params and a made-up code
             channel = make_request(
                 self.hs.get_reactor(),
@@ -709,10 +813,13 @@ class RestHelper:
                     ("Cookie", "%s=%s" % (k, v)) for (k, v) in cookies.items()
                 ],
             )
-        return channel
+        return channel, grant
 
     def initiate_sso_login(
-        self, client_redirect_url: Optional[str], cookies: MutableMapping[str, str]
+        self,
+        client_redirect_url: Optional[str],
+        cookies: MutableMapping[str, str],
+        idp_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Make a request to the login-via-sso redirect endpoint, and return the target
 
@@ -723,6 +830,7 @@ class RestHelper:
             client_redirect_url: the client redirect URL to pass to the login redirect
                 endpoint
             cookies: any cookies returned will be added to this dict
+            idp_id: if set, explicitely chooses one specific IDP
 
         Returns:
             the URI that the client gets redirected to (ie, the SSO server)
@@ -731,6 +839,12 @@ class RestHelper:
         if client_redirect_url:
             params["redirectUrl"] = client_redirect_url
 
+        uri = "/_matrix/client/r0/login/sso/redirect"
+        if idp_id is not None:
+            uri = f"{uri}/{idp_id}"
+
+        uri = f"{uri}?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
+
         # hit the redirect url (which should redirect back to the redirect url. This
         # is the easiest way of figuring out what the Host header ought to be set to
         # to keep Synapse happy.
@@ -738,7 +852,7 @@ class RestHelper:
             self.hs.get_reactor(),
             self.site,
             "GET",
-            "/_matrix/client/r0/login/sso/redirect?" + urllib.parse.urlencode(params),
+            uri,
         )
         assert channel.code == 302
 
@@ -800,21 +914,3 @@ class RestHelper:
         assert len(p.links) == 1, "not exactly one link in confirmation page"
         oauth_uri = p.links[0]
         return oauth_uri
-
-
-# an 'oidc_config' suitable for login_via_oidc.
-TEST_OIDC_AUTH_ENDPOINT = "https://issuer.test/auth"
-TEST_OIDC_TOKEN_ENDPOINT = "https://issuer.test/token"
-TEST_OIDC_USERINFO_ENDPOINT = "https://issuer.test/userinfo"
-TEST_OIDC_CONFIG = {
-    "enabled": True,
-    "discover": False,
-    "issuer": "https://issuer.test",
-    "client_id": "test-client-id",
-    "client_secret": "test-client-secret",
-    "scopes": ["profile"],
-    "authorization_endpoint": TEST_OIDC_AUTH_ENDPOINT,
-    "token_endpoint": TEST_OIDC_TOKEN_ENDPOINT,
-    "userinfo_endpoint": TEST_OIDC_USERINFO_ENDPOINT,
-    "user_mapping_provider": {"config": {"localpart_template": "{{ user.sub }}"}},
-}
diff --git a/tests/rest/key/v2/test_remote_key_resource.py b/tests/rest/key/v2/test_remote_key_resource.py
index ac0ac06b7e..7f1fba1086 100644
--- a/tests/rest/key/v2/test_remote_key_resource.py
+++ b/tests/rest/key/v2/test_remote_key_resource.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from twisted.web.resource import NoResource, Resource
 
 from synapse.crypto.keyring import PerspectivesKeyFetcher
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
-from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyApiV2Resource
+from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyResource
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage.keys import FetchKeyResult
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class BaseRemoteKeyResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def create_test_resource(self) -> Resource:
         return create_resource_tree(
-            {"/_matrix/key/v2": KeyApiV2Resource(self.hs)}, root_resource=NoResource()
+            {"/_matrix/key/v2": KeyResource(self.hs)}, root_resource=NoResource()
         )
 
     def expect_outgoing_key_request(
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_oembed.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_oembed.py
index f38d7225f8..319ae8b1cc 100644
--- a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_oembed.py
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_oembed.py
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 import json
 
+from parameterized import parameterized
+
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 from synapse.rest.media.v1.oembed import OEmbedProvider, OEmbedResult
@@ -23,8 +25,16 @@ from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
 
+try:
+    import lxml
+except ImportError:
+    lxml = None
+
 
 class OEmbedTests(HomeserverTestCase):
+    if not lxml:
+        skip = "url preview feature requires lxml"
+
     def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
         self.oembed = OEmbedProvider(hs)
 
@@ -36,7 +46,7 @@ class OEmbedTests(HomeserverTestCase):
     def test_version(self) -> None:
         """Accept versions that are similar to 1.0 as a string or int (or missing)."""
         for version in ("1.0", 1.0, 1):
-            result = self.parse_response({"version": version, "type": "link"})
+            result = self.parse_response({"version": version})
             # An empty Open Graph response is an error, ensure the URL is included.
             self.assertIn("og:url", result.open_graph_result)
 
@@ -49,3 +59,94 @@ class OEmbedTests(HomeserverTestCase):
             result = self.parse_response({"version": version, "type": "link"})
             # An empty Open Graph response is an error, ensure the URL is included.
             self.assertEqual({}, result.open_graph_result)
+
+    def test_cache_age(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure a cache-age is parsed properly."""
+        # Correct-ish cache ages are allowed.
+        for cache_age in ("1", 1.0, 1):
+            result = self.parse_response({"cache_age": cache_age})
+            self.assertEqual(result.cache_age, 1000)
+
+        # Invalid cache ages are ignored.
+        for cache_age in ("invalid", {}):
+            result = self.parse_response({"cache_age": cache_age})
+            self.assertIsNone(result.cache_age)
+
+        # Cache age is optional.
+        result = self.parse_response({})
+        self.assertIsNone(result.cache_age)
+
+    @parameterized.expand(
+        [
+            ("title", "title"),
+            ("provider_name", "site_name"),
+            ("thumbnail_url", "image"),
+        ],
+        name_func=lambda func, num, p: f"{func.__name__}_{p.args[0]}",
+    )
+    def test_property(self, oembed_property: str, open_graph_property: str) -> None:
+        """Test properties which must be strings."""
+        result = self.parse_response({oembed_property: "test"})
+        self.assertIn(f"og:{open_graph_property}", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result[f"og:{open_graph_property}"], "test")
+
+        result = self.parse_response({oembed_property: 1})
+        self.assertNotIn(f"og:{open_graph_property}", result.open_graph_result)
+
+    def test_author_name(self) -> None:
+        """Test the author_name property."""
+        result = self.parse_response({"author_name": "test"})
+        self.assertEqual(result.author_name, "test")
+
+        result = self.parse_response({"author_name": 1})
+        self.assertIsNone(result.author_name)
+
+    def test_rich(self) -> None:
+        """Test a type of rich."""
+        result = self.parse_response({"html": "test<img src='foo'>", "type": "rich"})
+        self.assertIn("og:description", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertIn("og:image", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:description"], "test")
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:image"], "foo")
+
+        result = self.parse_response({"type": "rich"})
+        self.assertNotIn("og:description", result.open_graph_result)
+
+        result = self.parse_response({"html": 1, "type": "rich"})
+        self.assertNotIn("og:description", result.open_graph_result)
+
+    def test_photo(self) -> None:
+        """Test a type of photo."""
+        result = self.parse_response({"url": "test", "type": "photo"})
+        self.assertIn("og:image", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:image"], "test")
+
+        result = self.parse_response({"type": "photo"})
+        self.assertNotIn("og:image", result.open_graph_result)
+
+        result = self.parse_response({"url": 1, "type": "photo"})
+        self.assertNotIn("og:image", result.open_graph_result)
+
+    def test_video(self) -> None:
+        """Test a type of video."""
+        result = self.parse_response({"html": "test", "type": "video"})
+        self.assertIn("og:type", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:type"], "video.other")
+        self.assertIn("og:description", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:description"], "test")
+
+        result = self.parse_response({"type": "video"})
+        self.assertIn("og:type", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:type"], "video.other")
+        self.assertNotIn("og:description", result.open_graph_result)
+
+        result = self.parse_response({"url": 1, "type": "video"})
+        self.assertIn("og:type", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:type"], "video.other")
+        self.assertNotIn("og:description", result.open_graph_result)
+
+    def test_link(self) -> None:
+        """Test type of link."""
+        result = self.parse_response({"type": "link"})
+        self.assertIn("og:type", result.open_graph_result)
+        self.assertEqual(result.open_graph_result["og:type"], "website")
diff --git a/tests/server.py b/tests/server.py
index c447d5e4c4..b1730fcc8d 100644
--- a/tests/server.py
+++ b/tests/server.py
@@ -266,7 +266,12 @@ class FakeSite:
     site_tag = "test"
     access_logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.access.http.fake")
 
-    def __init__(self, resource: IResource, reactor: IReactorTime):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        resource: IResource,
+        reactor: IReactorTime,
+        experimental_cors_msc3886: bool = False,
+    ):
         """
 
         Args:
@@ -274,6 +279,7 @@ class FakeSite:
         """
         self._resource = resource
         self.reactor = reactor
+        self.experimental_cors_msc3886 = experimental_cors_msc3886
 
     def getResourceFor(self, request):
         return self._resource
@@ -356,6 +362,12 @@ def make_request(
     # Twisted expects to be at the end of the content when parsing the request.
     req.content.seek(0, SEEK_END)
 
+    # Old version of Twisted (<20.3.0) have issues with parsing x-www-form-urlencoded
+    # bodies if the Content-Length header is missing
+    req.requestHeaders.addRawHeader(
+        b"Content-Length", str(len(content)).encode("ascii")
+    )
+
     if access_token:
         req.requestHeaders.addRawHeader(
             b"Authorization", b"Bearer " + access_token.encode("ascii")
diff --git a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
index bf403045e9..7cbc40736c 100644
--- a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
+++ b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+from typing import Tuple
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
@@ -350,14 +351,15 @@ class TestResourceLimitsServerNoticesWithRealRooms(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.assertTrue(notice_in_room, "No server notice in room")
 
-    def _trigger_notice_and_join(self):
+    def _trigger_notice_and_join(self) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
         """Creates enough active users to hit the MAU limit and trigger a system notice
         about it, then joins the system notices room with one of the users created.
 
         Returns:
-            user_id (str): The ID of the user that joined the room.
-            tok (str): The access token of the user that joined the room.
-            room_id (str): The ID of the room that's been joined.
+            A tuple of:
+                user_id: The ID of the user that joined the room.
+                tok: The access token of the user that joined the room.
+                room_id: The ID of the room that's been joined.
         """
         user_id = None
         tok = None
diff --git a/tests/storage/databases/main/test_events_worker.py b/tests/storage/databases/main/test_events_worker.py
index 67401272ac..5773172ab8 100644
--- a/tests/storage/databases/main/test_events_worker.py
+++ b/tests/storage/databases/main/test_events_worker.py
@@ -35,66 +35,45 @@ from synapse.util import Clock
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import yieldable_gather_results
 
 from tests import unittest
+from tests.test_utils.event_injection import create_event, inject_event
 
 
 class HaveSeenEventsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
+        self.hs = hs
         self.store: EventsWorkerStore = hs.get_datastores().main
 
-        # insert some test data
-        for rid in ("room1", "room2"):
-            self.get_success(
-                self.store.db_pool.simple_insert(
-                    "rooms",
-                    {"room_id": rid, "room_version": 4},
-                )
-            )
+        self.user = self.register_user("user", "pass")
+        self.token = self.login(self.user, "pass")
+        self.room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user, tok=self.token)
 
         self.event_ids: List[str] = []
-        for idx, rid in enumerate(
-            (
-                "room1",
-                "room1",
-                "room1",
-                "room2",
+        for i in range(3):
+            event = self.get_success(
+                inject_event(
+                    hs,
+                    room_version=RoomVersions.V7.identifier,
+                    room_id=self.room_id,
+                    sender=self.user,
+                    type="test_event_type",
+                    content={"body": f"foobarbaz{i}"},
+                )
             )
-        ):
-            event_json = {"type": f"test {idx}", "room_id": rid}
-            event = make_event_from_dict(event_json, room_version=RoomVersions.V4)
-            event_id = event.event_id
 
