76 KiB
76 KiB
#! /usr/bin/less -frnS
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┗━╸╹ ╹ ╹ ╹┗╸┗━╸╹ ╹┗━╸ ┗━┛┗━╸ ╹ ╹╹ ╹╹ ╹ ╹ ┗━╸ ╹┗━┛╹ ╹┗━┛╹ ╹╹┗╸┗━╸
Extreme Ultimate .bashrc File Help
https://sourceforge.net/projects/ultimate-bashrc/
bashrcupdate - Update your ~/.bashrc and help file from SourceForge
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Press / to search. Press n or SHIFT-N (backwards) to repeat.
Color Code Legend
Title
Binary or native command
Alias or function (from the Extreme Ultimate .bashrc file)
Parameter or options
Description
Bash Shortcuts
edit [file] - Edit a file using the default text editor
sudoedit [file] - Edit a file using sudo in a secure method
CTRL-X-E - Edit command in an editor (fc will edit last history)
CTRL-Y - Pastes text from the Bash clipboard
CTRL-U - Cuts text from the cursor to the beginning of the line
CTRL-K - Cuts text from the cursor until the end of the line
CTRL-W or ALT-BACKSPACE - Cut word behind cursor
END CTRL-U or CTRL-Q - Cuts and clears the entire line
CTRL-A or HOME - Move cursor to the beginning of the line
CTRL-E or END - Move cursor to end of line
CTRL-] x - Moves the cursor forward to next occurrence of x
ALT-CTRL-] x - Moves the cursor to previous occurrence of x
CTRL-XX - Toggle between start of line and current cursor position
ALT-T - Swaps the last two words
CTRL-T - Swaps the last two characters
ALT-U - Capitalize all characters in a word after the cursor
ALT-L - Lower case all characters in a word after the cursor
ALT-. - Use the last word of the previous command
history - Shows your command line history
!10 - Runs the command number listed by the history command
Up Arrow or CTRL-P - Previous command in history
Down Arrow or CTRL-N - Next command in history
CTRL-S - Searches the history forward
CTRL-R - Searches the history backward (reverse search)
ALT-R - Undo any changes to a command from history
CTRL-G - Leave the history searching mode without running the command
!! - Repeats the last command (i.e. sudo !!)
!$ - Repeats only the argument from the last command
!* - Repeats all parameters from previous command
!^ - Repeats only the first argument from the last command
!abc - Execute last command in history beginning with abc
!abc:p - Prints last command in history beginning with abc
echo "!!" > [file.sh] - Create a script of the last command
^find^replace - Repeats the last command but replaces text
mv /path/to/file.{txt,xml} - Brackets repeat the command with comma delimited changes
repeat - Repeat a command n times
CTRL-C - Halts the current command
CTRL-Z - Stops the current command (resume with fg in foreground and bg in background)
CTRL-S - Pause terminal output (program will keep running)
CTRL-Q - Release terminal output (after being paused)
CTRL-L - Clear the screen
CTRL-D - Log out
\ - Use at the end of a line to continue a multi-line command
or use at the beginning of a command to bypass an alias.
CTRL-ALT-E - Expand an alias to it's actual code
To stack multiple commands on one line:
&& - Commands separated by a double ampersand means AND and runs multiple
commands synchronously with each one running only if the last did not fail.
& - A single ampersand runs multiple commands asynchronously (at the same time).
|| - Commands separated by a double pipe means OR and runs multiple
commands synchronously with each one running only if the last command failed.
(cd /tmp && ls) - jump to directory, execute command, jump back
Install and Updates
These aliases detect and use installed package managers on various distros:
has [package] - Show if a package is installed and it's information and version
pkglist - List all installed packages
pkgsearch [package] - Searches for a package
pkginstall [package] - Installs a package
pkgremove [package] - Removes a package
pkgclean [package] - Removes orphans or unused packages
pkgupdate [package] - Updates an installed package
pkgupdateall - Update the system and all packages
Information and Utility
hlp - Show this help information (also CTRL-H)
a - Show a list of available aliases and functions
alias [alias] - Give the command(s) for an alias
ver - Show the version of the OS and kernel
lsb_release -a or uname -r - Show the current version of the operating system
uname -a - Show kernel config
cat /proc/cpuinfo or cpuinfo - Show CPU information
cat /proc/meminfo - Show memory information
usb - Show the USB device tree
pci - Show the PCI device tree
windowinfo - Select a window for information like geometry, class name, etc.
man [command] - Show manual for a command
mostused - See what command you are using the most
man ascii - ASCII table
apropos - Find word in man pages
type -t [command] or check [command] - Show if a command is aliased, a file, or a built-in command
which [app] - Show which app will be run by default
whereis [app] - Show possible locations of app
date - Show current date and time
today - Show the date only
now - Show the time
cal - Show this month's calendar
cal -3 - Show three months spanning the date
cal 1989 - Show a calendar for a specific year
stopwatch - Stop watch
countdown [time] - Display a countdown timer (requires termdown)
timer [time] - Simple timer function (requires termdown)
filetimenow [file] - Change file accessed and modified time to now
uptime - Show uptime since last start
xdg-open or open - Launch a document/file/url in it's default X application
runfree - Start a program but immediately disown it and detach it from the terminal
glow [file.md] - Markdown viewer (if installed)
glowsafe [file.md] - Markdown viewer without internet (only local)
csvview - View any CSV file in the terminal
json [file] - View JSON files in the terminal with syntax highlighting
rot13 - Rot13 conversion
shellcheck - Check shell script syntax
Files and Folders
ls - Directory listing
ls -al - Formatted directory listing with hidden files
ls -d */ - List only the directories
ll - Directory listing: long listing format
labc - Directory listing: alphabetical sort
lx - Directory listing: sort by extension
lk - Directory listing: sort by size
lt - Directory listing: sort by date
lc - Directory listing: sort by change time
lu - Directory listing: sort by access time
lw - Directory listing: wide listing format
lm - Directory listing: pipe through 'more'
lr - Directory listing: recursive ls
l. - Directory listing: only show hidden files
lf - Directory listing: files only
ltree - Directory listing: tree format
ldir - Directory listing: directories only
new - Directory listing: recently created/updated files
llfs +10k - List all files larger than a given size
.. - Go back 1 folder
... - Go back 2 folders
.... - Go back 3 folders
..... - Go back 4 folders
..2 - Go back 2 folders
..3 - Go back 3 folders
..4 - Go back 4 folders
..5 - Go back 5 folders
up - go up a specified number of folders
cd [directory] - Change directory
cd or cd ~ - Change to home
cd - - Change into the previous folder
pwd - Shows the directory you’re currently in
pwd- - Shows the directory you were previously in
pwdtail - Returns the last 2 fields of the working directory
cp [file1] [file2] - Copy file 1 to file 2
cpp - Copy file with a progress bar
cpg - Copy and go to the directory
mv [file1] [file2] - Rename file 1 to file 2
mv filename.{old,new} - Quickly rename file extension
mvg - Move and go into a directory
mkdir [directory] - Create directory
mkdir -p [a/long/path] - Create directory and all subdirectories
mkdirg - Create and go to the directory
rm [file] - Delete file
rm -f [file] - Force remove file
rm -rf [folder] or rmd [folder] - Remove a directory and all contents
ln -s [file] [link] - Create symbolic link to file
touch [file] - Create or update file
> [file] - Empty a file
cat > [file] - Place standard input into file
cat [file] - Output the contents of file
more [file] - Output the contents of file with paging
less [file] - Output the contents of file with paging
head [file] - Output first 10 lines of file
head -n [count] [file] - Output the first specified number of lines
tail [file] - Output last 10 lines of file
tail -n [count] [file] - Output the last specified number of lines
tail -f [file] - Output contents of file as it grows
diff [file1] [file2] or colordiff - Compare two files
fullpath - Shows full path of file or wildcard
path - List the PATH environment variable directories
pathappend - Add a directory to the end of the path if it exists
pathprepend - Add a directory to the beginning of the path if it exists
df - Show disk usage
du - Show directory space usage
du -sh - Show human readable size in GB
du -s * | sort -n | tail - Show 10 biggest files in the current directory
diskspace - List all folders disk space sorted by largest space
folders - List disk space of immediate folders one level deep
totalsize [directory] - Show the size of the current or specified folder
blocksize [device] - Show the block size of a device
countfiles - Count all files (recursively) in the current folder
tree - Show a folder and file tree
treed - Show a folder tree
trash - Send file(s) to the trash (works with most desktop environments)
trashlist - Display the contents of the trash
trashempty - Empty and permanently delete all the files in the trash
rmempty [directory] - Recursively remove all empty directories
bak [file] - Create a timestamped backup of a file or directory
unbak [file] - Restore a backup using an interactive picker
clone [source] [dest] - Copy files recursively preserving all attributes
clonesync [source] [dest] - Clone and sync directories (deletes files not in source)
shred - Shred a specified file
lsblk - List the available block devices
mount | column -t - Display mounted filesystems in nice layout
mount or m - Mount a file system
umount or um - Unmount a file system
dd if=[file.iso] of=[/dev/usb_drive] status=progress - Make a bootable USB from an ISO file
pandoc [input.md] -o [output.html] - Convert markdown to HTML (Auto-detects extension)
pandoc [input.md] -o [output.pdf] - Convert markdown to PDF (Auto-detects extension)
pandoc -f html -t epub3 -o [output.epub] 'https://somedomain/page' - Convert an HTML page to ebook
home - Go to your home folder
web - Change into Apache web folder
Searching
find . -type f [search] - Search filenames in the current folder
find . -type f -iname [search] or f [search] - Search filenames in the current folder and ignore case
find . -type f -name *.txt or f *.txt - Search for all text files in the current folder
find . -mtime 10 - Search filenames modified in the last 10 days
find . -cmin -60 - Search filenames modified in the last hour
find . -size +10 -size -50 - Search filenames between 10MB and 50MB
find /dir -type f -name *.mp3 -size +10M -exec rm {} \; - Find specified files and delete them with -exec
find . -type d -iname [search] or finddir [search] - Search directories in the current folder
find . -name '.directory' -type f -delete - Delete Dolphin's hidden .directory files recursively
find [/source/dir] -iname "[files.ext]" -exec cp {} [/target/dir] \; - Copy files from multiple folders into a single folder
findtext [search] - Searches for text in all files in the current folder
findcode [search] - Searches for text in only code files (like HTML, PHP, JS, etc)
fzf - Fuzzy file finder (must be installed)
fzfpreview - Fuzzy file finder with preview
h [search] - Search command line history (also CTRL-S and CTRL-R)
grep [pattern] [files] - Search for pattern in files
grep -r [pattern] [directory] - Search recursively for pattern
[command] | grep [pattern] - Search for pattern in the output of command
pgrep [search] - Find process by name
sed -i 's/[findtext]/[replacetext]/g' [file] - Replace text in a file
locate - Fastest file search using mlocate package
updatedb - Update the mlocate file location database
ulocate - Update the database before locating a file
locate -c or locount - Display the number of matching entries
findcronjob - Interactively search for cron jobs matching time criteria
findservice - Interactively search and manage systemd services
findlog - Shows log files with previews and returns filename (requires fzf)