-            self.get_success(
-                self.store.db_pool.simple_insert(
-                    "events",
-                    {
-                        "event_id": event_id,
-                        "room_id": rid,
-                        "topological_ordering": idx,
-                        "stream_ordering": idx,
-                        "type": event.type,
-                        "processed": True,
-                        "outlier": False,
-                    },
-                )
-            )
-            self.get_success(
-                self.store.db_pool.simple_insert(
-                    "event_json",
-                    {
-                        "event_id": event_id,
-                        "room_id": rid,
-                        "json": json.dumps(event_json),
-                        "internal_metadata": "{}",
-                        "format_version": 3,
-                    },
-                )
-            )
-            self.event_ids.append(event_id)
+            self.event_ids.append(event.event_id)
 
     def test_simple(self):
         with LoggingContext(name="test") as ctx:
             res = self.get_success(
-                self.store.have_seen_events("room1", [self.event_ids[0], "event19"])
+                self.store.have_seen_events(
+                    self.room_id, [self.event_ids[0], "eventdoesnotexist"]
+                )
             )
             self.assertEqual(res, {self.event_ids[0]})
 
@@ -104,22 +83,87 @@ class HaveSeenEventsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # a second lookup of the same events should cause no queries
         with LoggingContext(name="test") as ctx:
             res = self.get_success(
-                self.store.have_seen_events("room1", [self.event_ids[0], "event19"])
+                self.store.have_seen_events(
+                    self.room_id, [self.event_ids[0], "eventdoesnotexist"]
+                )
             )
             self.assertEqual(res, {self.event_ids[0]})
             self.assertEqual(ctx.get_resource_usage().db_txn_count, 0)
 
-    def test_query_via_event_cache(self):
-        # fetch an event into the event cache
-        self.get_success(self.store.get_event(self.event_ids[0]))
+    def test_persisting_event_invalidates_cache(self):
+        """
+        Test to make sure that the `have_seen_event` cache
+        is invalidated after we persist an event and returns
+        the updated value.
+        """
+        event, event_context = self.get_success(
+            create_event(
+                self.hs,
+                room_id=self.room_id,
+                sender=self.user,
+                type="test_event_type",
+                content={"body": "garply"},
+            )
+        )
+
+        with LoggingContext(name="test") as ctx:
+            # First, check `have_seen_event` for an event we have not seen yet
+            # to prime the cache with a `false` value.
+            res = self.get_success(
+                self.store.have_seen_events(event.room_id, [event.event_id])
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(res, set())
+
+            # That should result in a single db query to lookup
+            self.assertEqual(ctx.get_resource_usage().db_txn_count, 1)
+
+        # Persist the event which should invalidate or prefill the
+        # `have_seen_event` cache so we don't return stale values.
+        persistence = self.hs.get_storage_controllers().persistence
+        self.get_success(
+            persistence.persist_event(
+                event,
+                event_context,
+            )
+        )
+
+        with LoggingContext(name="test") as ctx:
+            # Check `have_seen_event` again and we should see the updated fact
+            # that we have now seen the event after persisting it.
+            res = self.get_success(
+                self.store.have_seen_events(event.room_id, [event.event_id])
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(res, {event.event_id})
+
+            # That should result in a single db query to lookup
+            self.assertEqual(ctx.get_resource_usage().db_txn_count, 1)
+
+    def test_invalidate_cache_by_room_id(self):
+        """
+        Test to make sure that all events associated with the given `(room_id,)`
+        are invalidated in the `have_seen_event` cache.
+        """
+        with LoggingContext(name="test") as ctx:
+            # Prime the cache with some values
+            res = self.get_success(
+                self.store.have_seen_events(self.room_id, self.event_ids)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(res, set(self.event_ids))
+
+            # That should result in a single db query to lookup
+            self.assertEqual(ctx.get_resource_usage().db_txn_count, 1)
+
+        # Clear the cache with any events associated with the `room_id`
+        self.store.have_seen_event.invalidate((self.room_id,))
 
-        # looking it up should now cause no db hits
         with LoggingContext(name="test") as ctx:
             res = self.get_success(
-                self.store.have_seen_events("room1", [self.event_ids[0]])
+                self.store.have_seen_events(self.room_id, self.event_ids)
             )
-            self.assertEqual(res, {self.event_ids[0]})
-            self.assertEqual(ctx.get_resource_usage().db_txn_count, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(res, set(self.event_ids))
+
+            # Since we cleared the cache, it should result in another db query to lookup
+            self.assertEqual(ctx.get_resource_usage().db_txn_count, 1)
 
 
 class EventCacheTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/storage/databases/main/test_receipts.py b/tests/storage/databases/main/test_receipts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4f12d81d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/storage/databases/main/test_receipts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the 'License');
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an 'AS IS' BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+
+from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
+
+from synapse.rest import admin
+from synapse.rest.client import login, room
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.storage.database import LoggingTransaction
+from synapse.util import Clock
+
+from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
+
+
+class ReceiptsBackgroundUpdateStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer):
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.user_id = self.register_user("foo", "pass")
+        self.token = self.login("foo", "pass")
+        self.room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, tok=self.token)
+        self.other_room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, tok=self.token)
+
+    def _test_background_receipts_unique_index(
+        self,
+        update_name: str,
+        index_name: str,
+        table: str,
+        receipts: Dict[Tuple[str, str, str], Sequence[Dict[str, Any]]],
+        expected_unique_receipts: Dict[Tuple[str, str, str], Optional[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    ):
+        """Test that the background update to uniqueify non-thread receipts in
+        the given receipts table works properly.
+
+        Args:
+            update_name: The name of the background update to test.
+            index_name: The name of the index that the background update creates.
+            table: The table of receipts that the background update fixes.
+            receipts: The test data containing duplicate receipts.
+                A list of receipt rows to insert, grouped by
+                `(room_id, receipt_type, user_id)`.
+            expected_unique_receipts: A dictionary of `(room_id, receipt_type, user_id)`
+                keys and expected receipt key-values after duplicate receipts have been
+                removed.
+        """
+        # First, undo the background update.
+        def drop_receipts_unique_index(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+            txn.execute(f"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS {index_name}")
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                "drop_receipts_unique_index",
+                drop_receipts_unique_index,
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Populate the receipts table, including duplicates.
+        for (room_id, receipt_type, user_id), rows in receipts.items():
+            for row in rows:
+                self.get_success(
+                    self.store.db_pool.simple_insert(
+                        table,
+                        {
+                            "room_id": room_id,
+                            "receipt_type": receipt_type,
+                            "user_id": user_id,
+                            "thread_id": None,
+                            "data": "{}",
+                            **row,
+                        },
+                    )
+                )
+
+        # Insert and run the background update.
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.db_pool.simple_insert(
+                "background_updates",
+                {
+                    "update_name": update_name,
+                    "progress_json": "{}",
+                },
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.store.db_pool.updates._all_done = False
+
+        self.wait_for_background_updates()
+
+        # Check that the remaining receipts match expectations.
+        for (
+            room_id,
+            receipt_type,
+            user_id,
+        ), expected_row in expected_unique_receipts.items():
+            # Include the receipt key in the returned columns, for more informative
+            # assertion messages.
+            columns = ["room_id", "receipt_type", "user_id"]
+            if expected_row is not None:
+                columns += expected_row.keys()
+
+            rows = self.get_success(
+                self.store.db_pool.simple_select_list(
+                    table=table,
+                    keyvalues={
+                        "room_id": room_id,
+                        "receipt_type": receipt_type,
+                        "user_id": user_id,
+                        # `simple_select_onecol` does not support NULL filters,
+                        # so skip the filter on `thread_id`.
+                    },
+                    retcols=columns,
+                    desc="get_receipt",
+                )
+            )
+
+            if expected_row is not None:
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    len(rows),
+                    1,
+                    f"Background update did not leave behind latest receipt in {table}",
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    rows[0],
+                    {
+                        "room_id": room_id,
+                        "receipt_type": receipt_type,
+                        "user_id": user_id,
+                        **expected_row,
+                    },
+                )
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    len(rows),
+                    0,
+                    f"Background update did not remove all duplicate receipts from {table}",
+                )
+
+    def test_background_receipts_linearized_unique_index(self):
+        """Test that the background update to uniqueify non-thread receipts in
+        `receipts_linearized` works properly.
+        """
+        self._test_background_receipts_unique_index(
+            "receipts_linearized_unique_index",
+            "receipts_linearized_unique_index",
+            "receipts_linearized",
+            receipts={
+                (self.room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): [
+                    {"stream_id": 5, "event_id": "$some_event"},
+                    {"stream_id": 6, "event_id": "$some_event"},
+                ],
+                (self.other_room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): [
+                    {"stream_id": 7, "event_id": "$some_event"}
+                ],
+            },
+            expected_unique_receipts={
+                (self.room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): {"stream_id": 6},
+                (self.other_room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): {"stream_id": 7},
+            },
+        )
+
+    def test_background_receipts_graph_unique_index(self):
+        """Test that the background update to uniqueify non-thread receipts in
+        `receipts_graph` works properly.
+        """
+        self._test_background_receipts_unique_index(
+            "receipts_graph_unique_index",
+            "receipts_graph_unique_index",
+            "receipts_graph",
+            receipts={
+                (self.room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): [
+                    {
+                        "event_ids": '["$some_event"]',
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "event_ids": '["$some_event"]',
+                    },
+                ],
+                (self.other_room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): [
+                    {
+                        "event_ids": '["$some_event"]',
+                    }
+                ],
+            },
+            expected_unique_receipts={
+                (self.room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): None,
+                (self.other_room_id, "m.read", self.user_id): {
+                    "event_ids": '["$some_event"]'
+                },
+            },
+        )
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_chain.py b/tests/storage/test_event_chain.py
index a0ce077a99..de9f4af2de 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_chain.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_chain.py
@@ -531,7 +531,9 @@ class EventChainBackgroundUpdateTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
         self.get_success(
-            event_handler.handle_new_client_event(self.requester, event, context)
+            event_handler.handle_new_client_event(
+                self.requester, events_and_context=[(event, context)]
+            )
         )
         state1 = set(self.get_success(context.get_current_state_ids()).values())
 
@@ -549,7 +551,9 @@ class EventChainBackgroundUpdateTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
         self.get_success(
-            event_handler.handle_new_client_event(self.requester, event, context)
+            event_handler.handle_new_client_event(
+                self.requester, events_and_context=[(event, context)]
+            )
         )
         state2 = set(self.get_success(context.get_current_state_ids()).values())
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
index 85739c464e..853db930d6 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ from synapse.api.room_versions import (
     RoomVersion,
 )
 from synapse.events import _EventInternalMetadata
+from synapse.rest import admin
+from synapse.rest.client import login, room
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage.database import LoggingTransaction
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
@@ -43,6 +45,12 @@ class _BackfillSetupInfo:
 
 
 class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
     def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
 
@@ -754,18 +762,28 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def test_get_backfill_points_in_room(self):
         """
-        Test to make sure we get some backfill points
+        Test to make sure only backfill points that are older and come before
+        the `current_depth` are returned.
         """
         setup_info = self._setup_room_for_backfill_tests()
         room_id = setup_info.room_id
+        depth_map = setup_info.depth_map
 
+        # Try at "B"
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id, depth_map["B"], limit=100)
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            backfill_event_ids, ["b6", "b5", "b4", "2", "b3", "b2", "b1"]
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b6", "b5", "b4", "2", "b3", "b2", "b1"])
+
+        # Try at "A"
+        backfill_points = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id, depth_map["A"], limit=100)
         )
+        backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
+        # Event "2" has a depth of 2 but is not included here because we only
+        # know the approximate depth of 5 from our event "3".
+        self.assertListEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b3", "b2", "b1"])
 
     def test_get_backfill_points_in_room_excludes_events_we_have_attempted(
         self,
@@ -776,6 +794,7 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         setup_info = self._setup_room_for_backfill_tests()
         room_id = setup_info.room_id
+        depth_map = setup_info.depth_map
 
         # Record some attempts to backfill these events which will make
         # `get_backfill_points_in_room` exclude them because we
@@ -795,12 +814,13 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # No time has passed since we attempted to backfill ^
 
+        # Try at "B"
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id, depth_map["B"], limit=100)
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
         # Only the backfill points that we didn't record earlier exist here.
-        self.assertListEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b6", "2", "b1"])
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b6", "2", "b1"])
 
     def test_get_backfill_points_in_room_attempted_event_retry_after_backoff_duration(
         self,
@@ -812,6 +832,7 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         setup_info = self._setup_room_for_backfill_tests()
         room_id = setup_info.room_id
+        depth_map = setup_info.depth_map
 
         # Record some attempts to backfill these events which will make
         # `get_backfill_points_in_room` exclude them because we
@@ -839,27 +860,66 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # visible regardless.
         self.reactor.advance(datetime.timedelta(hours=2).total_seconds())
 
-        # Make sure that "b1" is not in the list because we've
+        # Try at "A" and make sure that "b1" is not in the list because we've
         # already attempted many times
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id, depth_map["A"], limit=100)
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
-        self.assertListEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b6", "b5", "b4", "2", "b3", "b2"])
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b3", "b2"])
 
         # Now advance time by 20 hours (above 2^4 because we made 4 attemps) and
         # see if we can now backfill it
         self.reactor.advance(datetime.timedelta(hours=20).total_seconds())
 
-        # Try again after we advanced enough time and we should see "b3" again
+        # Try at "A" again after we advanced enough time and we should see "b3" again
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id, depth_map["A"], limit=100)
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            backfill_event_ids, ["b6", "b5", "b4", "2", "b3", "b2", "b1"]
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b3", "b2", "b1"])
+
+    def test_get_backfill_points_in_room_works_after_many_failed_pull_attempts_that_could_naively_overflow(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A test that reproduces #13929 (Postgres only).
+
+        Test to make sure we can still get backfill points after many failed pull
+        attempts that cause us to backoff to the limit. Even if the backoff formula
+        would tell us to wait for more seconds than can be expressed in a 32 bit
+        signed int.
+        """
+        setup_info = self._setup_room_for_backfill_tests()
+        room_id = setup_info.room_id
+        depth_map = setup_info.depth_map
+
+        # Pretend that we have tried and failed 10 times to backfill event b1.
+        for _ in range(10):
+            self.get_success(
+                self.store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(room_id, "b1", "fake cause")
+            )
+
+        # If the backoff periods grow without limit:
+        # After the first failed attempt, we would have backed off for 1 << 1 = 2 hours.
+        # After the second failed attempt we would have backed off for 1 << 2 = 4 hours,
+        # so after the 10th failed attempt we should backoff for 1 << 10 == 1024 hours.
+        # Wait 1100 hours just so we have a nice round number.
+        self.reactor.advance(datetime.timedelta(hours=1100).total_seconds())
+
+        # 1024 hours in milliseconds is 1024 * 3600000, which exceeds the largest 32 bit
+        # signed integer. The bug we're reproducing is that this overflow causes an
+        # error in postgres preventing us from fetching a set of backwards extremities
+        # to retry fetching.
+        backfill_points = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_backfill_points_in_room(room_id, depth_map["A"], limit=100)
         )
 
+        # We should aim to fetch all backoff points: b1's latest backoff period has
+        # expired, and we haven't tried the rest.
+        backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["b3", "b2", "b1"])
+
     def _setup_room_for_insertion_backfill_tests(self) -> _BackfillSetupInfo:
         """
         Sets up a room with various insertion event backward extremities to test
@@ -938,18 +998,32 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def test_get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(self):
         """
-        Test to make sure insertion event backward extremities are returned.
+        Test to make sure only insertion event backward extremities that are
+        older and come before the `current_depth` are returned.
         """
         setup_info = self._setup_room_for_insertion_backfill_tests()
         room_id = setup_info.room_id
+        depth_map = setup_info.depth_map
 
+        # Try at "insertion_eventB"
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(
+                room_id, depth_map["insertion_eventB"], limit=100
+            )
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventB", "insertion_eventA"]
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventB", "insertion_eventA"])
+
+        # Try at "insertion_eventA"
+        backfill_points = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(
+                room_id, depth_map["insertion_eventA"], limit=100
+            )
         )
+        backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
+        # Event "2" has a depth of 2 but is not included here because we only
+        # know the approximate depth of 5 from our event "3".
+        self.assertListEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventA"])
 
     def test_get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room_excludes_events_we_have_attempted(
         self,
@@ -961,6 +1035,7 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         setup_info = self._setup_room_for_insertion_backfill_tests()
         room_id = setup_info.room_id
+        depth_map = setup_info.depth_map
 
         # Record some attempts to backfill these events which will make
         # `get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room` exclude them
@@ -973,12 +1048,15 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # No time has passed since we attempted to backfill ^
 
+        # Try at "insertion_eventB"
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(
+                room_id, depth_map["insertion_eventB"], limit=100
+            )
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
         # Only the backfill points that we didn't record earlier exist here.
-        self.assertListEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventB"])
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventB"])
 
     def test_get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room_attempted_event_retry_after_backoff_duration(
         self,
@@ -991,6 +1069,7 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         setup_info = self._setup_room_for_insertion_backfill_tests()
         room_id = setup_info.room_id
+        depth_map = setup_info.depth_map
 
         # Record some attempts to backfill these events which will make
         # `get_backfill_points_in_room` exclude them because we
@@ -1027,13 +1106,15 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # because we haven't waited long enough for this many attempts.
         self.reactor.advance(datetime.timedelta(hours=2).total_seconds())
 
-        # Make sure that "insertion_eventA" is not in the list because we've
-        # already attempted many times
+        # Try at "insertion_eventA" and make sure that "insertion_eventA" is not
+        # in the list because we've already attempted many times
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(
+                room_id, depth_map["insertion_eventA"], limit=100
+            )
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
-        self.assertListEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventB"])
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, [])
 
         # Now advance time by 20 hours (above 2^4 because we made 4 attemps) and
         # see if we can now backfill it
@@ -1042,13 +1123,69 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Try at "insertion_eventA" again after we advanced enough time and we
         # should see "insertion_eventA" again
         backfill_points = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(room_id)
+            self.store.get_insertion_event_backward_extremities_in_room(
+                room_id, depth_map["insertion_eventA"], limit=100
+            )
         )
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventB", "insertion_eventA"]
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventA"])
+
+    def test_get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+        self,
+    ):
+        """
+        Test to make sure only event IDs we should backoff from are returned.
+        """
+        # Create the room
+        user_id = self.register_user("alice", "test")
+        tok = self.login("alice", "test")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                room_id, "$failed_event_id", "fake cause"
+            )
         )
 
+        event_ids_to_backoff = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+                room_id=room_id, event_ids=["$failed_event_id", "$normal_event_id"]
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(event_ids_to_backoff, ["$failed_event_id"])
+
+    def test_get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff_retry_after_backoff_duration(
+        self,
+    ):
+        """
+        Test to make sure no event IDs are returned after the backoff duration has
+        elapsed.
+        """
+        # Create the room
+        user_id = self.register_user("alice", "test")
+        tok = self.login("alice", "test")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                room_id, "$failed_event_id", "fake cause"
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Now advance time by 2 hours so we wait long enough for the single failed
+        # attempt (2^1 hours).
+        self.reactor.advance(datetime.timedelta(hours=2).total_seconds())
+
+        event_ids_to_backoff = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+                room_id=room_id, event_ids=["$failed_event_id", "$normal_event_id"]
+            )
+        )
+        # Since this function only returns events we should backoff from, time has
+        # elapsed past the backoff range so there is no events to backoff from.
+        self.assertEqual(event_ids_to_backoff, [])
+
 
 @attr.s
 class FakeEvent:
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_push_actions.py b/tests/storage/test_event_push_actions.py
index 473c965e19..ee48920f84 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_push_actions.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_push_actions.py
@@ -12,14 +12,16 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
+from synapse.api.constants import MAIN_TIMELINE, RelationTypes
 from synapse.rest import admin
 from synapse.rest.client import login, room
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.event_push_actions import NotifCounts
+from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
@@ -64,16 +66,23 @@ class EventPushActionsStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         user_id, token, _, other_token, room_id = self._create_users_and_room()
 
         # Create two events, one of which is a highlight.
-        self.helper.send_event(
+        first_event_id = self.helper.send_event(
             room_id,
             type="m.room.message",
             content={"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "msg"},
             tok=other_token,
-        )
-        event_id = self.helper.send_event(
+        )["event_id"]
+        second_event_id = self.helper.send_event(
             room_id,
             type="m.room.message",
-            content={"msgtype": "m.text", "body": user_id},
+            content={
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": user_id,
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "rel_type": RelationTypes.THREAD,
+                    "event_id": first_event_id,
+                },
+            },
             tok=other_token,
         )["event_id"]
 
@@ -93,13 +102,13 @@ class EventPushActionsStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(2, len(email_actions))
 
-        # Send a receipt, which should clear any actions.
+        # Send a receipt, which should clear the first action.
         self.get_success(
             self.store.insert_receipt(
                 room_id,
                 "m.read",
                 user_id=user_id,
-                event_ids=[event_id],
+                event_ids=[first_event_id],
                 thread_id=None,
                 data={},
             )
@@ -109,6 +118,30 @@ class EventPushActionsStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
                 user_id, 0, 1000, 20
             )
         )
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(http_actions))
+        email_actions = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_for_email(
+                user_id, 0, 1000, 20
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(email_actions))
+
+        # Send a thread receipt to clear the thread action.
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.insert_receipt(
+                room_id,
+                "m.read",
+                user_id=user_id,
+                event_ids=[second_event_id],
+                thread_id=first_event_id,
+                data={},
+            )
+        )
+        http_actions = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_for_http(
+                user_id, 0, 1000, 20
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual([], http_actions)
         email_actions = self.get_success(
             self.store.get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_for_email(
@@ -133,13 +166,14 @@ class EventPushActionsStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
                 )
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                counts,
+                counts.main_timeline,
                 NotifCounts(
                     notify_count=noitf_count,
                     unread_count=0,
                     highlight_count=highlight_count,
                 ),
             )
+            self.assertEqual(counts.threads, {})
 
         def _create_event(highlight: bool = False) -> str:
             result = self.helper.send_event(
@@ -186,6 +220,7 @@ class EventPushActionsStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         _assert_counts(0, 0)
 
         _create_event()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0)
         _rotate()
         _assert_counts(1, 0)
 
@@ -236,6 +271,444 @@ class EventPushActionsStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         _rotate()
         _assert_counts(0, 0)
 