preview - Shows files in directory with previews for editing (requires fzf)
Graphics Video and Fonts
xrandr -s 1920x1080 - Change resolution (careful with multi-monitor)
fawkes - Application that distorts images to protect your identity from facial recognition (if installed)
colors - Print a list of colors with escape codes
colors256 - Print a list of all 256 color codes
colors24bit - Test for 24 bit true color in the terminal
whichdisplay - Shows the current display server (X11 or Wayland)
grabvideo - Video capture the Linux desktop (requires ffmpeg)
compressimage [image] - Convert an image to compressed jpg format
sparkbars - Draw spark “EQ” type bars across the terminal
sparkbars | lolcat - Draw spark “EQ” type bars across the terminal in color
chafa [image.gif] - View an image or video in the console (if installed)
jp2a --color [image.jpg] - Create an ASCII version of an image (if installed)
figlet -w [width] -f [font] [text] - Create ASCII text (if installed)
toilet -w [width] -f [font] [text] - Create large ASCII text (if installed)
toiletfont - List the figlet/toilet font directory
toiletfontlist - Show all the fonts available
ffmpeg -hwaccel cuvid -c:v h264_cuvid -i input.mp4 -ss 1:00 -to 2:00 -c:v h264_nvenc -preset:v slow -profile:v high -rc vbr_hq -b:v 0 -cq 30 -c:a copy -movflags +faststart output.mp4 - Trim Video
ffmpeg -i input.avi -vn -acodec copy output.aac - Extract Audio from Video
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -an output.mp4 - Strip Video's Audio
ffmpeg -y -i input.ts -vcodec copy -acodec copy -map 0:v -map 0:a output.mp4 - Convert TS file to MP4
ffmpeg -f x11grab -s wxga -r 25 -i :0.0 -sameq [/tmp/output.mpg] - Capture video of Linux desktop
Permissions
chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx [file] - Change permission of file for user, group, other
chmod [octal] [file] - Change permission of file using an octal
Octal order is user/group/other:
4 - read (r)
2 - write (w)
1 - execute (x)
Common permission octals for user/group/other:
000 No permissions
600 rw- --- --- Owner only
644 rw- r-- r-- Owner only write access
660 rw- rw- --- Owner and group only
664 rw- rw- r-- Standard file with world read only
666 rw- rw- rw- Everyone read write access
755 rwx r-x r-x Executable but owner only write access
775 rwx rwx r-x Standard executable or directory (directories require executable)
777 rwx rwx rwx Everyone full access
Permissions in the ls -l (long listing format) output:
Type (- Regular File, d Directory, l Symbolic Link)
|User permissions start here
|| Group permissions start here
|| | World (everyone else) permissions start here
|| | | User owner
|| | | | Group owner
VV V V V V
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1071664 Jan 12 34:56 /usr/bin/bash
^^^ ^
||| - Permission not set
||x Execute permission
|w Write permission
r Read permission
chmodcalc - Chmod calculator
chmoddirs [octal] - Recursively change only folder permissions
chmodfiles [octal] - Recursively change only file permission
fixuserhome [optional user] - Repairs and sets proper permissions of the home directory
chfix - Recursively set permissions of code files and directories
chmodcopy [source] [target] - Copy permissions from one file to another
chmod +x [file] or mx - make files executable
chmod ug+x ~/{.,}*.sh - Set execute with wildcard including all visible and invisible .sh files
chmod --reference [file1] [file2] - Copy permissions of file 1 to file 2
chmod g+s [folder] - Ensure that new content in the directory will inherit group ownership
ls -lah $(which [command]) - Show the location of a command and it's attributes
Archives and File Compression
Tar flags:
c - Create archive j - Use bzip2 compression
t - Table of contents k - Do not overwrite
x - Extract T - Files from file
f - Specifies filename w - Ask for confirmation
z - Use gzip compression v - Verbose
p - Preserve pemissions X - Exclude
tar -jcvf [file.tar.bz2] [file1] [file2] - Create a bzip2 archive file of file(s)
tar -jcvpf [file.tar.bz2] [/folder1] [/folder2] - Create bzip2 from folder(s)
pbzip2 --compress --best --force --verbose [files] - Create bzip2 with parallel processors
tar -xvjf [file.tar.bz2] [files] - Extract a bzip2 archive file
tar -jtvf [file.tar.bz2] - View contents of a tar.bz2 file
tar -zcvf [file.tar.gz] [file1] [file2] - Create a gzip archive file of file(s)
tar -zcvpf [file.tar.gz] [/folder1] [/folder2] - Create gzip from folder(s)
tar -I 'pigz --best' -c -f [file.tar.gz] [files] - Create gzip with parallel processors
tar -xvzf [file.tar.gz] [files] - Extract a gzip archive file
tar -ztvf [file.tar.gz] - View contents of a tar.gz file
tar -cvf [file.tar] [files] - Create a tar file
tar -xvf [file.tar] [files] - Extract a tar file
tar -tvf [file.tar] - View contents of a tar file
zip [file.zip] [file1] [file2] - Create a zip file
zip -r [file.zip] [/folder1] [/folder2] - Create a zip from folder(s)
zip -9 -e -r [file.zip] [/folder] - Create zip with password and max compression
unzip [file.zip] -d [/destination] - Unzip a zip archive file to a folder
unzip -l [file.zip] or zipinfo [file.zip] - View contents of a zip file
gzip [file] - Compress file and rename to file.gz
gzip -d [file.gz] - Decompress file
extract - Extract any archive(s)
mkbz2 - Create a bzip2 archive file
unbz2 - Extract a bzip2 archive file
mkgz - Create a gzip archive file
ungz - Extract a gzip archive file
mktar - Create a tar file
untar - Extract a tar file
encrypt - Encrypt a file using OpenSSL AES 256bit Cipher Block Chaining encryption
decrypt - Decrypt a file using OpenSSL AES 256bit Cipher Block Chaining encryption
Process Management and Memory Usage
top or htop or btm - Monitor processes and system resource usage
cpu - Show the top 10 CPU processes
free - Display amount of free and used memory in MB
activewinpid - Get active X-window process ID (3 second delay)
ps - Display currently active processes
ps aux - Display active processes with more detail
ps aux | sort -nk +4 | tail - Top 10 running processes sorted by memory usage
ps aux | grep -i [process] - Find a process by name
smash - Kill process by name (interactive)
kill [pid] - Kill process with specified pid
kill -9 [pid] - Kill process with specified pid (forced)
kill -15 [pid] - Kill process with specified pid (graceful)
killall [proc] - Kill all processes named proc
jobs -l - show all jobs
fg [number] - Brings job number to foreground
fg - Bring most recent stopped job to foreground
bg - Lists stopped/background jobs, resume stopped job in background
Networking
curl [http://server.com/file] - Download a file with curl
curl --output [destination_file] [http://server.com/file] - Download with curl to a specified output
wget [file] - Download file with wget
wget -O [destination_file] [http://server.com/file] - Download with wget and specify output
wget -c [file] - Continue stopped download
wget -r [url] - Recursively download files from URL
wget -qO- icanhazip.com - Get your external IP
download [url] - Download a file
youtube-dl -i --no-overwrites --write-description --write-info-json -f 'bestvideo+bestaudio/best' 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=' - Download Youtube Video
ping [host] - Test the reachability of a host
fastping - Do not wait for ping interval 1 second (go fast)
ping -i 6O -a [IP] - Set audible alarm for when IP comes online
dig [domain] - Get DNS for domain
dig -x [host] - Reverse lookup host
lsof -i or netwatch - Watch real time network activity
ports - Show open ports
iplocal - Get local IP addresses
ipexternal - Get outside external IP addresses
vim scp://[username@host]/[/path/to/somefile] - remotely edit a file
python -m SimpleHTTPServer - Serve current directory tree at http://HOSTNAME:8000/
net rpc shutdown -I IPAddressOfWindowsPC -U username%password - Remotely shutdown windows machine
sleep 10; alert - Network notify alert for long running commands
SSH Remote Networking
ssh [user]@[host] - Connect to host as user
ssh -p 22 [user]@[host] - Connect using specified port
ssh -D [port] [user]@[host] - Connect and use bind port
ssh -t [reachable_host] ssh [unreachable_host] - SSH through host in the middle
ssh [user]@[host] -t tmux new-session -A -s main - Connect to host as user and start tmux
sshpass -p '[password]' ssh [user]@[host] - Connect to host as user with password in plaintext
scp [/path/to/local/file] [user]@[host]:[/path/to/remote/directory/] - Copy a local file to a remote host
scp [user]@[host]:[/path/to/remote/file] [/path/to/local/directory/] - Copy a file from a remote host to a local directory
sshfs [name@server:/path/to/folder] [/path/to/mount/point] - Mount file system over SSH
rsync -avzhP [/local/folder/] [user]@[server]:[/remote/folder/] - Sync local to SSH server (one way)
sync2ssh [local] [user@host:port] [remote] - Synchronize files using rsync over SSH
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 - Generate a new SSH key pair with 4096 bits
ssh-copy-id [user]@[host] - Upload public key for passwordless secure SSH
Restarting
rebootsafe - reboot safely
rebootforce - force reboot
rebootlater [time] - Schedule the computer to auto reboot
rebootfast - Fast reboot user space without rebooting kernel
logout - Log out the current user
firmwareupdate - Update system firmware
sudo shutdown -r now - reboot immediately
sudo shutdown -P now - power down immediately
sudo shutdown -r 10 - reboot after 10 minutes
sudo shutdown -r 12:34 - reboot after 12 hours and 34 minutes
sudo reboot -f - force reboot
last reboot | head - show last 10 reboots
Compile and Install From Source
./configure (may not have this)
make
make install
make clean
Configuration
ebrc - Edit the .bashrc file
sudo nano /etc/fstab - Edit startup configuration
nano /etc/sysctl.conf - Change system security
sudo systemctl restart httpd - Restart Apache
httpd -t or sudo apachectl configtest - Check the Apache configuration for errors
httpd -V - Find apache configuration file(s)
apacheconfig - Edit Apache web server configuration
ngconfig - Edit Nginx web server configuration
mysqld --verbose --help | grep -A 1 "Default options" - Find MySQL configuration file(s)
mysqlconfig - Edit MySQL database configuration
php -r 'echo php_ini_loaded_file() . "\n";' - Find the PHP configuration file
phpconfig - Edit the PHP configuration
phpchecksyntax - Check the syntax of a PHP file for errors
hoststoggle - Toggle the hosts file off and back on
chattr +i /etc/php.ini - Protect a file
chattr -i /etc/php.ini - Unprotect a file
logs - Show all logs in /var/log
sudo cpupower frequency-info - Info about powersaving mode (requires cpupower or linux-cpupower package)
sudo cpupower frequency-set -g performance - Set powersaving mode off for performance
sudo cpupower frequency-set -g powersave - Set powersaving mode on to save power
Modify GRUB Boot Loader
sudo nano /etc/default/grub
sudo update-grub
Start/Stop/Restart a Service (systemd)
sudo systemctl start [service] or servicestart - Start a service
sudo systemctl stop [service] or servicestop - Stop a service
sudo systemctl kill [service] or servicekill - Force terminate a service
sudo systemctl restart [service] or servicerestart - Restart a service
sudo systemctl reload [service] or servicereload - Reload the configuration for a service
sudo systemctl status [service] or servicestatus - Show the status of the service
sudo systemctl is-active [service] - Check if a service is running
sudo systemctl enable [service] - Enable a service to run at boot
sudo systemctl is-enabled [service] - Check if a service is configured to start automatically
sudo systemctl --failed or failed - Find what services have failed
sudo systemctl list-units --type=service or servicesall - List all services
services - List all running or failed services
apacherestart - Restart the Apache web server (requires Apache to be installed)
ngrestart - Restart the Nginx web server (requires Nginx to be installed)
Cron Jobs (cronie Package)
sudo crontab -l - List all cron jobs
sudo -E crontab -e - Edit the crontab file preserving editor environment variables
Each line has five time-and-date fields followed by a command and new line.