+    def test_count_aggregation_threads(self) -> None:
+        """
+        This is essentially the same test as test_count_aggregation, but adds
+        events to the main timeline and to a thread.
+        """
+
+        user_id, token, _, other_token, room_id = self._create_users_and_room()
+        thread_id: str
+
+        last_event_id: str
+
+        def _assert_counts(
+            noitf_count: int,
+            highlight_count: int,
+            thread_notif_count: int,
+            thread_highlight_count: int,
+        ) -> None:
+            counts = self.get_success(
+                self.store.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                    "get-unread-counts",
+                    self.store._get_unread_counts_by_receipt_txn,
+                    room_id,
+                    user_id,
+                )
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                counts.main_timeline,
+                NotifCounts(
+                    notify_count=noitf_count,
+                    unread_count=0,
+                    highlight_count=highlight_count,
+                ),
+            )
+            if thread_notif_count or thread_highlight_count:
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    counts.threads,
+                    {
+                        thread_id: NotifCounts(
+                            notify_count=thread_notif_count,
+                            unread_count=0,
+                            highlight_count=thread_highlight_count,
+                        ),
+                    },
+                )
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(counts.threads, {})
+
+        def _create_event(
+            highlight: bool = False, thread_id: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> str:
+            content: JsonDict = {
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": user_id if highlight else "msg",
+            }
+            if thread_id:
+                content["m.relates_to"] = {
+                    "rel_type": "m.thread",
+                    "event_id": thread_id,
+                }
+
+            result = self.helper.send_event(
+                room_id,
+                type="m.room.message",
+                content=content,
+                tok=other_token,
+            )
+            nonlocal last_event_id
+            last_event_id = result["event_id"]
+            return last_event_id
+
+        def _rotate() -> None:
+            self.get_success(self.store._rotate_notifs())
+
+        def _mark_read(event_id: str, thread_id: str = MAIN_TIMELINE) -> None:
+            self.get_success(
+                self.store.insert_receipt(
+                    room_id,
+                    "m.read",
+                    user_id=user_id,
+                    event_ids=[event_id],
+                    thread_id=thread_id,
+                    data={},
+                )
+            )
+
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+        thread_id = _create_event()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 0, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        _create_event()
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 1, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        event_id = _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 2, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 2, 0)
+
+        _create_event()
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _mark_read(event_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 3, 0)
+        _mark_read(event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        _mark_read(last_event_id)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event()
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        # Delete old event push actions, this should not affect the (summarised) count.
+        self.get_success(self.store._remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated())
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        _mark_read(last_event_id)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event(True)
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 0, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 0, 0)
+
+        event_id = _create_event(True, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 1, 1)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 1, 1)
+
+        # Check that adding another notification and rotating after highlight
+        # works.
+        _create_event()
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 1, 1, 1)
+
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 1, 2, 1)
+
+        # Check that sending read receipts at different points results in the
+        # right counts.
+        _mark_read(event_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 2, 1)
+        _mark_read(event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 1, 0)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event(True)
+        _create_event(True, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 1, 1)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    def test_count_aggregation_mixed(self) -> None:
+        """
+        This is essentially the same test as test_count_aggregation_threads, but
+        sends both unthreaded and threaded receipts.
+        """
+
+        user_id, token, _, other_token, room_id = self._create_users_and_room()
+        thread_id: str
+
+        last_event_id: str
+
+        def _assert_counts(
+            noitf_count: int,
+            highlight_count: int,
+            thread_notif_count: int,
+            thread_highlight_count: int,
+        ) -> None:
+            counts = self.get_success(
+                self.store.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                    "get-unread-counts",
+                    self.store._get_unread_counts_by_receipt_txn,
+                    room_id,
+                    user_id,
+                )
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                counts.main_timeline,
+                NotifCounts(
+                    notify_count=noitf_count,
+                    unread_count=0,
+                    highlight_count=highlight_count,
+                ),
+            )
+            if thread_notif_count or thread_highlight_count:
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    counts.threads,
+                    {
+                        thread_id: NotifCounts(
+                            notify_count=thread_notif_count,
+                            unread_count=0,
+                            highlight_count=thread_highlight_count,
+                        ),
+                    },
+                )
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(counts.threads, {})
+
+        def _create_event(
+            highlight: bool = False, thread_id: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> str:
+            content: JsonDict = {
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": user_id if highlight else "msg",
+            }
+            if thread_id:
+                content["m.relates_to"] = {
+                    "rel_type": "m.thread",
+                    "event_id": thread_id,
+                }
+
+            result = self.helper.send_event(
+                room_id,
+                type="m.room.message",
+                content=content,
+                tok=other_token,
+            )
+            nonlocal last_event_id
+            last_event_id = result["event_id"]
+            return last_event_id
+
+        def _rotate() -> None:
+            self.get_success(self.store._rotate_notifs())
+
+        def _mark_read(event_id: str, thread_id: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+            self.get_success(
+                self.store.insert_receipt(
+                    room_id,
+                    "m.read",
+                    user_id=user_id,
+                    event_ids=[event_id],
+                    thread_id=thread_id,
+                    data={},
+                )
+            )
+
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+        thread_id = _create_event()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 0, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        _create_event()
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 1, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        event_id = _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 2, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 0, 2, 0)
+
+        _create_event()
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _mark_read(event_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, MAIN_TIMELINE)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event()
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        # Delete old event push actions, this should not affect the (summarised) count.
+        self.get_success(self.store._remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated())
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        _mark_read(last_event_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event(True)
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 0, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 0, 0)
+
+        event_id = _create_event(True, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 1, 1)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 1, 1)
+
+        # Check that adding another notification and rotating after highlight
+        # works.
+        _create_event()
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 1, 1, 1)
+
+        _create_event(thread_id=thread_id)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(2, 1, 2, 1)
+
+        # Check that sending read receipts at different points results in the
+        # right counts.
+        _mark_read(event_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+        _mark_read(event_id, MAIN_TIMELINE)
+        _assert_counts(1, 0, 1, 0)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, MAIN_TIMELINE)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 1, 0)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        _create_event(True)
+        _create_event(True, thread_id)
+        _assert_counts(1, 1, 1, 1)
+        _mark_read(last_event_id)
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+        _rotate()
+        _assert_counts(0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    def test_recursive_thread(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Events related to events in a thread should still be considered part of
+        that thread.
+        """
+
+        # Create a user to receive notifications and send receipts.
+        user_id = self.register_user("user1235", "pass")
+        token = self.login("user1235", "pass")
+
+        # And another users to send events.
+        other_id = self.register_user("other", "pass")
+        other_token = self.login("other", "pass")
+
+        # Create a room and put both users in it.
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(user_id, tok=token)
+        self.helper.join(room_id, other_id, tok=other_token)
+
+        # Update the user's push rules to care about reaction events.
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.add_push_rule(
+                user_id,
+                "related_events",
+                priority_class=5,
+                conditions=[
+                    {"kind": "event_match", "key": "type", "pattern": "m.reaction"}
+                ],
+                actions=["notify"],
+            )
+        )
+
+        def _create_event(type: str, content: JsonDict) -> str:
+            result = self.helper.send_event(
+                room_id, type=type, content=content, tok=other_token
+            )
+            return result["event_id"]
+
+        def _assert_counts(noitf_count: int, thread_notif_count: int) -> None:
+            counts = self.get_success(
+                self.store.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                    "get-unread-counts",
+                    self.store._get_unread_counts_by_receipt_txn,
+                    room_id,
+                    user_id,
+                )
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                counts.main_timeline,
+                NotifCounts(
+                    notify_count=noitf_count, unread_count=0, highlight_count=0
+                ),
+            )
+            if thread_notif_count:
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    counts.threads,
+                    {
+                        thread_id: NotifCounts(
+                            notify_count=thread_notif_count,
+                            unread_count=0,
+                            highlight_count=0,
+                        ),
+                    },
+                )
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(counts.threads, {})
+
+        # Create a root event.
+        thread_id = _create_event(
+            "m.room.message", {"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "msg"}
+        )
+        _assert_counts(1, 0)
+
+        # Reply, creating a thread.
+        reply_id = _create_event(
+            "m.room.message",
+            {
+                "msgtype": "m.text",
+                "body": "msg",
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "rel_type": "m.thread",
+                    "event_id": thread_id,
+                },
+            },
+        )
+        _assert_counts(1, 1)
+
+        # Create an event related to a thread event, this should still appear in
+        # the thread.
+        _create_event(
+            type="m.reaction",
+            content={
+                "m.relates_to": {
+                    "rel_type": "m.annotation",
+                    "event_id": reply_id,
+                    "key": "A",
+                }
+            },
+        )
+        _assert_counts(1, 2)
+
     def test_find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts(self) -> None:
         def add_event(so: int, ts: int) -> None:
             self.get_success(
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_id_generators.py b/tests/storage/test_id_generators.py
index 2d8d1f860f..d6a2b8d274 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_id_generators.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_id_generators.py
@@ -16,15 +16,157 @@ from typing import List, Optional
 from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
-from synapse.storage.database import DatabasePool, LoggingTransaction
+from synapse.storage.database import (
+    DatabasePool,
+    LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+    LoggingTransaction,
+)
 from synapse.storage.engines import IncorrectDatabaseSetup
-from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import MultiWriterIdGenerator
+from synapse.storage.types import Cursor
+from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import MultiWriterIdGenerator, StreamIdGenerator
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
 from tests.utils import USE_POSTGRES_FOR_TESTS
 
 
+class StreamIdGeneratorTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.db_pool: DatabasePool = self.store.db_pool
+
+        self.get_success(self.db_pool.runInteraction("_setup_db", self._setup_db))
+
+    def _setup_db(self, txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+        txn.execute(
+            """
+            CREATE TABLE foobar (
+                stream_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
+                data TEXT
+            );
+            """
+        )
+        txn.execute("INSERT INTO foobar VALUES (123, 'hello world');")
+
+    def _create_id_generator(self) -> StreamIdGenerator:
+        def _create(conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection) -> StreamIdGenerator:
+            return StreamIdGenerator(
+                db_conn=conn,
+                table="foobar",
+                column="stream_id",
+            )
+
+        return self.get_success_or_raise(self.db_pool.runWithConnection(_create))
+
+    def test_initial_value(self) -> None:
+        """Check that we read the current token from the DB."""
+        id_gen = self._create_id_generator()
+        self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 123)
+
+    def test_single_gen_next(self) -> None:
+        """Check that we correctly increment the current token from the DB."""
+        id_gen = self._create_id_generator()
+
+        async def test_gen_next() -> None:
+            async with id_gen.get_next() as next_id:
+                # We haven't persisted `next_id` yet; current token is still 123
+                self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 123)
+                # But we did learn what the next value is
+                self.assertEqual(next_id, 124)
+
+            # Once the context manager closes we assume that the `next_id` has been
+            # written to the DB.
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 124)
+
+        self.get_success(test_gen_next())
+
+    def test_multiple_gen_nexts(self) -> None:
+        """Check that we handle overlapping calls to gen_next sensibly."""
+        id_gen = self._create_id_generator()
+
+        async def test_gen_next() -> None:
+            ctx1 = id_gen.get_next()
+            ctx2 = id_gen.get_next()
+            ctx3 = id_gen.get_next()
+
+            # Request three new stream IDs.
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx1.__aenter__(), 124)
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx2.__aenter__(), 125)
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx3.__aenter__(), 126)
+
+            # None are persisted: current token unchanged.
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 123)
+
+            # Persist each in turn.
+            await ctx1.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 124)
+            await ctx2.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 125)
+            await ctx3.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 126)
+
+        self.get_success(test_gen_next())
+
+    def test_multiple_gen_nexts_closed_in_different_order(self) -> None:
+        """Check that we handle overlapping calls to gen_next, even when their IDs
+        created and persisted in different orders."""
+        id_gen = self._create_id_generator()
+
+        async def test_gen_next() -> None:
+            ctx1 = id_gen.get_next()
+            ctx2 = id_gen.get_next()
+            ctx3 = id_gen.get_next()
+
+            # Request three new stream IDs.
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx1.__aenter__(), 124)
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx2.__aenter__(), 125)
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx3.__aenter__(), 126)
+
+            # None are persisted: current token unchanged.
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 123)
+
+            # Persist them in a different order, starting with 126 from ctx3.
+            await ctx3.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            # We haven't persisted 124 from ctx1 yet---current token is still 123.
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 123)
+
+            # Now persist 124 from ctx1.
+            await ctx1.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            # Current token is then 124, waiting for 125 to be persisted.
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 124)
+
+            # Finally persist 125 from ctx2.
+            await ctx2.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            # Current token is then 126 (skipping over 125).
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 126)
+
+        self.get_success(test_gen_next())
+
+    def test_gen_next_while_still_waiting_for_persistence(self) -> None:
+        """Check that we handle overlapping calls to gen_next."""
+        id_gen = self._create_id_generator()
+
+        async def test_gen_next() -> None:
+            ctx1 = id_gen.get_next()
+            ctx2 = id_gen.get_next()
+            ctx3 = id_gen.get_next()
+
+            # Request two new stream IDs.
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx1.__aenter__(), 124)
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx2.__aenter__(), 125)
+
+            # Persist ctx2 first.
+            await ctx2.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            # Still waiting on ctx1's ID to be persisted.
+            self.assertEqual(id_gen.get_current_token(), 123)
+
+            # Now request a third stream ID. It should be 126 (the smallest ID that
+            # we've not yet handed out.)
+            self.assertEqual(await ctx3.__aenter__(), 126)
+
+        self.get_success(test_gen_next())
+
+
 class MultiWriterIdGeneratorTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
     if not USE_POSTGRES_FOR_TESTS:
         skip = "Requires Postgres"
@@ -48,9 +190,9 @@ class MultiWriterIdGeneratorTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
     def _create_id_generator(
-        self, instance_name="master", writers: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self, instance_name: str = "master", writers: Optional[List[str]] = None
     ) -> MultiWriterIdGenerator:
-        def _create(conn):
+        def _create(conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection) -> MultiWriterIdGenerator:
             return MultiWriterIdGenerator(
                 conn,
                 self.db_pool,
@@ -446,7 +588,7 @@ class MultiWriterIdGeneratorTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         self._insert_row_with_id("master", 3)
 
         # Now we add a row *without* updating the stream ID
-        def _insert(txn):
+        def _insert(txn: Cursor) -> None:
             txn.execute("INSERT INTO foobar VALUES (26, 'master')")
 
         self.get_success(self.db_pool.runInteraction("_insert", _insert))
@@ -481,9 +623,9 @@ class BackwardsMultiWriterIdGeneratorTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
     def _create_id_generator(
-        self, instance_name="master", writers: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self, instance_name: str = "master", writers: Optional[List[str]] = None
     ) -> MultiWriterIdGenerator:
-        def _create(conn):
+        def _create(conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection) -> MultiWriterIdGenerator:
             return MultiWriterIdGenerator(
                 conn,
                 self.db_pool,
@@ -617,9 +759,9 @@ class MultiTableMultiWriterIdGeneratorTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
     def _create_id_generator(
-        self, instance_name="master", writers: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self, instance_name: str = "master", writers: Optional[List[str]] = None
     ) -> MultiWriterIdGenerator:
-        def _create(conn):
+        def _create(conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection) -> MultiWriterIdGenerator:
             return MultiWriterIdGenerator(
                 conn,
                 self.db_pool,
@@ -641,7 +783,7 @@ class MultiTableMultiWriterIdGeneratorTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         instance_name: str,
         number: int,
         update_stream_table: bool = True,
-    ):
+    ) -> None:
         """Insert N rows as the given instance, inserting with stream IDs pulled
         from the postgres sequence.
         """
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
index e8b4a5644b..c55c4db970 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
@@ -96,8 +96,12 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Test each of the registered users is marked as active
         timestamp = self.get_success(self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active(user1))
+        # Mypy notes that one shouldn't compare Optional[int] to 0 with assertGreater.
+        # Check that timestamp really is an int.
+        assert timestamp is not None
         self.assertGreater(timestamp, 0)
         timestamp = self.get_success(self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active(user2))
+        assert timestamp is not None
         self.assertGreater(timestamp, 0)
 