The fields are separated by spaces (fields cannot contain spaces).
The five time-and-date fields are as follows:
Minute (0-59)
| Hour (0-23, 0 = midnight)
| | Day (1-31)
| | | Month (1-12)
| | | | Weekday (0-6, 0 = Sunday)
| | | | | Script file or executable
V V V V V V
00 00 01 * * /directories/script.sh
The cron log is found here: nano /var/log/cron
More info here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CronHowto
Anacron directory locations:
/etc/cron.d
/etc/cron.daily
/etc/cron.hourly
/etc/cron.weekly
/etc/cron.monthly
Run Commands at Different Times
nohup [command] & - Run commands after you log out of an ssh session
Example: nohup wget http://server.com/file.zip &
at [time] - Run a linux command at a specific time
Example:
at 10:38 PM Fri
at> echo 'hello'
at> CTRL + D
User Administration
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd - List all users and their information
sudo useradd [user] - Add a new user
sudo userdel -r [user] - Delete an existing user
sudo usermod -l [user] - Change a user's name
sudo chfn [user] - Change the finger information for a user
sudo passwd [user] - Change a user's password
genpw [length] - Generate passwords (optional parameter -s or +s for symbols)
spellcheck [text] - Spell check command line input (requires aspell or hunspell)
usermod -a -G wheel [user] - Make a user an administrator (add to wheel group)
usermod -a -G wheel,developers [user] - Make a user a developer (add to developer group)
w - Shows information about the users currently on the machine and their processes
w [user] - Shows the information about a particular user
whoami - Show who are you logged in as
who - Shows information about users who are currently logged in
users - Shows the login names of the users currently on the system
sudo chsh --shell /bin/bash [user] - Change the default shell for a user
sudo chsh --list-shells - Print the list of shells
Group Administration
groups - List groups
cut -d: -f1 /etc/group | sort - List all groups
sudo groupadd [group] - Add a new group
sudo groupdel [group] - Delete an existing group
grep -i [group] /etc/group - List all the users in a specified group
id -Gn [user] - List all the groups for a user
find / -group [group] - List all the files owned by a group
Clam AntiVirus
freshclam - Update clam definitions
clamscan -ir [/var/www/html/]
clamscan --recursive=yes --infected --log=[/tmp/virus_scan.txt] --move=[/tmp/quarantine/]
--scan-mail=yes --phishing-sigs=yes --phishing-scan-urls=yes [/var/www/html/]
clamscan -ir / > [/tmp/virus_scan.txt]
Rootkit Checks
To update and run RKHunter:
sudo rkhunter --update
sudo rkhunter --check
RKHunter keeps its log here:
/var/log/rkhunter/rkhunter.log
chkrootkit - Another rootkit check program
Security Check With LinPEASS
After installing peass, you can usually find it here:
/usr/share/peass/linPEAS/linpeas.sh
Spectre Meltdown Checker
spectre-meltdown-checker - Check for Spectre Meltdown bugs
For more information see:
https://github.com/speed47/spectre-meltdown-checker
BtrFS File System Utilities
sudo btrfs fi show or btrcheck - Check status of raid drives
sudo btrfs device stats [/directory] or btrstats - Show device statistics
sudo btrfs scrub start [/directory] or btrscrub - Start a scrub
sudo btrfs scrub cancel [/directory] or btrpause - Cancel or pause a scrub
sudo btrfs scrub resume [/directory] or btrresume - Resume a paused scrub
sudo btrfs scrub status [/directory] or btrstatus - Show status of a scrub
sudo btrfs filesystem defragment -vf [file] or btrdefragfile - Defrag a file
sudo btrfs filesystem defragment -rvf [/directory] or btrdefragdir - Defrag a directory
Tmux Terminal Multiplexer
Load new session named "main" or attach to this session if it already exists:
tmux a -t main || tmux new -s main
-or- use the alias: tm
tmux detach or tmd or CTRL-b + d - Detach from a Tmux session but leave the session running
tmux ls or tmlist - List all Tmux sessions
tmux list-sessions -F "#{session_name}" - List all Tmux sessions by name only
tmux lsc or tmclients - List all Tmux clients
tmux new -s [session] or tmnew [session] - Create a new session
tmux a -t [session] or tmattach [session] - Attach to a specified Tmux session (-d will detach all other clients)
tmux attach - Attach to an existing Tmux session
tmux rename -t [session] [new_name] or tmrename [session] [new_name] - Rename a Tmux session
tmux kill-session -t [session] or tmkill [session] - Kill a Tmux session
tmux kill-server or tmreset - Kill all Tmux sessions
Tmux Windows/Panes - Use CTRL-b First
0-9 - Select window by number
c - Create new window
w - List windows
f - Find window
, - Rename window
& - Kill window
l - Toggle last active window
p - Previous window
n - Next window
% or \ - Split a pane into left and right panes
" or - - Split a pane into top and bottom panes
CTRL-o - Swap panes
SHIFT-{ - Move the current pane left
SHIFT-} - Move the current pane right
b - Break off pane to it's own window
z - Toggle zoom a window (great for copy)
q - Show pane numbers
q 0-9 - Select pane by number
x - Close current pane (or use CTRL-D)
! - Close other panes except the current one
PgUp - Scroll one page up and go into scroll mode
[ - Enter scroll mode
q - Quit scroll mode
] - Paste (any text selected is copied in mouse mode)
To copy and paste in Tmux (using vim keybindings):
NOTE: This is set in the ~/tmux.conf file: set-window-option -g mode-keys vi
* Press the CTRL-b and then press [ to enter the copy mode
* If the mouse is enabled, you can just select the text
* If there is no mouse enabled, use the arrow keys for the start position and press CTRL-SPACE
* Use the arrow keys to the end position and press CTRL-w or ALT-w
* To paste, press CTRL-b followed by ]
TIP: When in copy mode, type / to search and n to find next.