         # Test that users with reserved 3pids are not removed from the MAU table
@@ -166,10 +170,11 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.get_success(self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user(user_id2))
 
         result = self.get_success(self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active(user_id1))
+        assert result is not None
         self.assertGreater(result, 0)
 
         result = self.get_success(self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active(user_id3))
-        self.assertNotEqual(result, 0)
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
 
     @override_config({"max_mau_value": 5})
     def test_reap_monthly_active_users(self):
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_receipts.py b/tests/storage/test_receipts.py
index 9459ee1705..81253d0361 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_receipts.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_receipts.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+from typing import Collection, Optional
 
 from synapse.api.constants import ReceiptTypes
 from synapse.types import UserID, create_requester
@@ -84,6 +85,33 @@ class ReceiptTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
+    def get_last_unthreaded_receipt(
+        self, receipt_types: Collection[str], room_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Fetch the event ID for the latest unthreaded receipt in the test room for the test user.
+
+        Args:
+            receipt_types: The receipt types to fetch.
+
+        Returns:
+            The latest receipt, if one exists.
+        """
+        result = self.get_success(
+            self.store.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                "get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user",
+                self.store.get_last_unthreaded_receipt_for_user_txn,
+                OUR_USER_ID,
+                room_id or self.room_id1,
+                receipt_types,
+            )
+        )
+        if not result:
+            return None
+
+        event_id, _ = result
+        return event_id
+
     def test_return_empty_with_no_data(self) -> None:
         res = self.get_success(
             self.store.get_receipts_for_user(
@@ -107,16 +135,10 @@ class ReceiptTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(res, {})
 
-        res = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
-                OUR_USER_ID,
-                self.room_id1,
-                [
-                    ReceiptTypes.READ,
-                    ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE,
-                ],
-            )
+        res = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt(
+            [ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE]
         )
+
         self.assertEqual(res, None)
 
     def test_get_receipts_for_user(self) -> None:
@@ -228,29 +250,17 @@ class ReceiptTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
         # Test we get the latest event when we want both private and public receipts
-        res = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
-                OUR_USER_ID,
-                self.room_id1,
-                [ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE],
-            )
+        res = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt(
+            [ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE]
         )
         self.assertEqual(res, event1_2_id)
 
         # Test we get the older event when we want only public receipt
-        res = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
-                OUR_USER_ID, self.room_id1, [ReceiptTypes.READ]
-            )
-        )
+        res = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt([ReceiptTypes.READ])
         self.assertEqual(res, event1_1_id)
 
         # Test we get the latest event when we want only the private receipt
-        res = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
-                OUR_USER_ID, self.room_id1, [ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE]
-            )
-        )
+        res = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt([ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE])
         self.assertEqual(res, event1_2_id)
 
         # Test receipt updating
@@ -259,11 +269,7 @@ class ReceiptTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
                 self.room_id1, ReceiptTypes.READ, OUR_USER_ID, [event1_2_id], None, {}
             )
         )
-        res = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
-                OUR_USER_ID, self.room_id1, [ReceiptTypes.READ]
-            )
-        )
+        res = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt([ReceiptTypes.READ])
         self.assertEqual(res, event1_2_id)
 
         # Send some events into the second room
@@ -282,11 +288,7 @@ class ReceiptTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
                 {},
             )
         )
-        res = self.get_success(
-            self.store.get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
-                OUR_USER_ID,
-                self.room_id2,
-                [ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE],
-            )
+        res = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt(
+            [ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE], room_id=self.room_id2
         )
         self.assertEqual(res, event2_1_id)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_registration.py b/tests/storage/test_registration.py
index 853a93afab..05ea802008 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_registration.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_registration.py
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
 from synapse.api.constants import UserTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import ThreepidValidationError
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID
 from synapse.util import Clock
 
-from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
+from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase, override_config
 
 
 class RegistrationStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ class RegistrationStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
                 "user_type": None,
                 "deactivated": 0,
                 "shadow_banned": 0,
+                "approved": 1,
             },
             (self.get_success(self.store.get_user_by_id(self.user_id))),
         )
@@ -166,3 +168,101 @@ class RegistrationStoreTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             ThreepidValidationError,
         )
         self.assertEqual(e.value.msg, "Validation token not found or has expired", e)
+
+
+class ApprovalRequiredRegistrationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
+    def default_config(self) -> JsonDict:
+        config = super().default_config()
+
+        # If there's already some config for this feature in the default config, it
+        # means we're overriding it with @override_config. In this case we don't want
+        # to do anything more with it.
+        msc3866_config = config.get("experimental_features", {}).get("msc3866")
+        if msc3866_config is not None:
+            return config
+
+        # Require approval for all new accounts.
+        config["experimental_features"] = {
+            "msc3866": {
+                "enabled": True,
+                "require_approval_for_new_accounts": True,
+            }
+        }
+        return config
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.user_id = "@my-user:test"
+        self.pwhash = "{xx1}123456789"
+
+    @override_config(
+        {
+            "experimental_features": {
+                "msc3866": {
+                    "enabled": True,
+                    "require_approval_for_new_accounts": False,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    def test_approval_not_required(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that if we don't require approval for new accounts, newly created
+        accounts are automatically marked as approved.
+        """
+        self.get_success(self.store.register_user(self.user_id, self.pwhash))
+
+        user = self.get_success(self.store.get_user_by_id(self.user_id))
+        assert user is not None
+        self.assertTrue(user["approved"])
+
+        approved = self.get_success(self.store.is_user_approved(self.user_id))
+        self.assertTrue(approved)
+
+    def test_approval_required(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that if we require approval for new accounts, newly created accounts
+        are not automatically marked as approved.
+        """
+        self.get_success(self.store.register_user(self.user_id, self.pwhash))
+
+        user = self.get_success(self.store.get_user_by_id(self.user_id))
+        assert user is not None
+        self.assertFalse(user["approved"])
+
+        approved = self.get_success(self.store.is_user_approved(self.user_id))
+        self.assertFalse(approved)
+
+    def test_override(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that if we require approval for new accounts, but we explicitly say the
+        new user should be considered approved, they're marked as approved.
+        """
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.register_user(
+                self.user_id,
+                self.pwhash,
+                approved=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+        user = self.get_success(self.store.get_user_by_id(self.user_id))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(user)
+        assert user is not None
+        self.assertEqual(user["approved"], 1)
+
+        approved = self.get_success(self.store.is_user_approved(self.user_id))
+        self.assertTrue(approved)
+
+    def test_approve_user(self) -> None:
+        """Tests that approving the user updates their approval status."""
+        self.get_success(self.store.register_user(self.user_id, self.pwhash))
+
+        approved = self.get_success(self.store.is_user_approved(self.user_id))
+        self.assertFalse(approved)
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.update_user_approval_status(
+                UserID.from_string(self.user_id), True
+            )
+        )
+
+        approved = self.get_success(self.store.is_user_approved(self.user_id))
+        self.assertTrue(approved)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_relations.py b/tests/storage/test_relations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd1d00208b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/storage/test_relations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
+
+from synapse.api.constants import MAIN_TIMELINE
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.util import Clock
+
+from tests import unittest
+
+
+class RelationsStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
+        """
+        Creates a DAG:
+
+            A <---[m.thread]-- B <--[m.annotation]-- C
+            ^
+            |--[m.reference]-- D <--[m.annotation]-- E
+
+            F <--[m.annotation]-- G
+
+        """
+        self._main_store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
+
+        self._create_relation("A", "B", "m.thread")
+        self._create_relation("B", "C", "m.annotation")
+        self._create_relation("A", "D", "m.reference")
+        self._create_relation("D", "E", "m.annotation")
+        self._create_relation("F", "G", "m.annotation")
+
+    def _create_relation(self, parent_id: str, event_id: str, rel_type: str) -> None:
+        self.get_success(
+            self._main_store.db_pool.simple_insert(
+                table="event_relations",
+                values={
+                    "event_id": event_id,
+                    "relates_to_id": parent_id,
+                    "relation_type": rel_type,
+                },
+            )
+        )
+
+    def test_get_thread_id(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Ensure that get_thread_id only searches up the tree for threads.
+        """
+        # The thread itself and children of it return the thread.
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("B"))
+        self.assertEqual("A", thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("C"))
+        self.assertEqual("A", thread_id)
+
+        # But the root and events related to the root do not.
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("A"))
+        self.assertEqual(MAIN_TIMELINE, thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("D"))
+        self.assertEqual(MAIN_TIMELINE, thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("E"))
+        self.assertEqual(MAIN_TIMELINE, thread_id)
+
+        # Events which are not related to a thread at all should return the
+        # main timeline.
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("F"))
+        self.assertEqual(MAIN_TIMELINE, thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("G"))
+        self.assertEqual(MAIN_TIMELINE, thread_id)
+
+    def test_get_thread_id_for_receipts(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Ensure that get_thread_id_for_receipts searches up and down the tree for a thread.
+        """
+        # All of the events are considered related to this thread.
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id_for_receipts("A"))
+        self.assertEqual("A", thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id_for_receipts("B"))
+        self.assertEqual("A", thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id_for_receipts("C"))
+        self.assertEqual("A", thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id_for_receipts("D"))
+        self.assertEqual("A", thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id_for_receipts("E"))
+        self.assertEqual("A", thread_id)
+
+        # Events which are not related to a thread at all should return the
+        # main timeline.
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("F"))
+        self.assertEqual(MAIN_TIMELINE, thread_id)
+
+        thread_id = self.get_success(self._main_store.get_thread_id("G"))
+        self.assertEqual(MAIN_TIMELINE, thread_id)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_room_search.py b/tests/storage/test_room_search.py
index e747c6b50e..ef850daa73 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_room_search.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_room_search.py
@@ -12,11 +12,21 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+from typing import List, Tuple
+from unittest.case import SkipTest
+
+from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactor
+
 import synapse.rest.admin
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import StoreError
 from synapse.rest.client import login, room
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.search import Phrase, SearchToken, _tokenize_query
 from synapse.storage.engines import PostgresEngine
+from synapse.storage.engines.sqlite import Sqlite3Engine
+from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase, skip_unless
 from tests.utils import USE_POSTGRES_FOR_TESTS
@@ -187,3 +197,179 @@ class EventSearchInsertionTest(HomeserverTestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(values, ["hi", "2"])
+
+
+class MessageSearchTest(HomeserverTestCase):
+    """
+    Check message search.
+
+    A powerful way to check the behaviour is to run the following in Postgres >= 11:
+
+        # SELECT websearch_to_tsquery('english', <your string>);
+
+    The result can be compared to the tokenized version for SQLite and Postgres < 11.
+
+    """
+
+    servlets = [
+        synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
+        login.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    PHRASE = "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
+
+    # Each entry is a search query, followed by a boolean of whether it is in the phrase.
+    COMMON_CASES = [
+        ("nope", False),
+        ("brown", True),
+        ("quick brown", True),
+        ("brown quick", True),
+        ("quick \t brown", True),
+        ("jump", True),
+        ("brown nope", False),
+        ('"brown quick"', False),
+        ('"jumps over"', True),
+        ('"quick fox"', False),
+        ("nope OR doublenope", False),
+        ("furphy OR fox", True),
+        ("fox -nope", True),
+        ("fox -brown", False),
+        ('"fox" quick', True),
+        ('"quick brown', True),
+        ('" quick "', True),
+        ('" nope"', False),
+    ]
+    # TODO Test non-ASCII cases.
+
+    # Case that fail on SQLite.
+    POSTGRES_CASES = [
+        # SQLite treats NOT as a binary operator.
+        ("- fox", False),
+        ("- nope", True),
+        ('"-fox quick', False),
+        # PostgreSQL skips stop words.
+        ('"the quick brown"', True),
+        ('"over lazy"', True),
+    ]
+
+    def prepare(
+        self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, homeserver: HomeServer
+    ) -> None:
+        # Register a user and create a room, create some messages
+        self.register_user("alice", "password")
+        self.access_token = self.login("alice", "password")
+        self.room_id = self.helper.create_room_as("alice", tok=self.access_token)
+
+        # Send the phrase as a message and check it was created
+        response = self.helper.send(self.room_id, self.PHRASE, tok=self.access_token)
+        self.assertIn("event_id", response)
+
+        # The behaviour of a missing trailing double quote changed in PostgreSQL 14
+        # from ignoring the initial double quote to treating it as a phrase.
+        main_store = homeserver.get_datastores().main
+        found = False
+        if isinstance(main_store.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+            assert main_store.database_engine._version is not None
+            found = main_store.database_engine._version < 140000
+        self.COMMON_CASES.append(('"fox quick', found))
+
+    def test_tokenize_query(self) -> None:
+        """Test the custom logic to tokenize a user's query."""
+        cases = (
+            ("brown", ["brown"]),
+            ("quick brown", ["quick", SearchToken.And, "brown"]),
+            ("quick \t brown", ["quick", SearchToken.And, "brown"]),
+            ('"brown quick"', [Phrase(["brown", "quick"])]),
+            ("furphy OR fox", ["furphy", SearchToken.Or, "fox"]),
+            ("fox -brown", ["fox", SearchToken.Not, "brown"]),
+            ("- fox", [SearchToken.Not, "fox"]),
+            ('"fox" quick', [Phrase(["fox"]), SearchToken.And, "quick"]),
+            # No trailing double quote.
+            ('"fox quick', [Phrase(["fox", "quick"])]),
+            ('"-fox quick', [Phrase(["-fox", "quick"])]),
+            ('" quick "', [Phrase(["quick"])]),
+            (
+                'q"uick brow"n',
+                [
+                    "q",
+                    SearchToken.And,
+                    Phrase(["uick", "brow"]),
+                    SearchToken.And,
+                    "n",
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                '-"quick brown"',
+                [SearchToken.Not, Phrase(["quick", "brown"])],
+            ),
+        )
+
+        for query, expected in cases:
+            tokenized = _tokenize_query(query)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                tokenized, expected, f"{tokenized} != {expected} for {query}"
+            )
+
+    def _check_test_cases(
+        self, store: DataStore, cases: List[Tuple[str, bool]]
+    ) -> None:
+        # Run all the test cases versus search_msgs
+        for query, expect_to_contain in cases:
+            result = self.get_success(
+                store.search_msgs([self.room_id], query, ["content.body"])
+            )
+            self.assertEquals(
+                result["count"],
+                1 if expect_to_contain else 0,
+                f"expected '{query}' to match '{self.PHRASE}'"
+                if expect_to_contain
+                else f"'{query}' unexpectedly matched '{self.PHRASE}'",
+            )
+            self.assertEquals(
+                len(result["results"]),
+                1 if expect_to_contain else 0,
+                "results array length should match count",
+            )
+
+        # Run them again versus search_rooms
+        for query, expect_to_contain in cases:
+            result = self.get_success(
+                store.search_rooms([self.room_id], query, ["content.body"], 10)
+            )
+            self.assertEquals(
+                result["count"],
+                1 if expect_to_contain else 0,
+                f"expected '{query}' to match '{self.PHRASE}'"
+                if expect_to_contain
+                else f"'{query}' unexpectedly matched '{self.PHRASE}'",
+            )
+            self.assertEquals(
+                len(result["results"]),
+                1 if expect_to_contain else 0,
+                "results array length should match count",
+            )
+
+    def test_postgres_web_search_for_phrase(self):
+        """
+        Test searching for phrases using typical web search syntax, as per postgres' websearch_to_tsquery.
+        This test is skipped unless the postgres instance supports websearch_to_tsquery.
+
+        See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html
+        """
+
+        store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
+        if not isinstance(store.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+            raise SkipTest("Test only applies when postgres is used as the database")
+
+        self._check_test_cases(store, self.COMMON_CASES + self.POSTGRES_CASES)
+
+    def test_sqlite_search(self):
+        """
+        Test sqlite searching for phrases.
+        """
+        store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
+        if not isinstance(store.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+            raise SkipTest("Test only applies when sqlite is used as the database")
+
+        self._check_test_cases(store, self.COMMON_CASES)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_stream.py b/tests/storage/test_stream.py
index 78663a53fe..34fa810cf6 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_stream.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_stream.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, RelationTypes
 from synapse.api.filtering import Filter
-from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.rest import admin
 from synapse.rest.client import login, room
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def default_config(self):
         config = super().default_config()
-        config["experimental_features"] = {"msc3440_enabled": True}
+        config["experimental_features"] = {"msc3874_enabled": True}
         return config
 
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, homeserver):
@@ -58,6 +57,11 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.third_tok = self.login("third", "test")
         self.helper.join(room=self.room_id, user=self.third_user_id, tok=self.third_tok)
 
+        # Store a token which is after all the room creation events.
+        self.from_token = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_event_sources().get_current_token_for_pagination(self.room_id)
+        )
+
         # An initial event with a relation from second user.
         res = self.helper.send_event(
             room_id=self.room_id,
@@ -66,7 +70,7 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             tok=self.tok,
         )
         self.event_id_1 = res["event_id"]
-        self.helper.send_event(
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
             room_id=self.room_id,
             type="m.reaction",
             content={
@@ -78,6 +82,7 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             },
             tok=self.second_tok,
         )
+        self.event_id_annotation = res["event_id"]
 
         # Another event with a relation from third user.
         res = self.helper.send_event(
@@ -87,7 +92,7 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             tok=self.tok,
         )
         self.event_id_2 = res["event_id"]
-        self.helper.send_event(
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
             room_id=self.room_id,
             type="m.reaction",
             content={
@@ -98,68 +103,59 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             },
             tok=self.third_tok,
         )
+        self.event_id_reference = res["event_id"]
 
         # An event with no relations.
-        self.helper.send_event(
+        res = self.helper.send_event(
             room_id=self.room_id,
             type=EventTypes.Message,
             content={"msgtype": "m.text", "body": "No relations"},
             tok=self.tok,
         )
+        self.event_id_none = res["event_id"]
 
-    def _filter_messages(self, filter: JsonDict) -> List[EventBase]:
+    def _filter_messages(self, filter: JsonDict) -> List[str]:
         """Make a request to /messages with a filter, returns the chunk of events."""
 
-        from_token = self.get_success(
-            self.hs.get_event_sources().get_current_token_for_pagination(self.room_id)
-        )
-
         events, next_key = self.get_success(
             self.hs.get_datastores().main.paginate_room_events(
                 room_id=self.room_id,
-                from_key=from_token.room_key,
+                from_key=self.from_token.room_key,
                 to_key=None,
-                direction="b",
+                direction="f",
                 limit=10,
                 event_filter=Filter(self.hs, filter),
             )
         )
 
-        return events
+        return [ev.event_id for ev in events]
 
     def test_filter_relation_senders(self):
         # Messages which second user reacted to.
         filter = {"related_by_senders": [self.second_user_id]}
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0].event_id, self.event_id_1)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_1])
 
         # Messages which third user reacted to.
         filter = {"related_by_senders": [self.third_user_id]}
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0].event_id, self.event_id_2)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_2])
 
         # Messages which either user reacted to.
         filter = {"related_by_senders": [self.second_user_id, self.third_user_id]}
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 2, chunk)
-        self.assertCountEqual(
-            [c.event_id for c in chunk], [self.event_id_1, self.event_id_2]
-        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_1, self.event_id_2])
 
     def test_filter_relation_type(self):
         # Messages which have annotations.
         filter = {"related_by_rel_types": [RelationTypes.ANNOTATION]}
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0].event_id, self.event_id_1)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_1])
 
         # Messages which have references.
         filter = {"related_by_rel_types": [RelationTypes.REFERENCE]}
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0].event_id, self.event_id_2)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_2])
 
         # Messages which have either annotations or references.
         filter = {
@@ -169,10 +165,7 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             ]
         }
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 2, chunk)
-        self.assertCountEqual(
-            [c.event_id for c in chunk], [self.event_id_1, self.event_id_2]
-        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_1, self.event_id_2])
 
     def test_filter_relation_senders_and_type(self):
         # Messages which second user reacted to.
@@ -181,8 +174,7 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             "related_by_rel_types": [RelationTypes.ANNOTATION],
         }
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0].event_id, self.event_id_1)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_1])
 
     def test_duplicate_relation(self):
         """An event should only be returned once if there are multiple relations to it."""
@@ -201,5 +193,65 @@ class PaginationTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
 
         filter = {"related_by_senders": [self.second_user_id]}
         chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
-        self.assertEqual(len(chunk), 1, chunk)
-        self.assertEqual(chunk[0].event_id, self.event_id_1)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_1])
+
+    def test_filter_rel_types(self) -> None:
+        # Messages which are annotations.
+        filter = {"org.matrix.msc3874.rel_types": [RelationTypes.ANNOTATION]}
+        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_annotation])
+
+        # Messages which are references.
+        filter = {"org.matrix.msc3874.rel_types": [RelationTypes.REFERENCE]}
+        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_reference])
+
+        # Messages which are either annotations or references.
+        filter = {
+            "org.matrix.msc3874.rel_types": [
+                RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
+                RelationTypes.REFERENCE,
+            ]
+        }
+        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            chunk,
+            [self.event_id_annotation, self.event_id_reference],
+        )
+
+    def test_filter_not_rel_types(self) -> None:
+        # Messages which are not annotations.
+        filter = {"org.matrix.msc3874.not_rel_types": [RelationTypes.ANNOTATION]}
+        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            chunk,
+            [
+                self.event_id_1,
+                self.event_id_2,
+                self.event_id_reference,
+                self.event_id_none,
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Messages which are not references.
+        filter = {"org.matrix.msc3874.not_rel_types": [RelationTypes.REFERENCE]}
+        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            chunk,
+            [
+                self.event_id_1,
+                self.event_id_annotation,
+                self.event_id_2,
+                self.event_id_none,
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Messages which are neither annotations or references.
+        filter = {
+            "org.matrix.msc3874.not_rel_types": [
+                RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
+                RelationTypes.REFERENCE,
+            ]
+        }
+        chunk = self._filter_messages(filter)
+        self.assertEqual(chunk, [self.event_id_1, self.event_id_2, self.event_id_none])
diff --git a/tests/test_federation.py b/tests/test_federation.py
index 779fad1f63..80e5c590d8 100644
--- a/tests/test_federation.py
+++ b/tests/test_federation.py
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         federation_event_handler._check_event_auth = _check_event_auth
         self.client = self.homeserver.get_federation_client()
-        self.client._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch = lambda dest, pdus, **k: succeed(
-            pdus
+        self.client._check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch = (
+            lambda dest, pdus, **k: succeed(pdus)
         )
 
         # Send the join, it should return None (which is not an error)
diff --git a/tests/test_server.py b/tests/test_server.py
index 7c66448245..2d9a0257d4 100644
--- a/tests/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/test_server.py
@@ -222,13 +222,22 @@ class OptionsResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.resource = OptionsResource()
         self.resource.putChild(b"res", DummyResource())
 
-    def _make_request(self, method: bytes, path: bytes) -> FakeChannel:
+    def _make_request(
+        self, method: bytes, path: bytes, experimental_cors_msc3886: bool = False
+    ) -> FakeChannel:
         """Create a request from the method/path and return a channel with the response."""
         # Create a site and query for the resource.
         site = SynapseSite(
             "test",
             "site_tag",
-            parse_listener_def(0, {"type": "http", "port": 0}),
+            parse_listener_def(
+                0,
+                {
+                    "type": "http",
+                    "port": 0,
+                    "experimental_cors_msc3886": experimental_cors_msc3886,
+                },
+            ),
             self.resource,
             "1.0",
             max_request_body_size=4096,
@@ -239,25 +248,58 @@ class OptionsResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         channel = make_request(self.reactor, site, method, path, shorthand=False)
         return channel
 