Here is a list of all the new keybindings in my .tmux.conf for easy reference:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/ultimate-bashrc/files/support/
| Keybinding | Description |
|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| CTRL-a | Use either C-a or C-b as the default PREFIX key |
| PREFIX | | Split the window horizontally (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX \\ | Split the window horizontally (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX - | Split the window vertically (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX _ | Split the window vertically (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX = | Synchronize panes (on/off) |
| PREFIX CTRL-a | Switch windows by pressing C-a twice |
| PREFIX c | Create a new window now opens using the current path |
| PREFIX d | Detach client |
| PREFIX CTRL-d | Choose a client to detach |
| PREFIX CTRL-e | Edit the Tmux configuration file and then reload settings |
| PREFIX g | Split the pane into a grid of 4 panes (horizontal resize) |
| PREFIX G | Split the pane into a grid of 4 panes (vertical resize) |
| PREFIX h | Show the Extreme Ultimate .bashrc help file in a new pane |
| PREFIX CTRL-h | Show the Extreme Ultimate .bashrc README file in a new pane |
| PREFIX j | Join panes (show the numbers with CTRL-w) |
| PREFIX J | Send pane to another pane (show the numbers with CTRL-w) |
| PREFIX CTRL-l | Clear screen and the buffer history |
| PREFIX M | Toggle the mouse on and off |
| PREFIX CTRL-m | Prompt for keyword and open a man page for it in a new pane |
| PREFIX r | Reload the .tmux.conf configuration file |
| PREFIX s | Toggle the status bar on and off |
| PREFIX T | Make the current window the first window |
| PREFIX v | Paste from the top paste buffer |
| PREFIX V | List paste buffers |
| PREFIX CTRL-v | Choose which buffer to paste from |
| PREFIX w | Display visible indicator of each pane |
| PREFIX z | Toggle zoom (make a pane full screen) |
| PREFIX Tab | Switch to the next available window |
| PREFIX Shift-Tab | Switch to the most recently accessed window |
| ENTER | Copy selection to OS clipboard when in copy mode |
| Mouse Selection | Copy selection to OS clipboard (in copy mode, mouse drag) |
Git
git status --short --branch - Shows a short Git status
git status - Shows full Git status
git pull - Git pull (fetch and merge)
git push - Git push
git add [file] - Git add
git add -p [file] - Git add interactively choose hunks
git commit -m "Commit message" - Git commit
git reset - Git reset specifies a file to un-add (or no file to unstage all)
git log - Git log
git diff - Git diff
git diff --stat - Git diff stat
git diff --cached - Git diff cached
git checkout [branch] - Checkout a branch
git checkout -b [branch] - Create a new branch
gg - Shows a short Git status or if given arguments invokes Git
ggg - Shows full Git status
ggs - Shows a short Git status with branch information
ggp - Git pull (fetch and merge)
ggf - Git fetch
ggm - Git merge
ggpu - Git push
ggr - Git reset specifies a file to un-add (or no file to unstage all)
gga [file] - Git add
ggap [file] - Git add interactively choose hunks
ggac "Commit message" - Git add all files in current path and commit
ggc "Commit message" - Git commit
ggca - Git commit amend
ggl - Git log with improved formatting
ggd - Git diff
ggds - Git diff stat
ggdc - Git diff cached
ggb [branch] - Checkout a branch
ggcb [branch] - Create a new branch
ggst - Git stash
ggpop - Git pop
gitls - Directory listing with Git status shown
lg - If installed, runs LazyGit
ggu - If installed, runs GitUI
gitc - If installed, runs Git Commander
gitt - If installed, runs Tig interface for Git
gitrv - If installed, runs GRV (Git Repository Viewer)
gitundo - If installed, runs Ugit Git Undo
gitalias - Installs or updates many useful Git alias commands
Restart bash to see changes. Visit https://github.com/GitAlias/gitalias for more info
Multimedia and Voice
say [text] - Text to speech
saygreet - Say a greeting using text to speech
sayclipboard - Read the clipboard out loud
yt [url] - Play YouTube videos
ytd [url] - Download a YouTube video with yt-dlp
Text Manipulation
formattext [text] - Transform text using common string formatting operations
trim [text] - Remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string
fixspaces [text] - Replace multiple spaces, tabs, and underscores with single space
lowercase [text] - Convert a string to lowercase
uppercase [text] - Convert a string to uppercase
capitalize [text] - Capitalize every word in a string
titlecase [text] - Convert to title case (skip small words)
smartquotes [text] - Convert regular quotes to smart quotes
unsmartquotes [text] - Convert smart quotes to regular quotes
reversetext [text] - Reverse the characters in a string
countchars [text] - Count the number of characters in a string
countwords [text] - Count the number of words in a string
startswith [text] [prefix] - Check if a string starts with a specific substring
endswith [text] [suffix] - Check if a string ends with a specific substring
lines [file] [range] - Display specific lines or line ranges from a file
wrap [width] - Wrap text at specified width
unwrap - Remove line wrapping from text
fixfilename [file] - Clean up and standardize file names
replacetext [find] [replace] [file] - Replace text strings in files
Clipboard
clipboard - View, set, or clear clipboard content (supports piping)
cbshow - Show the contents of the clipboard
trimcb - Trim leading and trailing characters on clipboard
file2cb [file] - Load file contents to clipboard
cb2file [file] - Save clipboard contents to file
file2asc [file] - Compress file to clipboard as base64
asc2file [file] - Extract base64 from clipboard to file
Boot Analysis
boottime - Show how long it took to boot the system
boottimelist - Show detailed boot time breakdown by service
bootchart - Generate a visual boot time analysis chart as SVG
bootmessages - View kernel messages from the current boot
bootprevious - View kernel messages from the previous boot
booterrors - Show warnings and errors from current boot
bootlist - List available boot sessions with IDs and timestamps
kernelmessages - Show raw kernel ring buffer messages (dmesg)
kernelerrors - Show filtered kernel errors, warnings, and critical issues
checkreboot - Check if the system needs to be rebooted
Scripting Utilities
ask "question" [Y/N] - Interactive yes/no prompt for scripts
hascommand [command] - Check if a command or alias exists (with caching)
hascommandclear - Clear the hascommand cache after installing software
timeelapsed [date] [message] - Show elapsed time since a given date
runwithfeedback [desc] [cmd] - Run command with visual progress feedback
analyzecode [file] - Analyze a code file to provide statistics
showfunctions [file] - List function names with line numbers from source code
createmenu - Create interactive text picker menu from piped input
Advanced User Management
createuser - Interactively create, configure, and test a new user
deleteuser [user] - Remove a user from the system
wipeuser [user] - Remove user and all traces including home directory
SSL and Security
sslcheck [domain] - Check SSL certificate expiration with color-coded urgency
flushcache - Clear RAM memory cache, buffer and swap space
flushdns - Clear DNS cache to refresh domain name data
ss -tuln - Show listening TCP and UDP ports
ss -p - Show process using each socket
fail2ban-client status - Show fail2ban status (if installed)
last -a - Show last logged in users with hostname
lastb - Show bad login attempts
Additional Archive Formats
mkzst [archive.tar.zst] [files] - Create a zstd compressed archive
unzst [archive.tar.zst] - Extract a zstd compressed archive
mkxz [archive.tar.xz] [files] - Create an xz compressed archive
unxz [archive.tar.xz] - Extract an xz compressed archive
mk7z [archive.7z] [files] - Create a 7z archive with ultra compression
un7z [archive.7z] - Extract a 7z archive
mkiso [archive.iso] [files] - Create an ISO image
uniso [archive.iso] - Extract an ISO image
mkzip [archive.zip] [files] - Create a zip with maximum compression
Common Linux Commands
System Information:
hostnamectl - Show or set system hostname and related settings
timedatectl - Show or set system time and date settings
localectl - Show or set system locale and keyboard settings
dmidecode - Show hardware information from BIOS (requires sudo)
lscpu - Display CPU architecture information
lsmem - List memory ranges and their online status
lspci -v - List all PCI devices with details
lsusb -v - List all USB devices with details
hdparm -I [/dev/sda] - Show detailed disk information
smartctl -a [/dev/sda] - Show SMART disk health data
Disk and Filesystem:
blkid - Show block device attributes (UUID, type, label)
fdisk -l - List all disk partitions (requires sudo)
parted -l - List partitions on all devices (requires sudo)
lsblk -f - List block devices with filesystem info
findmnt - List all mounted filesystems in tree format
findmnt -t ext4,btrfs - List only specific filesystem types
iostat - Show CPU and disk I/O statistics
iotop - Top-like I/O monitor (requires sudo)
fstrim -av - Trim all mounted filesystems (SSD optimization)
sync - Flush filesystem buffers to disk
Network Diagnostics:
ip a - Show all network interfaces and IP addresses
ip r - Show routing table
ip link - Show network interface status
ss -tuln - Show listening ports (replaces netstat)
nmcli device status - Show NetworkManager device status
nmcli connection show - Show NetworkManager connections
traceroute [host] - Trace packet route to host
mtr [host] - Combines ping and traceroute (interactive)
nmap -sn [192.168.1.0/24] - Scan network for live hosts
arp -a - Show ARP cache (MAC addresses on local network)
netstat -i - Show network interface statistics
vnstat - Show network traffic statistics over time
dig +short [domain] - Quick DNS lookup
host [domain] - Simple DNS lookup
nslookup [domain] - Query DNS servers interactively
Process and System Monitoring:
strace -p [pid] - Trace system calls of a running process
ltrace -p [pid] - Trace library calls of a running process
lsof -p [pid] - List files opened by a process
lsof +D [directory] - Find processes using files in directory
fuser -v [file] - Show processes using a file or filesystem
pmap [pid] - Show memory map of a process
watch -n 1 [command] - Run command every second and display output
timeout [seconds] [command] - Run command with time limit
time [command] - Measure execution time of a command
nice -n 19 [command] - Run command with lowest priority
renice -n 10 -p [pid] - Change priority of running process
nproc - Show number of available CPU cores
Journald Logs:
journalctl -xe - Show recent logs with explanations
journalctl -f - Follow new log entries (like tail -f)
journalctl -u [service] - Show logs for specific service
journalctl --since "1 hour ago" - Show logs from last hour
journalctl -p err - Show only error messages
journalctl -b -1 - Show logs from previous boot
journalctl --disk-usage - Show journal disk usage
cleansystemlogs [days] - Clear log entries older than specified days
Miscellaneous:
xdg-mime query default [mimetype] - Show default app for file type
xdg-mime query filetype [file] - Show MIME type of file
xdg-settings get default-web-browser - Show default web browser
file [file] - Determine file type
stat [file] - Show detailed file information
namei -l [path] - Show path resolution with permissions
getfacl [file] - Show file access control lists
setfacl -m u:[user]:rwx [file] - Set ACL permissions
lsattr [file] - List file attributes (immutable, etc)
chattr +i [file] - Make file immutable (even root cannot modify)
chattr -i [file] - Remove immutable attribute
column -t - Format input into aligned columns
printf - Formatted printing (more control than echo)
seq [start] [end] - Generate sequence of numbers
shuf - Randomly shuffle lines of input
sort -u - Sort and remove duplicates
sort -h - Sort human-readable numbers (1K, 2M, 3G)
uniq -c - Count occurrences of unique lines
cut -d: -f1 - Extract first field using : delimiter
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' - Translate lowercase to uppercase
xargs -I {} [cmd] - Build command from piped input
tee [file] - Write output to file and stdout
env - Show all environment variables
printenv [VAR] - Print specific environment variable
export [VAR=value] - Set environment variable
source [file] or . [file] - Execute commands from file in current shell
eval [string] - Evaluate string as shell command
exec [command] - Replace shell with command
======================================================================
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┣╸ ┏╋┛ ┃ ┣┳┛┣╸ ┃┃┃┣╸ ┃ ┃┃ ┃ ┃┃┃┃┣━┫ ┃ ┣╸ ┣┻┓┣━┫┗━┓┣━┫┣┳┛┃
┗━╸╹ ╹ ╹ ╹┗╸┗━╸╹ ╹┗━╸ ┗━┛┗━╸ ╹ ╹╹ ╹╹ ╹ ╹ ┗━╸ ╹┗━┛╹ ╹┗━┛╹ ╹╹┗╸┗━╸
Extreme Ultimate .bashrc File Help
https://sourceforge.net/projects/ultimate-bashrc/
bashrcupdate - Update your ~/.bashrc and help file from SourceForge
======================================================================
Press / to search. Press n or SHIFT-N (backwards) to repeat.
Color Code Legend
Title
Binary or native command
Alias or function (from the Extreme Ultimate .bashrc file)
Parameter or options
Description
Bash Shortcuts
edit [file] - Edit a file using the default text editor
sudoedit [file] - Edit a file using sudo in a secure method
CTRL-X-E - Edit command in an editor (fc will edit last history)
CTRL-Y - Pastes text from the Bash clipboard
CTRL-U - Cuts text from the cursor to the beginning of the line
CTRL-K - Cuts text from the cursor until the end of the line
CTRL-W or ALT-BACKSPACE - Cut word behind cursor
END CTRL-U or CTRL-Q - Cuts and clears the entire line
CTRL-A or HOME - Move cursor to the beginning of the line
CTRL-E or END - Move cursor to end of line
CTRL-] x - Moves the cursor forward to next occurrence of x
ALT-CTRL-] x - Moves the cursor to previous occurrence of x
CTRL-XX - Toggle between start of line and current cursor position
ALT-T - Swaps the last two words
CTRL-T - Swaps the last two characters
ALT-U - Capitalize all characters in a word after the cursor
ALT-L - Lower case all characters in a word after the cursor
ALT-. - Use the last word of the previous command
history - Shows your command line history
!10 - Runs the command number listed by the history command
Up Arrow or CTRL-P - Previous command in history
Down Arrow or CTRL-N - Next command in history
CTRL-S - Searches the history forward
CTRL-R - Searches the history backward (reverse search)
ALT-R - Undo any changes to a command from history
CTRL-G - Leave the history searching mode without running the command
!! - Repeats the last command (i.e. sudo !!)
!$ - Repeats only the argument from the last command
!* - Repeats all parameters from previous command
!^ - Repeats only the first argument from the last command
!abc - Execute last command in history beginning with abc
!abc:p - Prints last command in history beginning with abc
echo "!!" > [file.sh] - Create a script of the last command
^find^replace - Repeats the last command but replaces text
mv /path/to/file.{txt,xml} - Brackets repeat the command with comma delimited changes
repeat - Repeat a command n times
CTRL-C - Halts the current command
CTRL-Z - Stops the current command (resume with fg in foreground and bg in background)
CTRL-S - Pause terminal output (program will keep running)
CTRL-Q - Release terminal output (after being paused)
CTRL-L - Clear the screen
CTRL-D - Log out
\ - Use at the end of a line to continue a multi-line command
or use at the beginning of a command to bypass an alias.
CTRL-ALT-E - Expand an alias to it's actual code
To stack multiple commands on one line:
&& - Commands separated by a double ampersand means AND and runs multiple
commands synchronously with each one running only if the last did not fail.
& - A single ampersand runs multiple commands asynchronously (at the same time).
|| - Commands separated by a double pipe means OR and runs multiple
commands synchronously with each one running only if the last command failed.
(cd /tmp && ls) - jump to directory, execute command, jump back
Install and Updates
These aliases detect and use installed package managers on various distros:
has [package] - Show if a package is installed and it's information and version
pkglist - List all installed packages
pkgsearch [package] - Searches for a package
pkginstall [package] - Installs a package
pkgremove [package] - Removes a package
pkgclean [package] - Removes orphans or unused packages
pkgupdate [package] - Updates an installed package
pkgupdateall - Update the system and all packages
Information and Utility
hlp - Show this help information (also CTRL-H)
a - Show a list of available aliases and functions
alias [alias] - Give the command(s) for an alias
ver - Show the version of the OS and kernel
lsb_release -a or uname -r - Show the current version of the operating system
uname -a - Show kernel config
cat /proc/cpuinfo or cpuinfo - Show CPU information
cat /proc/meminfo - Show memory information
usb - Show the USB device tree
pci - Show the PCI device tree
windowinfo - Select a window for information like geometry, class name, etc.
man [command] - Show manual for a command
mostused - See what command you are using the most
man ascii - ASCII table
apropos - Find word in man pages
type -t [command] or check [command] - Show if a command is aliased, a file, or a built-in command
which [app] - Show which app will be run by default
whereis [app] - Show possible locations of app
date - Show current date and time
today - Show the date only
now - Show the time
cal - Show this month's calendar
cal -3 - Show three months spanning the date
cal 1989 - Show a calendar for a specific year
stopwatch - Stop watch
countdown [time] - Display a countdown timer (requires termdown)
timer [time] - Simple timer function (requires termdown)
filetimenow [file] - Change file accessed and modified time to now
uptime - Show uptime since last start
xdg-open or open - Launch a document/file/url in it's default X application
runfree - Start a program but immediately disown it and detach it from the terminal
glow [file.md] - Markdown viewer (if installed)
glowsafe [file.md] - Markdown viewer without internet (only local)
csvview - View any CSV file in the terminal
json [file] - View JSON files in the terminal with syntax highlighting
rot13 - Rot13 conversion
shellcheck - Check shell script syntax
Files and Folders
ls - Directory listing
ls -al - Formatted directory listing with hidden files
ls -d */ - List only the directories
ll - Directory listing: long listing format
labc - Directory listing: alphabetical sort
lx - Directory listing: sort by extension
lk - Directory listing: sort by size
lt - Directory listing: sort by date
lc - Directory listing: sort by change time
lu - Directory listing: sort by access time
lw - Directory listing: wide listing format
lm - Directory listing: pipe through 'more'
lr - Directory listing: recursive ls
l. - Directory listing: only show hidden files
lf - Directory listing: files only
ltree - Directory listing: tree format
ldir - Directory listing: directories only
new - Directory listing: recently created/updated files
llfs +10k - List all files larger than a given size
.. - Go back 1 folder
... - Go back 2 folders
.... - Go back 3 folders
..... - Go back 4 folders
..2 - Go back 2 folders
..3 - Go back 3 folders
..4 - Go back 4 folders
..5 - Go back 5 folders
up - go up a specified number of folders
cd [directory] - Change directory
cd or cd ~ - Change to home
cd - - Change into the previous folder
pwd - Shows the directory you’re currently in
pwd- - Shows the directory you were previously in
pwdtail - Returns the last 2 fields of the working directory
cp [file1] [file2] - Copy file 1 to file 2
cpp - Copy file with a progress bar
cpg - Copy and go to the directory
mv [file1] [file2] - Rename file 1 to file 2
mv filename.{old,new} - Quickly rename file extension
mvg - Move and go into a directory
mkdir [directory] - Create directory
mkdir -p [a/long/path] - Create directory and all subdirectories
mkdirg - Create and go to the directory
rm [file] - Delete file
rm -f [file] - Force remove file
rm -rf [folder] or rmd [folder] - Remove a directory and all contents
ln -s [file] [link] - Create symbolic link to file
touch [file] - Create or update file
> [file] - Empty a file
cat > [file] - Place standard input into file
cat [file] - Output the contents of file
more [file] - Output the contents of file with paging
less [file] - Output the contents of file with paging
head [file] - Output first 10 lines of file
head -n [count] [file] - Output the first specified number of lines
tail [file] - Output last 10 lines of file
tail -n [count] [file] - Output the last specified number of lines
tail -f [file] - Output contents of file as it grows
diff [file1] [file2] or colordiff - Compare two files
fullpath - Shows full path of file or wildcard
path - List the PATH environment variable directories
pathappend - Add a directory to the end of the path if it exists
pathprepend - Add a directory to the beginning of the path if it exists
df - Show disk usage
du - Show directory space usage
du -sh - Show human readable size in GB
du -s * | sort -n | tail - Show 10 biggest files in the current directory
diskspace - List all folders disk space sorted by largest space
folders - List disk space of immediate folders one level deep
totalsize [directory] - Show the size of the current or specified folder
blocksize [device] - Show the block size of a device
countfiles - Count all files (recursively) in the current folder
tree - Show a folder and file tree
treed - Show a folder tree
trash - Send file(s) to the trash (works with most desktop environments)
trashlist - Display the contents of the trash
trashempty - Empty and permanently delete all the files in the trash
rmempty [directory] - Recursively remove all empty directories
bak [file] - Create a timestamped backup of a file or directory
unbak [file] - Restore a backup using an interactive picker
clone [source] [dest] - Copy files recursively preserving all attributes
clonesync [source] [dest] - Clone and sync directories (deletes files not in source)
shred - Shred a specified file
lsblk - List the available block devices
mount | column -t - Display mounted filesystems in nice layout
mount or m - Mount a file system
umount or um - Unmount a file system
dd if=[file.iso] of=[/dev/usb_drive] status=progress - Make a bootable USB from an ISO file
pandoc [input.md] -o [output.html] - Convert markdown to HTML (Auto-detects extension)
pandoc [input.md] -o [output.pdf] - Convert markdown to PDF (Auto-detects extension)
pandoc -f html -t epub3 -o [output.epub] 'https://somedomain/page' - Convert an HTML page to ebook
home - Go to your home folder
web - Change into Apache web folder
Searching
find . -type f [search] - Search filenames in the current folder
find . -type f -iname [search] or f [search] - Search filenames in the current folder and ignore case
find . -type f -name *.txt or f *.txt - Search for all text files in the current folder
find . -mtime 10 - Search filenames modified in the last 10 days
find . -cmin -60 - Search filenames modified in the last hour
find . -size +10 -size -50 - Search filenames between 10MB and 50MB
find /dir -type f -name *.mp3 -size +10M -exec rm {} \; - Find specified files and delete them with -exec
find . -type d -iname [search] or finddir [search] - Search directories in the current folder
find . -name '.directory' -type f -delete - Delete Dolphin's hidden .directory files recursively
find [/source/dir] -iname "[files.ext]" -exec cp {} [/target/dir] \; - Copy files from multiple folders into a single folder
findtext [search] - Searches for text in all files in the current folder
findcode [search] - Searches for text in only code files (like HTML, PHP, JS, etc)
fzf - Fuzzy file finder (must be installed)
fzfpreview - Fuzzy file finder with preview
h [search] - Search command line history (also CTRL-S and CTRL-R)
grep [pattern] [files] - Search for pattern in files
grep -r [pattern] [directory] - Search recursively for pattern
[command] | grep [pattern] - Search for pattern in the output of command
pgrep [search] - Find process by name
sed -i 's/[findtext]/[replacetext]/g' [file] - Replace text in a file
locate - Fastest file search using mlocate package
updatedb - Update the mlocate file location database
ulocate - Update the database before locating a file
locate -c or locount - Display the number of matching entries
findcronjob - Interactively search for cron jobs matching time criteria
findservice - Interactively search and manage systemd services
findlog - Shows log files with previews and returns filename (requires fzf)
preview - Shows files in directory with previews for editing (requires fzf)
Graphics Video and Fonts
xrandr -s 1920x1080 - Change resolution (careful with multi-monitor)
fawkes - Application that distorts images to protect your identity from facial recognition (if installed)
colors - Print a list of colors with escape codes
colors256 - Print a list of all 256 color codes
colors24bit - Test for 24 bit true color in the terminal
whichdisplay - Shows the current display server (X11 or Wayland)
grabvideo - Video capture the Linux desktop (requires ffmpeg)
compressimage [image] - Convert an image to compressed jpg format
sparkbars - Draw spark “EQ” type bars across the terminal
sparkbars | lolcat - Draw spark “EQ” type bars across the terminal in color
chafa [image.gif] - View an image or video in the console (if installed)
jp2a --color [image.jpg] - Create an ASCII version of an image (if installed)
figlet -w [width] -f [font] [text] - Create ASCII text (if installed)
toilet -w [width] -f [font] [text] - Create large ASCII text (if installed)
toiletfont - List the figlet/toilet font directory
toiletfontlist - Show all the fonts available
ffmpeg -hwaccel cuvid -c:v h264_cuvid -i input.mp4 -ss 1:00 -to 2:00 -c:v h264_nvenc -preset:v slow -profile:v high -rc vbr_hq -b:v 0 -cq 30 -c:a copy -movflags +faststart output.mp4 - Trim Video
ffmpeg -i input.avi -vn -acodec copy output.aac - Extract Audio from Video
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -an output.mp4 - Strip Video's Audio
ffmpeg -y -i input.ts -vcodec copy -acodec copy -map 0:v -map 0:a output.mp4 - Convert TS file to MP4
ffmpeg -f x11grab -s wxga -r 25 -i :0.0 -sameq [/tmp/output.mpg] - Capture video of Linux desktop
Permissions
chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx [file] - Change permission of file for user, group, other
chmod [octal] [file] - Change permission of file using an octal
Octal order is user/group/other:
4 - read (r)
2 - write (w)
1 - execute (x)
Common permission octals for user/group/other:
000 No permissions
600 rw- --- --- Owner only
644 rw- r-- r-- Owner only write access
660 rw- rw- --- Owner and group only
664 rw- rw- r-- Standard file with world read only
666 rw- rw- rw- Everyone read write access
755 rwx r-x r-x Executable but owner only write access
775 rwx rwx r-x Standard executable or directory (directories require executable)
777 rwx rwx rwx Everyone full access
Permissions in the ls -l (long listing format) output:
Type (- Regular File, d Directory, l Symbolic Link)
|User permissions start here
|| Group permissions start here
|| | World (everyone else) permissions start here
|| | | User owner
|| | | | Group owner
VV V V V V
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1071664 Jan 12 34:56 /usr/bin/bash
^^^ ^
||| - Permission not set
||x Execute permission
|w Write permission
r Read permission
chmodcalc - Chmod calculator
chmoddirs [octal] - Recursively change only folder permissions
chmodfiles [octal] - Recursively change only file permission
fixuserhome [optional user] - Repairs and sets proper permissions of the home directory
chfix - Recursively set permissions of code files and directories
chmodcopy [source] [target] - Copy permissions from one file to another
chmod +x [file] or mx - make files executable
chmod ug+x ~/{.,}*.sh - Set execute with wildcard including all visible and invisible .sh files
chmod --reference [file1] [file2] - Copy permissions of file 1 to file 2
chmod g+s [folder] - Ensure that new content in the directory will inherit group ownership
ls -lah $(which [command]) - Show the location of a command and it's attributes
Archives and File Compression
Tar flags:
c - Create archive j - Use bzip2 compression
t - Table of contents k - Do not overwrite
x - Extract T - Files from file
f - Specifies filename w - Ask for confirmation
z - Use gzip compression v - Verbose
p - Preserve pemissions X - Exclude
tar -jcvf [file.tar.bz2] [file1] [file2] - Create a bzip2 archive file of file(s)
tar -jcvpf [file.tar.bz2] [/folder1] [/folder2] - Create bzip2 from folder(s)
pbzip2 --compress --best --force --verbose [files] - Create bzip2 with parallel processors
tar -xvjf [file.tar.bz2] [files] - Extract a bzip2 archive file
tar -jtvf [file.tar.bz2] - View contents of a tar.bz2 file
tar -zcvf [file.tar.gz] [file1] [file2] - Create a gzip archive file of file(s)
tar -zcvpf [file.tar.gz] [/folder1] [/folder2] - Create gzip from folder(s)
tar -I 'pigz --best' -c -f [file.tar.gz] [files] - Create gzip with parallel processors
tar -xvzf [file.tar.gz] [files] - Extract a gzip archive file
tar -ztvf [file.tar.gz] - View contents of a tar.gz file
tar -cvf [file.tar] [files] - Create a tar file
tar -xvf [file.tar] [files] - Extract a tar file
tar -tvf [file.tar] - View contents of a tar file
zip [file.zip] [file1] [file2] - Create a zip file
zip -r [file.zip] [/folder1] [/folder2] - Create a zip from folder(s)
zip -9 -e -r [file.zip] [/folder] - Create zip with password and max compression
unzip [file.zip] -d [/destination] - Unzip a zip archive file to a folder
unzip -l [file.zip] or zipinfo [file.zip] - View contents of a zip file
gzip [file] - Compress file and rename to file.gz
gzip -d [file.gz] - Decompress file
extract - Extract any archive(s)
mkbz2 - Create a bzip2 archive file
unbz2 - Extract a bzip2 archive file
mkgz - Create a gzip archive file
ungz - Extract a gzip archive file
mktar - Create a tar file
untar - Extract a tar file
encrypt - Encrypt a file using OpenSSL AES 256bit Cipher Block Chaining encryption
decrypt - Decrypt a file using OpenSSL AES 256bit Cipher Block Chaining encryption
Process Management and Memory Usage
top or htop or btm - Monitor processes and system resource usage
cpu - Show the top 10 CPU processes
free - Display amount of free and used memory in MB
activewinpid - Get active X-window process ID (3 second delay)
ps - Display currently active processes
ps aux - Display active processes with more detail
ps aux | sort -nk +4 | tail - Top 10 running processes sorted by memory usage
ps aux | grep -i [process] - Find a process by name
smash - Kill process by name (interactive)
kill [pid] - Kill process with specified pid
kill -9 [pid] - Kill process with specified pid (forced)
kill -15 [pid] - Kill process with specified pid (graceful)
killall [proc] - Kill all processes named proc
jobs -l - show all jobs
fg [number] - Brings job number to foreground
fg - Bring most recent stopped job to foreground
bg - Lists stopped/background jobs, resume stopped job in background
Networking
curl [http://server.com/file] - Download a file with curl
curl --output [destination_file] [http://server.com/file] - Download with curl to a specified output
wget [file] - Download file with wget
wget -O [destination_file] [http://server.com/file] - Download with wget and specify output
wget -c [file] - Continue stopped download
wget -r [url] - Recursively download files from URL
wget -qO- icanhazip.com - Get your external IP
download [url] - Download a file
youtube-dl -i --no-overwrites --write-description --write-info-json -f 'bestvideo+bestaudio/best' 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=' - Download Youtube Video
ping [host] - Test the reachability of a host
fastping - Do not wait for ping interval 1 second (go fast)
ping -i 6O -a [IP] - Set audible alarm for when IP comes online
dig [domain] - Get DNS for domain
dig -x [host] - Reverse lookup host
lsof -i or netwatch - Watch real time network activity
ports - Show open ports
iplocal - Get local IP addresses
ipexternal - Get outside external IP addresses
vim scp://[username@host]/[/path/to/somefile] - remotely edit a file
python -m SimpleHTTPServer - Serve current directory tree at http://HOSTNAME:8000/
net rpc shutdown -I IPAddressOfWindowsPC -U username%password - Remotely shutdown windows machine
sleep 10; alert - Network notify alert for long running commands
SSH Remote Networking
ssh [user]@[host] - Connect to host as user
ssh -p 22 [user]@[host] - Connect using specified port
ssh -D [port] [user]@[host] - Connect and use bind port
ssh -t [reachable_host] ssh [unreachable_host] - SSH through host in the middle
ssh [user]@[host] -t tmux new-session -A -s main - Connect to host as user and start tmux
sshpass -p '[password]' ssh [user]@[host] - Connect to host as user with password in plaintext
scp [/path/to/local/file] [user]@[host]:[/path/to/remote/directory/] - Copy a local file to a remote host
scp [user]@[host]:[/path/to/remote/file] [/path/to/local/directory/] - Copy a file from a remote host to a local directory
sshfs [name@server:/path/to/folder] [/path/to/mount/point] - Mount file system over SSH
rsync -avzhP [/local/folder/] [user]@[server]:[/remote/folder/] - Sync local to SSH server (one way)
sync2ssh [local] [user@host:port] [remote] - Synchronize files using rsync over SSH
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 - Generate a new SSH key pair with 4096 bits
ssh-copy-id [user]@[host] - Upload public key for passwordless secure SSH
Restarting
rebootsafe - reboot safely
rebootforce - force reboot
rebootlater [time] - Schedule the computer to auto reboot
rebootfast - Fast reboot user space without rebooting kernel
logout - Log out the current user
firmwareupdate - Update system firmware
sudo shutdown -r now - reboot immediately
sudo shutdown -P now - power down immediately
sudo shutdown -r 10 - reboot after 10 minutes
sudo shutdown -r 12:34 - reboot after 12 hours and 34 minutes
sudo reboot -f - force reboot
last reboot | head - show last 10 reboots
Compile and Install From Source
./configure (may not have this)
make
make install
make clean
Configuration
ebrc - Edit the .bashrc file
sudo nano /etc/fstab - Edit startup configuration
nano /etc/sysctl.conf - Change system security
sudo systemctl restart httpd - Restart Apache
httpd -t or sudo apachectl configtest - Check the Apache configuration for errors
httpd -V - Find apache configuration file(s)
apacheconfig - Edit Apache web server configuration
ngconfig - Edit Nginx web server configuration
mysqld --verbose --help | grep -A 1 "Default options" - Find MySQL configuration file(s)
mysqlconfig - Edit MySQL database configuration
php -r 'echo php_ini_loaded_file() . "\n";' - Find the PHP configuration file
phpconfig - Edit the PHP configuration
phpchecksyntax - Check the syntax of a PHP file for errors
hoststoggle - Toggle the hosts file off and back on
chattr +i /etc/php.ini - Protect a file
chattr -i /etc/php.ini - Unprotect a file
logs - Show all logs in /var/log
sudo cpupower frequency-info - Info about powersaving mode (requires cpupower or linux-cpupower package)
sudo cpupower frequency-set -g performance - Set powersaving mode off for performance
sudo cpupower frequency-set -g powersave - Set powersaving mode on to save power
Modify GRUB Boot Loader
sudo nano /etc/default/grub
sudo update-grub
Start/Stop/Restart a Service (systemd)
sudo systemctl start [service] or servicestart - Start a service
sudo systemctl stop [service] or servicestop - Stop a service
sudo systemctl kill [service] or servicekill - Force terminate a service
sudo systemctl restart [service] or servicerestart - Restart a service
sudo systemctl reload [service] or servicereload - Reload the configuration for a service
sudo systemctl status [service] or servicestatus - Show the status of the service
sudo systemctl is-active [service] - Check if a service is running
sudo systemctl enable [service] - Enable a service to run at boot
sudo systemctl is-enabled [service] - Check if a service is configured to start automatically
sudo systemctl --failed or failed - Find what services have failed
sudo systemctl list-units --type=service or servicesall - List all services
services - List all running or failed services
apacherestart - Restart the Apache web server (requires Apache to be installed)
ngrestart - Restart the Nginx web server (requires Nginx to be installed)
Cron Jobs (cronie Package)
sudo crontab -l - List all cron jobs
sudo -E crontab -e - Edit the crontab file preserving editor environment variables
Each line has five time-and-date fields followed by a command and new line.