+    def _check_cors_standard_headers(self, channel: FakeChannel) -> None:
+        # Ensure the correct CORS headers have been added
+        # as per https://spec.matrix.org/v1.4/client-server-api/#web-browser-clients
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.headers.getRawHeaders(b"Access-Control-Allow-Origin"),
+            [b"*"],
+            "has correct CORS Origin header",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.headers.getRawHeaders(b"Access-Control-Allow-Methods"),
+            [b"GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS"],  # HEAD isn't in the spec
+            "has correct CORS Methods header",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.headers.getRawHeaders(b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers"),
+            [b"X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Authorization, Date"],
+            "has correct CORS Headers header",
+        )
+
+    def _check_cors_msc3886_headers(self, channel: FakeChannel) -> None:
+        # Ensure the correct CORS headers have been added
+        # as per https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/blob/hughns/simple-rendezvous-capability/proposals/3886-simple-rendezvous-capability.md#cors
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.headers.getRawHeaders(b"Access-Control-Allow-Origin"),
+            [b"*"],
+            "has correct CORS Origin header",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.headers.getRawHeaders(b"Access-Control-Allow-Methods"),
+            [b"GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS"],  # HEAD isn't in the spec
+            "has correct CORS Methods header",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.headers.getRawHeaders(b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers"),
+            [
+                b"X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Authorization, Date, If-Match, If-None-Match"
+            ],
+            "has correct CORS Headers header",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.headers.getRawHeaders(b"Access-Control-Expose-Headers"),
+            [b"ETag, Location, X-Max-Bytes"],
+            "has correct CORS Expose Headers header",
+        )
+
     def test_unknown_options_request(self) -> None:
         """An OPTIONS requests to an unknown URL still returns 204 No Content."""
         channel = self._make_request(b"OPTIONS", b"/foo/")
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 204)
         self.assertNotIn("body", channel.result)
 
-        # Ensure the correct CORS headers have been added
-        self.assertTrue(
-            channel.headers.hasHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Origin"),
-            "has CORS Origin header",
-        )
-        self.assertTrue(
-            channel.headers.hasHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Methods"),
-            "has CORS Methods header",
-        )
-        self.assertTrue(
-            channel.headers.hasHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers"),
-            "has CORS Headers header",
-        )
+        self._check_cors_standard_headers(channel)
 
     def test_known_options_request(self) -> None:
         """An OPTIONS requests to an known URL still returns 204 No Content."""
@@ -265,19 +307,17 @@ class OptionsResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 204)
         self.assertNotIn("body", channel.result)
 
-        # Ensure the correct CORS headers have been added
-        self.assertTrue(
-            channel.headers.hasHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Origin"),
-            "has CORS Origin header",
-        )
-        self.assertTrue(
-            channel.headers.hasHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Methods"),
-            "has CORS Methods header",
-        )
-        self.assertTrue(
-            channel.headers.hasHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers"),
-            "has CORS Headers header",
+        self._check_cors_standard_headers(channel)
+
+    def test_known_options_request_msc3886(self) -> None:
+        """An OPTIONS requests to an known URL still returns 204 No Content."""
+        channel = self._make_request(
+            b"OPTIONS", b"/res/", experimental_cors_msc3886=True
         )
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 204)
+        self.assertNotIn("body", channel.result)
+
+        self._check_cors_msc3886_headers(channel)
 
     def test_unknown_request(self) -> None:
         """A non-OPTIONS request to an unknown URL should 404."""
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/__init__.py b/tests/test_utils/__init__.py
index 0d0d6faf0d..e62ebcc6a5 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/__init__.py
@@ -15,17 +15,24 @@
 """
 Utilities for running the unit tests
 """
+import json
 import sys
 import warnings
 from asyncio import Future
 from binascii import unhexlify
-from typing import Awaitable, Callable, TypeVar
+from typing import Awaitable, Callable, Tuple, TypeVar
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 import attr
+import zope.interface
 
 from twisted.python.failure import Failure
 from twisted.web.client import ResponseDone
+from twisted.web.http import RESPONSES
+from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
+from twisted.web.iweb import IResponse
+
+from synapse.types import JsonDict
 
 TV = TypeVar("TV")
 
@@ -97,27 +104,44 @@ def simple_async_mock(return_value=None, raises=None) -> Mock:
     return Mock(side_effect=cb)
 
 
-@attr.s
-class FakeResponse:
+# Type ignore: it does not fully implement IResponse, but is good enough for tests
+@zope.interface.implementer(IResponse)
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class FakeResponse:  # type: ignore[misc]
     """A fake twisted.web.IResponse object
 
     there is a similar class at treq.test.test_response, but it lacks a `phrase`
     attribute, and didn't support deliverBody until recently.
     """
 
-    # HTTP response code
-    code = attr.ib(type=int)
+    version: Tuple[bytes, int, int] = (b"HTTP", 1, 1)
 
-    # HTTP response phrase (eg b'OK' for a 200)
-    phrase = attr.ib(type=bytes)
+    # HTTP response code
+    code: int = 200
 
     # body of the response
-    body = attr.ib(type=bytes)
+    body: bytes = b""
+
+    headers: Headers = attr.Factory(Headers)
+
+    @property
+    def phrase(self):
+        return RESPONSES.get(self.code, b"Unknown Status")
+
+    @property
+    def length(self):
+        return len(self.body)
 
     def deliverBody(self, protocol):
         protocol.dataReceived(self.body)
         protocol.connectionLost(Failure(ResponseDone()))
 
+    @classmethod
+    def json(cls, *, code: int = 200, payload: JsonDict) -> "FakeResponse":
+        headers = Headers({"Content-Type": ["application/json"]})
+        body = json.dumps(payload).encode("utf-8")
+        return cls(code=code, body=body, headers=headers)
+
 
 # A small image used in some tests.
 #
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/oidc.py b/tests/test_utils/oidc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1461d23ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_utils/oidc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+import json
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs
+
+import attr
+
+from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
+from twisted.web.iweb import IResponse
+
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.util import Clock
+from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string
+
+from tests.test_utils import FakeResponse
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class FakeAuthorizationGrant:
+    userinfo: dict
+    client_id: str
+    redirect_uri: str
+    scope: str
+    nonce: Optional[str]
+    sid: Optional[str]
+
+
+class FakeOidcServer:
+    """A fake OpenID Connect Provider."""
+
+    # All methods here are mocks, so we can track when they are called, and override
+    # their values
+    request: Mock
+    get_jwks_handler: Mock
+    get_metadata_handler: Mock
+    get_userinfo_handler: Mock
+    post_token_handler: Mock
+
+    sid_counter: int = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, clock: Clock, issuer: str):
+        from authlib.jose import ECKey, KeySet
+
+        self._clock = clock
+        self.issuer = issuer
+
+        self.request = Mock(side_effect=self._request)
+        self.get_jwks_handler = Mock(side_effect=self._get_jwks_handler)
+        self.get_metadata_handler = Mock(side_effect=self._get_metadata_handler)
+        self.get_userinfo_handler = Mock(side_effect=self._get_userinfo_handler)
+        self.post_token_handler = Mock(side_effect=self._post_token_handler)
+
+        # A code -> grant mapping
+        self._authorization_grants: Dict[str, FakeAuthorizationGrant] = {}
+        # An access token -> grant mapping
+        self._sessions: Dict[str, FakeAuthorizationGrant] = {}
+
+        # We generate here an ECDSA key with the P-256 curve (ES256 algorithm) used for
+        # signing JWTs. ECDSA keys are really quick to generate compared to RSA.
+        self._key = ECKey.generate_key(crv="P-256", is_private=True)
+        self._jwks = KeySet([ECKey.import_key(self._key.as_pem(is_private=False))])
+
+        self._id_token_overrides: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    def reset_mocks(self):
+        self.request.reset_mock()
+        self.get_jwks_handler.reset_mock()
+        self.get_metadata_handler.reset_mock()
+        self.get_userinfo_handler.reset_mock()
+        self.post_token_handler.reset_mock()
+
+    def patch_homeserver(self, hs: HomeServer):
+        """Patch the ``HomeServer`` HTTP client to handle requests through the ``FakeOidcServer``.
+
+        This patch should be used whenever the HS is expected to perform request to the
+        OIDC provider, e.g.::
+
+            fake_oidc_server = self.helper.fake_oidc_server()
+            with fake_oidc_server.patch_homeserver(hs):
+                self.make_request("GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/login/sso/redirect")
+        """
+        return patch.object(hs.get_proxied_http_client(), "request", self.request)
+
+    @property
+    def authorization_endpoint(self) -> str:
+        return self.issuer + "authorize"
+
+    @property
+    def token_endpoint(self) -> str:
+        return self.issuer + "token"
+
+    @property
+    def userinfo_endpoint(self) -> str:
+        return self.issuer + "userinfo"
+
+    @property
+    def metadata_endpoint(self) -> str:
+        return self.issuer + ".well-known/openid-configuration"
+
+    @property
+    def jwks_uri(self) -> str:
+        return self.issuer + "jwks"
+
+    def get_metadata(self) -> dict:
+        return {
+            "issuer": self.issuer,
+            "authorization_endpoint": self.authorization_endpoint,
+            "token_endpoint": self.token_endpoint,
+            "jwks_uri": self.jwks_uri,
+            "userinfo_endpoint": self.userinfo_endpoint,
+            "response_types_supported": ["code"],
+            "subject_types_supported": ["public"],
+            "id_token_signing_alg_values_supported": ["ES256"],
+        }
+
+    def get_jwks(self) -> dict:
+        return self._jwks.as_dict()
+
+    def get_userinfo(self, access_token: str) -> Optional[dict]:
+        """Given an access token, get the userinfo of the associated session."""
+        session = self._sessions.get(access_token, None)
+        if session is None:
+            return None
+        return session.userinfo
+
+    def _sign(self, payload: dict) -> str:
+        from authlib.jose import JsonWebSignature
+
+        jws = JsonWebSignature()
+        kid = self.get_jwks()["keys"][0]["kid"]
+        protected = {"alg": "ES256", "kid": kid}
+        json_payload = json.dumps(payload)
+        return jws.serialize_compact(protected, json_payload, self._key).decode("utf-8")
+
+    def generate_id_token(self, grant: FakeAuthorizationGrant) -> str:
+        now = int(self._clock.time())
+        id_token = {
+            **grant.userinfo,
+            "iss": self.issuer,
+            "aud": grant.client_id,
+            "iat": now,
+            "nbf": now,
+            "exp": now + 600,
+        }
+
+        if grant.nonce is not None:
+            id_token["nonce"] = grant.nonce
+
+        if grant.sid is not None:
+            id_token["sid"] = grant.sid
+
+        id_token.update(self._id_token_overrides)
+
+        return self._sign(id_token)
+
+    def generate_logout_token(self, grant: FakeAuthorizationGrant) -> str:
+        now = int(self._clock.time())
+        logout_token = {
+            "iss": self.issuer,
+            "aud": grant.client_id,
+            "iat": now,
+            "jti": random_string(10),
+            "events": {
+                "http://schemas.openid.net/event/backchannel-logout": {},
+            },
+        }
+
+        if grant.sid is not None:
+            logout_token["sid"] = grant.sid
+
+        if "sub" in grant.userinfo:
+            logout_token["sub"] = grant.userinfo["sub"]
+
+        return self._sign(logout_token)
+
+    def id_token_override(self, overrides: dict):
+        """Temporarily patch the ID token generated by the token endpoint."""
+        return patch.object(self, "_id_token_overrides", overrides)
+
+    def start_authorization(
+        self,
+        client_id: str,
+        scope: str,
+        redirect_uri: str,
+        userinfo: dict,
+        nonce: Optional[str] = None,
+        with_sid: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[str, FakeAuthorizationGrant]:
+        """Start an authorization request, and get back the code to use on the authorization endpoint."""
+        code = random_string(10)
+        sid = None
+        if with_sid:
+            sid = str(self.sid_counter)
+            self.sid_counter += 1
+
+        grant = FakeAuthorizationGrant(
+            userinfo=userinfo,
+            scope=scope,
+            redirect_uri=redirect_uri,
+            nonce=nonce,
+            client_id=client_id,
+            sid=sid,
+        )
+        self._authorization_grants[code] = grant
+
+        return code, grant
+
+    def exchange_code(self, code: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        grant = self._authorization_grants.pop(code, None)
+        if grant is None:
+            return None
+
+        access_token = random_string(10)
+        self._sessions[access_token] = grant
+
+        token = {
+            "token_type": "Bearer",
+            "access_token": access_token,
+            "expires_in": 3600,
+            "scope": grant.scope,
+        }
+
+        if "openid" in grant.scope:
+            token["id_token"] = self.generate_id_token(grant)
+
+        return dict(token)
+
+    def buggy_endpoint(
+        self,
+        *,
+        jwks: bool = False,
+        metadata: bool = False,
+        token: bool = False,
+        userinfo: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """A context which makes a set of endpoints return a 500 error.
+
+        Args:
+            jwks: If True, makes the JWKS endpoint return a 500 error.
+            metadata: If True, makes the OIDC Discovery endpoint return a 500 error.
+            token: If True, makes the token endpoint return a 500 error.
+            userinfo: If True, makes the userinfo endpoint return a 500 error.
+        """
+        buggy = FakeResponse(code=500, body=b"Internal server error")
+
+        patches = {}
+        if jwks:
+            patches["get_jwks_handler"] = Mock(return_value=buggy)
+        if metadata:
+            patches["get_metadata_handler"] = Mock(return_value=buggy)
+        if token:
+            patches["post_token_handler"] = Mock(return_value=buggy)
+        if userinfo:
+            patches["get_userinfo_handler"] = Mock(return_value=buggy)
+
+        return patch.multiple(self, **patches)
+
+    async def _request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        uri: str,
+        data: Optional[bytes] = None,
+        headers: Optional[Headers] = None,
+    ) -> IResponse:
+        """The override of the SimpleHttpClient#request() method"""
+        access_token: Optional[str] = None
+
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = Headers()
+
+        # Try to find the access token in the headers if any
+        auth_headers = headers.getRawHeaders(b"Authorization")
+        if auth_headers:
+            parts = auth_headers[0].split(b" ")
+            if parts[0] == b"Bearer" and len(parts) == 2:
+                access_token = parts[1].decode("ascii")
+
+        if method == "POST":
+            # If the method is POST, assume it has an url-encoded body
+            if data is None or headers.getRawHeaders(b"Content-Type") != [
+                b"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+            ]:
+                return FakeResponse.json(code=400, payload={"error": "invalid_request"})
+
+            params = parse_qs(data.decode("utf-8"))
+
+            if uri == self.token_endpoint:
+                # Even though this endpoint should be protected, this does not check
+                # for client authentication. We're not checking it for simplicity,
+                # and because client authentication is tested in other standalone tests.
+                return self.post_token_handler(params)
+
+        elif method == "GET":
+            if uri == self.jwks_uri:
+                return self.get_jwks_handler()
+            elif uri == self.metadata_endpoint:
+                return self.get_metadata_handler()
+            elif uri == self.userinfo_endpoint:
+                return self.get_userinfo_handler(access_token=access_token)
+
+        return FakeResponse(code=404, body=b"404 not found")
+
+    # Request handlers
+    def _get_jwks_handler(self) -> IResponse:
+        """Handles requests to the JWKS URI."""
+        return FakeResponse.json(payload=self.get_jwks())
+
+    def _get_metadata_handler(self) -> IResponse:
+        """Handles requests to the OIDC well-known document."""
+        return FakeResponse.json(payload=self.get_metadata())
+
+    def _get_userinfo_handler(self, access_token: Optional[str]) -> IResponse:
+        """Handles requests to the userinfo endpoint."""
+        if access_token is None:
+            return FakeResponse(code=401)
+        user_info = self.get_userinfo(access_token)
+        if user_info is None:
+            return FakeResponse(code=401)
+
+        return FakeResponse.json(payload=user_info)
+
+    def _post_token_handler(self, params: Dict[str, List[str]]) -> IResponse:
+        """Handles requests to the token endpoint."""
+        code = params.get("code", [])
+
+        if len(code) != 1:
+            return FakeResponse.json(code=400, payload={"error": "invalid_request"})
+
+        grant = self.exchange_code(code=code[0])
+        if grant is None:
+            return FakeResponse.json(code=400, payload={"error": "invalid_grant"})
+
+        return FakeResponse.json(payload=grant)
diff --git a/tests/unittest.py b/tests/unittest.py
index 00cb023198..a120c2976c 100644
--- a/tests/unittest.py
+++ b/tests/unittest.py
@@ -360,13 +360,13 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
                 store.db_pool.updates.do_next_background_update(False), by=0.1
             )
 