The fields are separated by spaces (fields cannot contain spaces).
The five time-and-date fields are as follows:
Minute (0-59)
| Hour (0-23, 0 = midnight)
| | Day (1-31)
| | | Month (1-12)
| | | | Weekday (0-6, 0 = Sunday)
| | | | | Script file or executable
V V V V V V
00 00 01 * * /directories/script.sh
The cron log is found here: nano /var/log/cron
More info here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CronHowto
Anacron directory locations:
/etc/cron.d
/etc/cron.daily
/etc/cron.hourly
/etc/cron.weekly
/etc/cron.monthly
Run Commands at Different Times
nohup [command] & - Run commands after you log out of an ssh session
Example: nohup wget http://server.com/file.zip &
at [time] - Run a linux command at a specific time
Example:
at 10:38 PM Fri
at> echo 'hello'
at> CTRL + D
User Administration
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd - List all users and their information
sudo useradd [user] - Add a new user
sudo userdel -r [user] - Delete an existing user
sudo usermod -l [user] - Change a user's name
sudo chfn [user] - Change the finger information for a user
sudo passwd [user] - Change a user's password
genpw [length] - Generate passwords (optional parameter -s or +s for symbols)
spellcheck [text] - Spell check command line input (requires aspell or hunspell)
usermod -a -G wheel [user] - Make a user an administrator (add to wheel group)
usermod -a -G wheel,developers [user] - Make a user a developer (add to developer group)
w - Shows information about the users currently on the machine and their processes
w [user] - Shows the information about a particular user
whoami - Show who are you logged in as
who - Shows information about users who are currently logged in
users - Shows the login names of the users currently on the system
sudo chsh --shell /bin/bash [user] - Change the default shell for a user
sudo chsh --list-shells - Print the list of shells
Group Administration
groups - List groups
cut -d: -f1 /etc/group | sort - List all groups
sudo groupadd [group] - Add a new group
sudo groupdel [group] - Delete an existing group
grep -i [group] /etc/group - List all the users in a specified group
id -Gn [user] - List all the groups for a user
find / -group [group] - List all the files owned by a group
Clam AntiVirus
freshclam - Update clam definitions
clamscan -ir [/var/www/html/]
clamscan --recursive=yes --infected --log=[/tmp/virus_scan.txt] --move=[/tmp/quarantine/]
--scan-mail=yes --phishing-sigs=yes --phishing-scan-urls=yes [/var/www/html/]
clamscan -ir / > [/tmp/virus_scan.txt]
Rootkit Checks
To update and run RKHunter:
sudo rkhunter --update
sudo rkhunter --check
RKHunter keeps its log here:
/var/log/rkhunter/rkhunter.log
chkrootkit - Another rootkit check program
Security Check With LinPEASS
After installing peass, you can usually find it here:
/usr/share/peass/linPEAS/linpeas.sh
Spectre Meltdown Checker
spectre-meltdown-checker - Check for Spectre Meltdown bugs
For more information see:
https://github.com/speed47/spectre-meltdown-checker
BtrFS File System Utilities
sudo btrfs fi show or btrcheck - Check status of raid drives
sudo btrfs device stats [/directory] or btrstats - Show device statistics
sudo btrfs scrub start [/directory] or btrscrub - Start a scrub
sudo btrfs scrub cancel [/directory] or btrpause - Cancel or pause a scrub
sudo btrfs scrub resume [/directory] or btrresume - Resume a paused scrub
sudo btrfs scrub status [/directory] or btrstatus - Show status of a scrub
sudo btrfs filesystem defragment -vf [file] or btrdefragfile - Defrag a file
sudo btrfs filesystem defragment -rvf [/directory] or btrdefragdir - Defrag a directory
Tmux Terminal Multiplexer
Load new session named "main" or attach to this session if it already exists:
tmux a -t main || tmux new -s main
-or- use the alias: tm
tmux detach or tmd or CTRL-b + d - Detach from a Tmux session but leave the session running
tmux ls or tmlist - List all Tmux sessions
tmux list-sessions -F "#{session_name}" - List all Tmux sessions by name only
tmux lsc or tmclients - List all Tmux clients
tmux new -s [session] or tmnew [session] - Create a new session
tmux a -t [session] or tmattach [session] - Attach to a specified Tmux session (-d will detach all other clients)
tmux attach - Attach to an existing Tmux session
tmux rename -t [session] [new_name] or tmrename [session] [new_name] - Rename a Tmux session
tmux kill-session -t [session] or tmkill [session] - Kill a Tmux session
tmux kill-server or tmreset - Kill all Tmux sessions
Tmux Windows/Panes - Use CTRL-b First
0-9 - Select window by number
c - Create new window
w - List windows
f - Find window
, - Rename window
& - Kill window
l - Toggle last active window
p - Previous window
n - Next window
% or \ - Split a pane into left and right panes
" or - - Split a pane into top and bottom panes
CTRL-o - Swap panes
SHIFT-{ - Move the current pane left
SHIFT-} - Move the current pane right
b - Break off pane to it's own window
z - Toggle zoom a window (great for copy)
q - Show pane numbers
q 0-9 - Select pane by number
x - Close current pane (or use CTRL-D)
! - Close other panes except the current one
PgUp - Scroll one page up and go into scroll mode
[ - Enter scroll mode
q - Quit scroll mode
] - Paste (any text selected is copied in mouse mode)
To copy and paste in Tmux (using vim keybindings):
NOTE: This is set in the ~/tmux.conf file: set-window-option -g mode-keys vi
* Press the CTRL-b and then press [ to enter the copy mode
* If the mouse is enabled, you can just select the text
* If there is no mouse enabled, use the arrow keys for the start position and press CTRL-SPACE
* Use the arrow keys to the end position and press CTRL-w or ALT-w
* To paste, press CTRL-b followed by ]
TIP: When in copy mode, type / to search and n to find next.
Here is a list of all the new keybindings in my .tmux.conf for easy reference:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/ultimate-bashrc/files/support/
| Keybinding | Description |
|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| CTRL-a | Use either C-a or C-b as the default PREFIX key |
| PREFIX | | Split the window horizontally (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX \\ | Split the window horizontally (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX - | Split the window vertically (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX _ | Split the window vertically (keeping the current path) |
| PREFIX = | Synchronize panes (on/off) |
| PREFIX CTRL-a | Switch windows by pressing C-a twice |
| PREFIX c | Create a new window now opens using the current path |
| PREFIX d | Detach client |
| PREFIX CTRL-d | Choose a client to detach |
| PREFIX CTRL-e | Edit the Tmux configuration file and then reload settings |
| PREFIX g | Split the pane into a grid of 4 panes (horizontal resize) |
| PREFIX G | Split the pane into a grid of 4 panes (vertical resize) |
| PREFIX h | Show the Extreme Ultimate .bashrc help file in a new pane |
| PREFIX CTRL-h | Show the Extreme Ultimate .bashrc README file in a new pane |
| PREFIX j | Join panes (show the numbers with CTRL-w) |
| PREFIX J | Send pane to another pane (show the numbers with CTRL-w) |
| PREFIX CTRL-l | Clear screen and the buffer history |
| PREFIX M | Toggle the mouse on and off |
| PREFIX CTRL-m | Prompt for keyword and open a man page for it in a new pane |
| PREFIX r | Reload the .tmux.conf configuration file |
| PREFIX s | Toggle the status bar on and off |
| PREFIX T | Make the current window the first window |
| PREFIX v | Paste from the top paste buffer |
| PREFIX V | List paste buffers |
| PREFIX CTRL-v | Choose which buffer to paste from |
| PREFIX w | Display visible indicator of each pane |
| PREFIX z | Toggle zoom (make a pane full screen) |
| PREFIX Tab | Switch to the next available window |
| PREFIX Shift-Tab | Switch to the most recently accessed window |
| ENTER | Copy selection to OS clipboard when in copy mode |
| Mouse Selection | Copy selection to OS clipboard (in copy mode, mouse drag) |
Git
git status --short --branch - Shows a short Git status
git status - Shows full Git status
git pull - Git pull (fetch and merge)
git push - Git push
git add [file] - Git add
git add -p [file] - Git add interactively choose hunks
git commit -m "Commit message" - Git commit
git reset - Git reset specifies a file to un-add (or no file to unstage all)
git log - Git log
git diff - Git diff
git diff --stat - Git diff stat
git diff --cached - Git diff cached
git checkout [branch] - Checkout a branch
git checkout -b [branch] - Create a new branch
gg - Shows a short Git status or if given arguments invokes Git
ggg - Shows full Git status
ggs - Shows a short Git status with branch information
ggp - Git pull (fetch and merge)
ggf - Git fetch
ggm - Git merge
ggpu - Git push
ggr - Git reset specifies a file to un-add (or no file to unstage all)
gga [file] - Git add
ggap [file] - Git add interactively choose hunks
ggac "Commit message" - Git add all files in current path and commit
ggc "Commit message" - Git commit
ggca - Git commit amend
ggl - Git log with improved formatting
ggd - Git diff
ggds - Git diff stat
ggdc - Git diff cached
ggb [branch] - Checkout a branch
ggcb [branch] - Create a new branch
ggst - Git stash
ggpop - Git pop
gitls - Directory listing with Git status shown
lg - If installed, runs LazyGit
ggu - If installed, runs GitUI
gitc - If installed, runs Git Commander
gitt - If installed, runs Tig interface for Git
gitrv - If installed, runs GRV (Git Repository Viewer)
gitundo - If installed, runs Ugit Git Undo
gitalias - Installs or updates many useful Git alias commands
Restart bash to see changes. Visit https://github.com/GitAlias/gitalias for more info
Multimedia and Voice
say [text] - Text to speech
saygreet - Say a greeting using text to speech
sayclipboard - Read the clipboard out loud
yt [url] - Play YouTube videos
ytd [url] - Download a YouTube video with yt-dlp
Text Manipulation
formattext [text] - Transform text using common string formatting operations
trim [text] - Remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string
fixspaces [text] - Replace multiple spaces, tabs, and underscores with single space
lowercase [text] - Convert a string to lowercase
uppercase [text] - Convert a string to uppercase
capitalize [text] - Capitalize every word in a string
titlecase [text] - Convert to title case (skip small words)
smartquotes [text] - Convert regular quotes to smart quotes
unsmartquotes [text] - Convert smart quotes to regular quotes
reversetext [text] - Reverse the characters in a string
countchars [text] - Count the number of characters in a string
countwords [text] - Count the number of words in a string
startswith [text] [prefix] - Check if a string starts with a specific substring
endswith [text] [suffix] - Check if a string ends with a specific substring
lines [file] [range] - Display specific lines or line ranges from a file
wrap [width] - Wrap text at specified width
unwrap - Remove line wrapping from text
fixfilename [file] - Clean up and standardize file names
replacetext [find] [replace] [file] - Replace text strings in files
Clipboard
clipboard - View, set, or clear clipboard content (supports piping)
cbshow - Show the contents of the clipboard
trimcb - Trim leading and trailing characters on clipboard
file2cb [file] - Load file contents to clipboard
cb2file [file] - Save clipboard contents to file
file2asc [file] - Compress file to clipboard as base64
asc2file [file] - Extract base64 from clipboard to file
Boot Analysis
boottime - Show how long it took to boot the system
boottimelist - Show detailed boot time breakdown by service
bootchart - Generate a visual boot time analysis chart as SVG
bootmessages - View kernel messages from the current boot
bootprevious - View kernel messages from the previous boot
booterrors - Show warnings and errors from current boot
bootlist - List available boot sessions with IDs and timestamps
kernelmessages - Show raw kernel ring buffer messages (dmesg)
kernelerrors - Show filtered kernel errors, warnings, and critical issues
checkreboot - Check if the system needs to be rebooted
Scripting Utilities
ask "question" [Y/N] - Interactive yes/no prompt for scripts
hascommand [command] - Check if a command or alias exists (with caching)
hascommandclear - Clear the hascommand cache after installing software
timeelapsed [date] [message] - Show elapsed time since a given date
runwithfeedback [desc] [cmd] - Run command with visual progress feedback
analyzecode [file] - Analyze a code file to provide statistics
showfunctions [file] - List function names with line numbers from source code
createmenu - Create interactive text picker menu from piped input
Advanced User Management
createuser - Interactively create, configure, and test a new user
deleteuser [user] - Remove a user from the system
wipeuser [user] - Remove user and all traces including home directory
SSL and Security
sslcheck [domain] - Check SSL certificate expiration with color-coded urgency
flushcache - Clear RAM memory cache, buffer and swap space
flushdns - Clear DNS cache to refresh domain name data
ss -tuln - Show listening TCP and UDP ports
ss -p - Show process using each socket
fail2ban-client status - Show fail2ban status (if installed)
last -a - Show last logged in users with hostname
lastb - Show bad login attempts
Additional Archive Formats
mkzst [archive.tar.zst] [files] - Create a zstd compressed archive
unzst [archive.tar.zst] - Extract a zstd compressed archive
mkxz [archive.tar.xz] [files] - Create an xz compressed archive
unxz [archive.tar.xz] - Extract an xz compressed archive
mk7z [archive.7z] [files] - Create a 7z archive with ultra compression
un7z [archive.7z] - Extract a 7z archive
mkiso [archive.iso] [files] - Create an ISO image
uniso [archive.iso] - Extract an ISO image
mkzip [archive.zip] [files] - Create a zip with maximum compression
Common Linux Commands
System Information:
hostnamectl - Show or set system hostname and related settings
timedatectl - Show or set system time and date settings
localectl - Show or set system locale and keyboard settings
dmidecode - Show hardware information from BIOS (requires sudo)
lscpu - Display CPU architecture information
lsmem - List memory ranges and their online status
lspci -v - List all PCI devices with details
lsusb -v - List all USB devices with details
hdparm -I [/dev/sda] - Show detailed disk information
smartctl -a [/dev/sda] - Show SMART disk health data
Disk and Filesystem:
blkid - Show block device attributes (UUID, type, label)
fdisk -l - List all disk partitions (requires sudo)
parted -l - List partitions on all devices (requires sudo)
lsblk -f - List block devices with filesystem info
findmnt - List all mounted filesystems in tree format
findmnt -t ext4,btrfs - List only specific filesystem types
iostat - Show CPU and disk I/O statistics
iotop - Top-like I/O monitor (requires sudo)
fstrim -av - Trim all mounted filesystems (SSD optimization)
sync - Flush filesystem buffers to disk
Network Diagnostics:
ip a - Show all network interfaces and IP addresses
ip r - Show routing table
ip link - Show network interface status
ss -tuln - Show listening ports (replaces netstat)
nmcli device status - Show NetworkManager device status
nmcli connection show - Show NetworkManager connections
traceroute [host] - Trace packet route to host
mtr [host] - Combines ping and traceroute (interactive)
nmap -sn [192.168.1.0/24] - Scan network for live hosts
arp -a - Show ARP cache (MAC addresses on local network)
netstat -i - Show network interface statistics
vnstat - Show network traffic statistics over time
dig +short [domain] - Quick DNS lookup
host [domain] - Simple DNS lookup
nslookup [domain] - Query DNS servers interactively
Process and System Monitoring:
strace -p [pid] - Trace system calls of a running process
ltrace -p [pid] - Trace library calls of a running process
lsof -p [pid] - List files opened by a process
lsof +D [directory] - Find processes using files in directory
fuser -v [file] - Show processes using a file or filesystem
pmap [pid] - Show memory map of a process
watch -n 1 [command] - Run command every second and display output
timeout [seconds] [command] - Run command with time limit
time [command] - Measure execution time of a command
nice -n 19 [command] - Run command with lowest priority
renice -n 10 -p [pid] - Change priority of running process
nproc - Show number of available CPU cores
Journald Logs:
journalctl -xe - Show recent logs with explanations
journalctl -f - Follow new log entries (like tail -f)
journalctl -u [service] - Show logs for specific service
journalctl --since "1 hour ago" - Show logs from last hour
journalctl -p err - Show only error messages
journalctl -b -1 - Show logs from previous boot
journalctl --disk-usage - Show journal disk usage
cleansystemlogs [days] - Clear log entries older than specified days
Miscellaneous:
xdg-mime query default [mimetype] - Show default app for file type
xdg-mime query filetype [file] - Show MIME type of file
xdg-settings get default-web-browser - Show default web browser
file [file] - Determine file type
stat [file] - Show detailed file information
namei -l [path] - Show path resolution with permissions
getfacl [file] - Show file access control lists
setfacl -m u:[user]:rwx [file] - Set ACL permissions
lsattr [file] - List file attributes (immutable, etc)
chattr +i [file] - Make file immutable (even root cannot modify)
chattr -i [file] - Remove immutable attribute
column -t - Format input into aligned columns
printf - Formatted printing (more control than echo)
seq [start] [end] - Generate sequence of numbers
shuf - Randomly shuffle lines of input
sort -u - Sort and remove duplicates
sort -h - Sort human-readable numbers (1K, 2M, 3G)
uniq -c - Count occurrences of unique lines
cut -d: -f1 - Extract first field using : delimiter
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' - Translate lowercase to uppercase
xargs -I {} [cmd] - Build command from piped input
tee [file] - Write output to file and stdout
env - Show all environment variables
printenv [VAR] - Print specific environment variable
export [VAR=value] - Set environment variable
source [file] or . [file] - Execute commands from file in current shell
eval [string] - Evaluate string as shell command
exec [command] - Replace shell with command