-    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock):
         """
         Make and return a homeserver.
 
         Args:
             reactor: A Twisted Reactor, or something that pretends to be one.
-            clock (synapse.util.Clock): The Clock, associated with the reactor.
+            clock: The Clock, associated with the reactor.
 
         Returns:
             A homeserver suitable for testing.
@@ -426,9 +426,8 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
 
         Args:
             reactor: A Twisted Reactor, or something that pretends to be one.
-            clock (synapse.util.Clock): The Clock, associated with the reactor.
-            homeserver (synapse.server.HomeServer): The HomeServer to test
-            against.
+            clock: The Clock, associated with the reactor.
+            homeserver: The HomeServer to test against.
 
         Function to optionally be overridden in subclasses.
         """
@@ -452,11 +451,10 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         given content.
 
         Args:
-            method (bytes/unicode): The HTTP request method ("verb").
-            path (bytes/unicode): The HTTP path, suitably URL encoded (e.g.
-            escaped UTF-8 & spaces and such).
-            content (bytes or dict): The body of the request. JSON-encoded, if
-            a dict.
+            method: The HTTP request method ("verb").
+            path: The HTTP path, suitably URL encoded (e.g. escaped UTF-8 & spaces
+                and such). content (bytes or dict): The body of the request.
+                JSON-encoded, if a dict.
             shorthand: Whether to try and be helpful and prefix the given URL
             with the usual REST API path, if it doesn't contain it.
             federation_auth_origin: if set to not-None, we will add a fake
@@ -734,7 +732,9 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
             event.internal_metadata.soft_failed = True
 
         self.get_success(
-            event_creator.handle_new_client_event(requester, event, context)
+            event_creator.handle_new_client_event(
+                requester, events_and_context=[(event, context)]
+            )
         )
 
         return event.event_id
diff --git a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
index 48e616ac74..43475a307f 100644
--- a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
+++ b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 import logging
-from typing import Set
+from typing import Iterable, Set, Tuple
 from unittest import mock
 
 from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from synapse.logging.context import (
     make_deferred_yieldable,
 )
 from synapse.util.caches import descriptors
-from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedList, lru_cache
+from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedList
 
 from tests import unittest
 from tests.test_utils import get_awaitable_result
@@ -36,38 +36,6 @@ from tests.test_utils import get_awaitable_result
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class LruCacheDecoratorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_base(self):
-        class Cls:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.mock = mock.Mock()
-
-            @lru_cache()
-            def fn(self, arg1, arg2):
-                return self.mock(arg1, arg2)
-
-        obj = Cls()
-        obj.mock.return_value = "fish"
-        r = obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
-        obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
-        obj.mock.reset_mock()
-
-        # a call with different params should call the mock again
-        obj.mock.return_value = "chips"
-        r = obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
-        obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 3)
-        obj.mock.reset_mock()
-
-        # the two values should now be cached
-        r = obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
-        r = obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
-        obj.mock.assert_not_called()
-
-
 def run_on_reactor():
     d = defer.Deferred()
     reactor.callLater(0, d.callback, 0)
@@ -478,10 +446,10 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
             @cached(cache_context=True)
             async def func2(self, key, cache_context):
-                return self.func3(key, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate)
+                return await self.func3(key, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate)
 
-            @lru_cache(cache_context=True)
-            def func3(self, key, cache_context):
+            @cached(cache_context=True)
+            async def func3(self, key, cache_context):
                 self.invalidate = cache_context.invalidate
                 return 42
 
@@ -1008,3 +976,34 @@ class CachedListDescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             obj.inner_context_was_finished, "Tried to restart a finished logcontext"
         )
         self.assertEqual(current_context(), SENTINEL_CONTEXT)
+
+    def test_num_args_mismatch(self):
+        """
+        Make sure someone does not accidentally use @cachedList on a method with
+        a mismatch in the number args to the underlying single cache method.
+        """
+
+        class Cls:
+            @descriptors.cached(tree=True)
+            def fn(self, room_id, event_id):
+                pass
+
+            # This is wrong ❌. `@cachedList` expects to be given the same number
+            # of arguments as the underlying cached function, just with one of
+            # the arguments being an iterable
+            @descriptors.cachedList(cached_method_name="fn", list_name="keys")
+            def list_fn(self, keys: Iterable[Tuple[str, str]]):
+                pass
+
+            # Corrected syntax ✅
+            #
+            # @cachedList(cached_method_name="fn", list_name="event_ids")
+            # async def list_fn(
+            #     self, room_id: str, event_ids: Collection[str],
+            # )
+
+        obj = Cls()
+
+        # Make sure this raises an error about the arg mismatch
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            obj.list_fn([("foo", "bar")])
diff --git a/tests/util/test_check_dependencies.py b/tests/util/test_check_dependencies.py
index 5d1aa025d1..6913de24b9 100644
--- a/tests/util/test_check_dependencies.py
+++ b/tests/util/test_check_dependencies.py
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ class TestDependencyChecker(TestCase):
     def mock_installed_package(
         self, distribution: Optional[DummyDistribution]
     ) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-        """Pretend that looking up any distribution yields the given `distribution`."""
+        """Pretend that looking up any package yields the given `distribution`.
+
+        If `distribution = None`, we pretend that the package is not installed.
+        """
 
         def mock_distribution(name: str):
             if distribution is None:
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ class TestDependencyChecker(TestCase):
                 self.assertRaises(DependencyException, check_requirements)
 
     def test_checks_ignore_dev_dependencies(self) -> None:
-        """Bot generic and per-extra checks should ignore dev dependencies."""
+        """Both generic and per-extra checks should ignore dev dependencies."""
         with patch(
             "synapse.util.check_dependencies.metadata.requires",
             return_value=["dummypkg >= 1; extra == 'mypy'"],
@@ -142,3 +145,16 @@ class TestDependencyChecker(TestCase):
             with self.mock_installed_package(new_release_candidate):
                 # should not raise
                 check_requirements()
+
+    def test_setuptools_rust_ignored(self) -> None:
+        """Test a workaround for a `poetry build` problem. Reproduces #13926."""
+        with patch(
+            "synapse.util.check_dependencies.metadata.requires",
+            return_value=["setuptools_rust >= 1.3"],
+        ):
+            with self.mock_installed_package(None):
+                # should not raise, even if setuptools_rust is not installed
+                check_requirements()
+            with self.mock_installed_package(old):
+                # We also ignore old versions of setuptools_rust
+                check_requirements()
diff --git a/tests/util/test_macaroons.py b/tests/util/test_macaroons.py
index 32125f7bb7..40754a4711 100644
--- a/tests/util/test_macaroons.py
+++ b/tests/util/test_macaroons.py
@@ -84,34 +84,6 @@ class MacaroonGeneratorTestCase(TestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(user_id, "@user:tesths")
 
-    def test_short_term_login_token(self):
-        """Test the generation and verification of short-term login tokens"""
-        token = self.macaroon_generator.generate_short_term_login_token(
-            user_id="@user:tesths",
-            auth_provider_id="oidc",
-            auth_provider_session_id="sid",
-            duration_in_ms=2 * 60 * 1000,
-        )
-
-        info = self.macaroon_generator.verify_short_term_login_token(token)
-        self.assertEqual(info.user_id, "@user:tesths")
-        self.assertEqual(info.auth_provider_id, "oidc")
-        self.assertEqual(info.auth_provider_session_id, "sid")
-
-        # Raises with another secret key
-        with self.assertRaises(MacaroonVerificationFailedException):
-            self.other_macaroon_generator.verify_short_term_login_token(token)
-
-        # Wait a minute
-        self.reactor.pump([60])
-        # Shouldn't raise
-        self.macaroon_generator.verify_short_term_login_token(token)
-        # Wait another minute
-        self.reactor.pump([60])
-        # Should raise since it expired
-        with self.assertRaises(MacaroonVerificationFailedException):
-            self.macaroon_generator.verify_short_term_login_token(token)
-
     def test_oidc_session_token(self):
         """Test the generation and verification of OIDC session cookies"""
         state = "arandomstate"
diff --git a/tests/utils.py b/tests/utils.py
index 65db437697..045a8b5fa7 100644
--- a/tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils.py
@@ -270,9 +270,7 @@ class MockClock:
         *args: P.args,
         **kwargs: P.kwargs,
     ) -> None:
-        # This type-ignore should be redundant once we use a mypy release with
-        # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/12668.
-        self.loopers.append(Looper(function, interval / 1000.0, self.now, args, kwargs))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.loopers.append(Looper(function, interval / 1000.0, self.now, args, kwargs))
 
     def cancel_call_later(self, timer: Timer, ignore_errs: bool = False) -> None:
         if timer.expired: